This document summarizes the design and testing of a low-cost, high-gain planar antenna array for 60 GHz applications. The antenna array consists of a substrate integrated waveguide structure with a 12-way power divider feeding 12 linear arrays of radiating slots. A prototype was fabricated on a standard PCB substrate and achieved a maximum gain of 22 dBi across a 2.5 GHz bandwidth while suppressing side lobes by over 25 dB in the H-plane and 15 dB in the E-plane. Measurements of return loss and radiation patterns matched well with simulations. The antenna array was designed to have high efficiency and gain using a substrate integrated waveguide structure that can be manufactured using low-cost PCB techniques.
Low Cost 60 GHz Smart Antenna Receiver Sub-System Based on Substrate Integrat...fanfan he
This document describes the design of a low-cost 60 GHz switched-beam smart antenna receiver subsystem based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Key elements of the design include:
1) An integrated antenna array, Butler matrix, and bandpass filter fabricated on a single substrate to overcome interconnection challenges at millimeter-wave frequencies.
2) A sub-harmonically pumped mixer that downconverts 60 GHz signals to an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz using a lower-cost 30 GHz local oscillator instead of a 60 GHz LO.
3) A digital signal processing system that compares the four intermediate frequency signals to determine the maximum power and switch the antenna beam accordingly to track the incoming
A Planar Magic-T Structure Using Substrate Integrated Circuits Concept and It...fanfan he
This document describes a planar magic-T structure using substrate integrated circuits (SICs) and its applications in mixers. Key points:
1) A 180 phase-reversal T-junction and modified magic-T structure are proposed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and slotline concepts from SICs.
2) Measurements of the phase-reversal T-junction show less than 0.3dB amplitude imbalance and 3° phase imbalance across the band.
3) The modified magic-T structure consists of a SIW T-junction and slotline-to-SIW T-junction. Narrowband and wideband designs are presented.
A Low Phase-Noise VCO Using an Electronically Tunable Substrate Integrated Wa...fanfan he
This document describes the design and testing of a low phase noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) using an electronically tunable substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator. Key points:
- An SIW cavity resonator was designed with a varactor diode coupled to allow electronic tuning of the resonant frequency from 9.32 GHz to 9.95 GHz as the bias voltage was changed.
- A VCO circuit was developed using the tunable SIW resonator and a pHEMT transistor. It achieved a frequency tuning range of 460 MHz and a phase noise of -88 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset across the tuning range.
- Measured results demonstrated the potential of
Investigation of Integrated Rectangular SIW Filter and Rectangular Microstrip...IJASCSE
This paper presents an investigation based on the resonant circuit approach to characterize an integrated microwave filter and antenna from a lumped element prototype. This approach is used to design an integrated filter and antenna to reduce the overall size of the physical dimensions of the RF/microwave front-end subsystem. This study focuses on the integration of a rectangular Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filter with a rectangular microstrip patch antenna to produce a filtering and radiating element in a single device. The physical layouts of the SIW filter and rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on single- and dual-mode will be developed. To prove the concept, the integrated microwave filter and antenna at a center frequency of 2 GHz is demonstrated and validated through simulation and laboratory experiments. The experimental performance yielded promising results that were in good agreement with the simulated results. This study is beneficial for microwave systems, given that the reduction of the complexity of design and physical dimension as well as cost are important for applications such as base stations and multiplexers in wireless communication systems.
Millimeter wave 5G antennas for smartphonesPei-Che Chang
This document describes research on millimeter-wave antennas for 5G smartphones. It discusses several antenna designs for both 60 GHz and 28 GHz applications. For 60 GHz, a 2012 design integrated a 16-element phased array directly into a printed circuit board. Later designs in 2013 and 2017 explored integrating antenna arrays with reconfigurable polarization into mobile device chassis. A 2014 design proposed a 28 GHz mesh-grid patch antenna array for 5G cellular devices, demonstrating an 11 dBi gain array integrated into a Samsung phone. The document outlines various antenna designs, simulation and measurement results to enable millimeter-wave smartphone connectivity.
Wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna design with double H s...journalBEEI
This paper presents the design of wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna with double H slots. The design is based on the idea of composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) technique. Bandwidth enhancement was achieved by utilizing series left-handed capacitor CL transmission line parameter. The design has several outstanding advantages which include efficient bandwidth to cover many lower Application bands with multi frequency operation characteristics. A comprehensive analysis and simulation were done by using computer simulation technology (CST) software to determine the performance and efficiency of the proposed antenna. From the result obtained, the antenna aquired bandwidth range which covered (2.3-5.2) GHz which is equivalent to 77% fractional bandwidth. The wideband antenna was reconfigured by using frequency reconfiguration technique. From the reconfiguration results, the antenna can be switch from wideband to two single bands which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz and to dual band which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz. The realized peak gain at 2.4 GHz is 2.28 dBi and 2.58 dBi for E and H field respectively. The maximum efficiency of 96% was obtained. The antenna can be use for WLAN, proposed lower 5G band and cognitive radio system for frequency sencing.
A Wideband Bandpass Filter by Integrating a Section of High Pass HMSIW with a...fanfan he
This document presents a wideband bandpass filter design based on integrating a half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) high pass filter with a microstrip lowpass filter. The HMSIW provides the lower cutoff frequency of 7.1 GHz, while the microstrip lowpass filter provides the upper cutoff of 16.6 GHz, resulting in a predicted passband of 7.1-16.6 GHz (74% bandwidth). A prototype was fabricated on a dielectric substrate and measured results showed good agreement with simulations, with an insertion loss of less than 1 dB across the passband and greater than 30 dB rejection outside the passband.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Low Cost 60 GHz Smart Antenna Receiver Sub-System Based on Substrate Integrat...fanfan he
This document describes the design of a low-cost 60 GHz switched-beam smart antenna receiver subsystem based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Key elements of the design include:
1) An integrated antenna array, Butler matrix, and bandpass filter fabricated on a single substrate to overcome interconnection challenges at millimeter-wave frequencies.
2) A sub-harmonically pumped mixer that downconverts 60 GHz signals to an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz using a lower-cost 30 GHz local oscillator instead of a 60 GHz LO.
3) A digital signal processing system that compares the four intermediate frequency signals to determine the maximum power and switch the antenna beam accordingly to track the incoming
A Planar Magic-T Structure Using Substrate Integrated Circuits Concept and It...fanfan he
This document describes a planar magic-T structure using substrate integrated circuits (SICs) and its applications in mixers. Key points:
1) A 180 phase-reversal T-junction and modified magic-T structure are proposed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and slotline concepts from SICs.
2) Measurements of the phase-reversal T-junction show less than 0.3dB amplitude imbalance and 3° phase imbalance across the band.
3) The modified magic-T structure consists of a SIW T-junction and slotline-to-SIW T-junction. Narrowband and wideband designs are presented.
A Low Phase-Noise VCO Using an Electronically Tunable Substrate Integrated Wa...fanfan he
This document describes the design and testing of a low phase noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) using an electronically tunable substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator. Key points:
- An SIW cavity resonator was designed with a varactor diode coupled to allow electronic tuning of the resonant frequency from 9.32 GHz to 9.95 GHz as the bias voltage was changed.
- A VCO circuit was developed using the tunable SIW resonator and a pHEMT transistor. It achieved a frequency tuning range of 460 MHz and a phase noise of -88 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset across the tuning range.
- Measured results demonstrated the potential of
Investigation of Integrated Rectangular SIW Filter and Rectangular Microstrip...IJASCSE
This paper presents an investigation based on the resonant circuit approach to characterize an integrated microwave filter and antenna from a lumped element prototype. This approach is used to design an integrated filter and antenna to reduce the overall size of the physical dimensions of the RF/microwave front-end subsystem. This study focuses on the integration of a rectangular Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filter with a rectangular microstrip patch antenna to produce a filtering and radiating element in a single device. The physical layouts of the SIW filter and rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on single- and dual-mode will be developed. To prove the concept, the integrated microwave filter and antenna at a center frequency of 2 GHz is demonstrated and validated through simulation and laboratory experiments. The experimental performance yielded promising results that were in good agreement with the simulated results. This study is beneficial for microwave systems, given that the reduction of the complexity of design and physical dimension as well as cost are important for applications such as base stations and multiplexers in wireless communication systems.
Millimeter wave 5G antennas for smartphonesPei-Che Chang
This document describes research on millimeter-wave antennas for 5G smartphones. It discusses several antenna designs for both 60 GHz and 28 GHz applications. For 60 GHz, a 2012 design integrated a 16-element phased array directly into a printed circuit board. Later designs in 2013 and 2017 explored integrating antenna arrays with reconfigurable polarization into mobile device chassis. A 2014 design proposed a 28 GHz mesh-grid patch antenna array for 5G cellular devices, demonstrating an 11 dBi gain array integrated into a Samsung phone. The document outlines various antenna designs, simulation and measurement results to enable millimeter-wave smartphone connectivity.
Wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna design with double H s...journalBEEI
This paper presents the design of wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna with double H slots. The design is based on the idea of composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) technique. Bandwidth enhancement was achieved by utilizing series left-handed capacitor CL transmission line parameter. The design has several outstanding advantages which include efficient bandwidth to cover many lower Application bands with multi frequency operation characteristics. A comprehensive analysis and simulation were done by using computer simulation technology (CST) software to determine the performance and efficiency of the proposed antenna. From the result obtained, the antenna aquired bandwidth range which covered (2.3-5.2) GHz which is equivalent to 77% fractional bandwidth. The wideband antenna was reconfigured by using frequency reconfiguration technique. From the reconfiguration results, the antenna can be switch from wideband to two single bands which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz and to dual band which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz. The realized peak gain at 2.4 GHz is 2.28 dBi and 2.58 dBi for E and H field respectively. The maximum efficiency of 96% was obtained. The antenna can be use for WLAN, proposed lower 5G band and cognitive radio system for frequency sencing.
A Wideband Bandpass Filter by Integrating a Section of High Pass HMSIW with a...fanfan he
This document presents a wideband bandpass filter design based on integrating a half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) high pass filter with a microstrip lowpass filter. The HMSIW provides the lower cutoff frequency of 7.1 GHz, while the microstrip lowpass filter provides the upper cutoff of 16.6 GHz, resulting in a predicted passband of 7.1-16.6 GHz (74% bandwidth). A prototype was fabricated on a dielectric substrate and measured results showed good agreement with simulations, with an insertion loss of less than 1 dB across the passband and greater than 30 dB rejection outside the passband.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new wideband millimeter-wave substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed patch antenna for satellite communications applications from 31-36 GHz. The antenna is designed using computer simulation technology software. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good reflection coefficient (below -10 dB) across the target frequency range, as well as high efficiency (80%) and gain (8.87 dBi). This new antenna design covers all applications within the 31-36 GHz range using SIW technology for its benefits of low cost, simple integration, and improved radiation efficiency compared to other planar feeding structures.
Miniaturized Cavity Backed Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna for Ku-Band...IRJET Journal
- The document describes a miniaturized cavity-backed substrate integrated waveguide antenna designed for Ku-band applications such as satellite communications.
- The antenna consists of a rectangular slot in the ground plane enclosed by closely spaced vertical cylinders.
- Simulation results show the antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 0.202 GHz (1.4%), maximum gain of 5.35 dBi, directivity of 6.26 dBi, high front-to-back ratio of 20, and overall efficiency of 76.9%.
In this research paper, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was proposed as a technique by
realizing bilateral edge walls to produce a compact 5G beam-steering antenna at 24 GHz. The beam
forming network is produced using SIW directional coupler perform as 2×2 Butler Matrix (BM) fed with SIW
slotted waveguide antenna array. The output signal is steered from -29 degrees and +29 degrees when
the signal is fed to the respective input ports. If one of the input ports is fed, the signal is evenly distributed
between the adjacent output ports with 90 degree constant phase shift. The compact size of directional
coupler was designed by longitude slots on the surface of SIW substrate with bandwith of 16.85% at the
operating frequency. The proposed antenna produce gain of 6.34 dB at operating frequency and the
promising outcome of the beam steering make proposed design suitable for 5G communications especially
with tracking capabilities.
Design of Planar Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsAnil Pandey
Planar antennas, including microstrip and printed antennas, metal-plate antennas, ceramic chip and dielectric resonator antennas have a low profile hence, these antennas have extensive applications in mobile systems (such as 900/1800 MHz bands), wireless local area networks (WLANs, such as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands), ultra-wideband (UWB, such as 3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz band) communications.
This document discusses various techniques for improving the bandwidth of microstrip antennas (MSAs). It describes modified patch shapes that enhance bandwidth through reduced quality factors. Planar configurations using multiple coupled resonators provide bandwidths of 5-25%. Multilayer designs electromagnetically or aperture couple patches on different substrate layers. Log-periodic designs vary patch dimensions logarithmically to achieve multi-octave bandwidth. Ferrite substrates enable three-octave bandwidth but with low efficiency. Compact MSAs use shorting plates or posts to miniaturize designs. Tunable and dual-band MSAs integrate diodes or stubs. Circularly polarized MSAs use dual feeds, slots, or sequential arrays. Planar monopoles based
This document presents a high gain printed ultra wideband antenna concept covering 3-10 GHz. It summarizes a printed antenna design with circular dipole radiation elements fed by a planar printed circuit. A metallic reflector is used to shape the radiation pattern, providing a half-space radiation pattern in azimuth and moderate beamwidth in elevation. Simulation and measurement results show the antenna achieves a gain of 7-8 dBi across the band with a 180 degree azimuth beamwidth. The design offers a low-cost, easily integrated solution and was tested in a vehicle entertainment application.
Enhancement Of Bandwidth and Gain Of Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques to enhance the bandwidth and gain of microstrip patch antennas. Microstrip patch antennas inherently have a narrow bandwidth, which is not sufficient for many wireless communication applications. The document describes several methods to widen the bandwidth, such as using modified patch shapes, planar multi-resonator configurations, multilayer configurations, and stacked multi-resonator designs. It also discusses design considerations like choosing the appropriate substrate material and matching the input impedance. The overall goal is to develop microstrip patch antenna designs with bandwidths over 5-25% to meet the needs of modern wireless systems.
In this paper, a multi-slot micro strip patch antenna for Ku bands with 1GHz is designed and the
results are analyzed. As the antenna has dual band, we use the dielectric substrate of permittivity 4.4, loss
tangent 0.002 and substrate height of 1.575mm.The simulation of antenna on HFSS software, at 1 GHz
frequency, shows the bandwidth of 2.93GHz at frequency of 12.99GHz and 15.93GHz .Simulated results of
return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, 3D-radiation pattern of patch antenna design are shown.
The document describes the design of three complementary-symmetry microstrip patch antennas with slots for wideband operation: a V-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (VCCSMA) that operates over two bands, an extended V-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (ECCSMA) that operates over three bands, and a W-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (WCCSMA) that merges the three bands into a single wide band. Experimental results show the VCCSMA achieves 11.16% and 36.01% bandwidth, the ECCSMA achieves 11.30%, 42.51%, and 8.70% bandwidth, and the WCCSMA achieves the highest bandwidth of 85.37%.
Design of Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN ApplicationEditor IJMTER
In this paper we propose a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with inset fed which can
operate at 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b) & 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11a) WLAN applications. Various slot is
cut into the antenna structure which changes the surface current path resulting in dual resonant
frequency. Further by embedding any switch into a slot, reconfiguration can be achieved i.e. the
antenna can only be used in unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. The achieved directivity is greater than 5db and
the bandwidth obtained is much greater than the required bandwidth. The proposed antenna is
simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator.
Complementary inverted reactive slot antenna embedded in singleMonodip Singha Roy
This document describes a complementary inverted reactive slot antenna embedded in a single layer substrate integrated waveguide. The proposed antenna design achieves a return loss of 10.1 dB and gain of 1.26 dB. A modified design with additional horizontal vias improves performance with a return loss of 19.6 dB and gain of 2.45 dB. Parametric studies show how varying distances between slots and the reactive via capacitor affect return loss. The antenna operates in the X-band range and has applications in communications, particle acceleration, and broadband systems.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
Planar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar BandsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a planar monopole antenna for C-Ku band radar applications ranging from 6GHz to 12GHz. The antenna is a simple copper structure with a cylindrical shape that is cut into two parts with a 0.63cm gap. Simulation software is used to analyze the antenna's performance at different frequencies, including return loss, VSWR, radiation patterns, and gain. The antenna achieves return losses better than -12dB, VSWR below 1.7, and gains between 5.3dB to 7.2dB across the frequency band of interest, demonstrating its effectiveness for use in radar systems.
Bandwidth enhancement of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using slotsIOSR Journals
In this paper, a new design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) without slot, with slots
and array is proposed and analyzed. The designed antenna has been simulated using HFSS software. The
simulated results for return loss, radiation pattern and gain are presented and discussed. The bandwidth of
proposed antenna is 2.4GHz-5.9GHz for VSWR(voltage standing wave ratio)<2><-
10dB return loss as an acceptable reference in wireless applications which cover worldwide interoperability for
microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and other applications. Gain of 10dB is
achieved for antenna array.
This document describes the design and testing of a dual-polarized slot array patch antenna for WiMAX applications operating at 5.8 GHz. The antenna consists of an 8x8 array of circular patch elements, with each element excited using an aperture coupled microstrip feed. The design was optimized using simulation software to achieve high gain (26 dBi), wide bandwidth (14%), high port isolation, and good radiation patterns. Both simulated and measured results showed good agreement. The antenna meets specifications for WiMAX applications in the 5.15-5.9 GHz band and was found to be low-cost and easy to fabricate.
IRJET- Microstrip Patch Antenna for C Band Satellite ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a microstrip patch antenna design for C-band satellite applications. Key points:
- The antenna was designed, simulated, and optimized using HFSS software to have an operating frequency bandwidth of 0.3GHz between 5.1-5.9GHz for uplink and downlink signals.
- Simulation results found the antenna achieved a maximum return loss of -24dB and radiation patterns were stable in the operating frequency range.
- A hardware prototype was constructed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 40x40mm and tested to meet requirements for military satellite communications.
IRJET- Microstrip Coupled Band Pass Filter for the Application in Communicati...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip coupled band pass filter for communication systems. It begins with an introduction to filters and microwave frequencies used in communication. It then discusses the design of the proposed three-layer microstrip filter operating at 8.1 GHz. Simulation results showing S-parameters, impedance, VSWR, and effective medium parameters are presented. The filter provides good stop band rejection and impulse response. In conclusion, the compact novel filter design is suitable for applications such as wireless LAN and satellite communication.
A miniaturized hairpin resonator for the high selectivity of WLAN bandwidthjournalBEEI
In this article, a miniaturized hairpin resonator has been presented to introduce the high selectivity of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bandwidth. In the construction of the hairpin resonator, short-circuited
comb-lines are electrically coupled with the two longer edges of a rectangular-shaped loop. The hairpin resonator has been designed and fabricated with the Taconic TLX-8 substrate with a center-frequency at 2.45 GHz. The resonator exhibits a second order quasi-Chebyshev bandpass response. A low insertion loss has been found as -0.36 dB with a minimum return loss as -36.71 dB. The filtering dimension of this hairpin resonator occupies a small area of 166.82 mm2. This hairpin resonator is highly selective for the bandpass applications of the entire WLAN bandwidth.
This document describes a novel broadband cylindrical corner reflector antenna for 2.4GHz WiFi base station applications. The antenna uses a printed strip dipole fed cylindrical corner reflector to provide high directivity of 12dBi and impedance bandwidth of 310MHz. Two parasitic elements were added to broaden the bandwidth to cover 1.25GHz, maintaining consistent radiation patterns across frequency bands. Simulation and experimental results showed good agreement, validating the antenna's ability to support various wireless communication standards with a simple design.
This document discusses millimeter-wave wireless power transfer technology for space applications. It proposes a new compact design using a 20x20 slot antenna array integrated on a gold-silicon-silicon dioxide substrate that is capable of realizing over 72% conversion efficiency and power densities over 1.2W/cm^2. The slot antennas are coupled to a differential RF-to-DC conversion circuit consisting of a rectifier, filter, and storage capacitor. This technology offers higher efficiency and power density than solar arrays and could enable rapid wireless power transfer for lunar and space systems without a traditional power grid.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new wideband millimeter-wave substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed patch antenna for satellite communications applications from 31-36 GHz. The antenna is designed using computer simulation technology software. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good reflection coefficient (below -10 dB) across the target frequency range, as well as high efficiency (80%) and gain (8.87 dBi). This new antenna design covers all applications within the 31-36 GHz range using SIW technology for its benefits of low cost, simple integration, and improved radiation efficiency compared to other planar feeding structures.
Miniaturized Cavity Backed Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna for Ku-Band...IRJET Journal
- The document describes a miniaturized cavity-backed substrate integrated waveguide antenna designed for Ku-band applications such as satellite communications.
- The antenna consists of a rectangular slot in the ground plane enclosed by closely spaced vertical cylinders.
- Simulation results show the antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 0.202 GHz (1.4%), maximum gain of 5.35 dBi, directivity of 6.26 dBi, high front-to-back ratio of 20, and overall efficiency of 76.9%.
In this research paper, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was proposed as a technique by
realizing bilateral edge walls to produce a compact 5G beam-steering antenna at 24 GHz. The beam
forming network is produced using SIW directional coupler perform as 2×2 Butler Matrix (BM) fed with SIW
slotted waveguide antenna array. The output signal is steered from -29 degrees and +29 degrees when
the signal is fed to the respective input ports. If one of the input ports is fed, the signal is evenly distributed
between the adjacent output ports with 90 degree constant phase shift. The compact size of directional
coupler was designed by longitude slots on the surface of SIW substrate with bandwith of 16.85% at the
operating frequency. The proposed antenna produce gain of 6.34 dB at operating frequency and the
promising outcome of the beam steering make proposed design suitable for 5G communications especially
with tracking capabilities.
Design of Planar Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsAnil Pandey
Planar antennas, including microstrip and printed antennas, metal-plate antennas, ceramic chip and dielectric resonator antennas have a low profile hence, these antennas have extensive applications in mobile systems (such as 900/1800 MHz bands), wireless local area networks (WLANs, such as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands), ultra-wideband (UWB, such as 3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz band) communications.
This document discusses various techniques for improving the bandwidth of microstrip antennas (MSAs). It describes modified patch shapes that enhance bandwidth through reduced quality factors. Planar configurations using multiple coupled resonators provide bandwidths of 5-25%. Multilayer designs electromagnetically or aperture couple patches on different substrate layers. Log-periodic designs vary patch dimensions logarithmically to achieve multi-octave bandwidth. Ferrite substrates enable three-octave bandwidth but with low efficiency. Compact MSAs use shorting plates or posts to miniaturize designs. Tunable and dual-band MSAs integrate diodes or stubs. Circularly polarized MSAs use dual feeds, slots, or sequential arrays. Planar monopoles based
This document presents a high gain printed ultra wideband antenna concept covering 3-10 GHz. It summarizes a printed antenna design with circular dipole radiation elements fed by a planar printed circuit. A metallic reflector is used to shape the radiation pattern, providing a half-space radiation pattern in azimuth and moderate beamwidth in elevation. Simulation and measurement results show the antenna achieves a gain of 7-8 dBi across the band with a 180 degree azimuth beamwidth. The design offers a low-cost, easily integrated solution and was tested in a vehicle entertainment application.
Enhancement Of Bandwidth and Gain Of Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques to enhance the bandwidth and gain of microstrip patch antennas. Microstrip patch antennas inherently have a narrow bandwidth, which is not sufficient for many wireless communication applications. The document describes several methods to widen the bandwidth, such as using modified patch shapes, planar multi-resonator configurations, multilayer configurations, and stacked multi-resonator designs. It also discusses design considerations like choosing the appropriate substrate material and matching the input impedance. The overall goal is to develop microstrip patch antenna designs with bandwidths over 5-25% to meet the needs of modern wireless systems.
In this paper, a multi-slot micro strip patch antenna for Ku bands with 1GHz is designed and the
results are analyzed. As the antenna has dual band, we use the dielectric substrate of permittivity 4.4, loss
tangent 0.002 and substrate height of 1.575mm.The simulation of antenna on HFSS software, at 1 GHz
frequency, shows the bandwidth of 2.93GHz at frequency of 12.99GHz and 15.93GHz .Simulated results of
return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, 3D-radiation pattern of patch antenna design are shown.
The document describes the design of three complementary-symmetry microstrip patch antennas with slots for wideband operation: a V-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (VCCSMA) that operates over two bands, an extended V-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (ECCSMA) that operates over three bands, and a W-slot corner truncated square microstrip antenna (WCCSMA) that merges the three bands into a single wide band. Experimental results show the VCCSMA achieves 11.16% and 36.01% bandwidth, the ECCSMA achieves 11.30%, 42.51%, and 8.70% bandwidth, and the WCCSMA achieves the highest bandwidth of 85.37%.
Design of Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN ApplicationEditor IJMTER
In this paper we propose a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with inset fed which can
operate at 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b) & 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11a) WLAN applications. Various slot is
cut into the antenna structure which changes the surface current path resulting in dual resonant
frequency. Further by embedding any switch into a slot, reconfiguration can be achieved i.e. the
antenna can only be used in unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. The achieved directivity is greater than 5db and
the bandwidth obtained is much greater than the required bandwidth. The proposed antenna is
simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator.
Complementary inverted reactive slot antenna embedded in singleMonodip Singha Roy
This document describes a complementary inverted reactive slot antenna embedded in a single layer substrate integrated waveguide. The proposed antenna design achieves a return loss of 10.1 dB and gain of 1.26 dB. A modified design with additional horizontal vias improves performance with a return loss of 19.6 dB and gain of 2.45 dB. Parametric studies show how varying distances between slots and the reactive via capacitor affect return loss. The antenna operates in the X-band range and has applications in communications, particle acceleration, and broadband systems.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
Planar Monopole Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for C-Ku Band Radar BandsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a planar monopole antenna for C-Ku band radar applications ranging from 6GHz to 12GHz. The antenna is a simple copper structure with a cylindrical shape that is cut into two parts with a 0.63cm gap. Simulation software is used to analyze the antenna's performance at different frequencies, including return loss, VSWR, radiation patterns, and gain. The antenna achieves return losses better than -12dB, VSWR below 1.7, and gains between 5.3dB to 7.2dB across the frequency band of interest, demonstrating its effectiveness for use in radar systems.
Bandwidth enhancement of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using slotsIOSR Journals
In this paper, a new design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) without slot, with slots
and array is proposed and analyzed. The designed antenna has been simulated using HFSS software. The
simulated results for return loss, radiation pattern and gain are presented and discussed. The bandwidth of
proposed antenna is 2.4GHz-5.9GHz for VSWR(voltage standing wave ratio)<2><-
10dB return loss as an acceptable reference in wireless applications which cover worldwide interoperability for
microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and other applications. Gain of 10dB is
achieved for antenna array.
This document describes the design and testing of a dual-polarized slot array patch antenna for WiMAX applications operating at 5.8 GHz. The antenna consists of an 8x8 array of circular patch elements, with each element excited using an aperture coupled microstrip feed. The design was optimized using simulation software to achieve high gain (26 dBi), wide bandwidth (14%), high port isolation, and good radiation patterns. Both simulated and measured results showed good agreement. The antenna meets specifications for WiMAX applications in the 5.15-5.9 GHz band and was found to be low-cost and easy to fabricate.
IRJET- Microstrip Patch Antenna for C Band Satellite ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a microstrip patch antenna design for C-band satellite applications. Key points:
- The antenna was designed, simulated, and optimized using HFSS software to have an operating frequency bandwidth of 0.3GHz between 5.1-5.9GHz for uplink and downlink signals.
- Simulation results found the antenna achieved a maximum return loss of -24dB and radiation patterns were stable in the operating frequency range.
- A hardware prototype was constructed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 40x40mm and tested to meet requirements for military satellite communications.
IRJET- Microstrip Coupled Band Pass Filter for the Application in Communicati...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip coupled band pass filter for communication systems. It begins with an introduction to filters and microwave frequencies used in communication. It then discusses the design of the proposed three-layer microstrip filter operating at 8.1 GHz. Simulation results showing S-parameters, impedance, VSWR, and effective medium parameters are presented. The filter provides good stop band rejection and impulse response. In conclusion, the compact novel filter design is suitable for applications such as wireless LAN and satellite communication.
A miniaturized hairpin resonator for the high selectivity of WLAN bandwidthjournalBEEI
In this article, a miniaturized hairpin resonator has been presented to introduce the high selectivity of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bandwidth. In the construction of the hairpin resonator, short-circuited
comb-lines are electrically coupled with the two longer edges of a rectangular-shaped loop. The hairpin resonator has been designed and fabricated with the Taconic TLX-8 substrate with a center-frequency at 2.45 GHz. The resonator exhibits a second order quasi-Chebyshev bandpass response. A low insertion loss has been found as -0.36 dB with a minimum return loss as -36.71 dB. The filtering dimension of this hairpin resonator occupies a small area of 166.82 mm2. This hairpin resonator is highly selective for the bandpass applications of the entire WLAN bandwidth.
This document describes a novel broadband cylindrical corner reflector antenna for 2.4GHz WiFi base station applications. The antenna uses a printed strip dipole fed cylindrical corner reflector to provide high directivity of 12dBi and impedance bandwidth of 310MHz. Two parasitic elements were added to broaden the bandwidth to cover 1.25GHz, maintaining consistent radiation patterns across frequency bands. Simulation and experimental results showed good agreement, validating the antenna's ability to support various wireless communication standards with a simple design.
This document discusses millimeter-wave wireless power transfer technology for space applications. It proposes a new compact design using a 20x20 slot antenna array integrated on a gold-silicon-silicon dioxide substrate that is capable of realizing over 72% conversion efficiency and power densities over 1.2W/cm^2. The slot antennas are coupled to a differential RF-to-DC conversion circuit consisting of a rectifier, filter, and storage capacitor. This technology offers higher efficiency and power density than solar arrays and could enable rapid wireless power transfer for lunar and space systems without a traditional power grid.
This document describes the design and simulation of a corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (CSIW) horn antenna. CSIW replaces conducting vias in SIW with quarter-wavelength microstrip stubs arranged in a corrugated pattern, allowing for planar integration. The CSIW horn antenna design is presented, including theoretical formulations for dimensions. Simulation results using HFSS show the CSIW horn antenna provides high gain of 5dB, low VSWR, and wide bandwidth of 991.9 kHz at an operating frequency of 11 GHz. In conclusion, the CSIW horn antenna inherits advantages of conventional horn antennas like high gain and bandwidth while allowing for a compact, integrated structure.
This document describes the design and simulation of a corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (CSIW) horn antenna. CSIW replaces conducting vias in SIW with quarter-wavelength microstrip stubs arranged in a corrugated pattern, allowing for integration with active devices on a single substrate. The CSIW horn antenna design is presented, including theoretical formulations. Simulation results using HFSS show the CSIW horn antenna provides wide bandwidth of 991.9 kHz, high gain of 5dB, and normal beamwidth of 41.27 degrees, demonstrating advantages of conventional horn antennas.
IRJET- A CPW Feed UWB Antenna with Quad Band NotchesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ultra-wideband antenna with four band rejections. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 30x30x1.6 mm3. Dual band notches at 3.9 GHz and 5.4 GHz for WiMAX and WLAN are achieved by etching two nested C-shaped slots on the circular patch. A U-shaped slot in the feedline produces a notch at 8.29 GHz for X-band satellite communication. Complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) on the ground plane generate a fourth notch at 7.27 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna has an impedance
This document describes the design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna for radar communication applications. It begins with an introduction to microstrip patch antennas and their advantages. It then reviews past literature on techniques to increase bandwidth in microstrip patch antennas, such as using inset feeds and electromagnetically coupled layers. The document presents the design of a two-layer electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antenna with a microstrip-line inset feed. Simulation results show the antenna achieves minimized return loss for wireless applications. In conclusion, the proposed antenna design reduces return loss compared to existing designs and could be useful for high frequency applications such as radar communication.
This document describes the design and simulation of a trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna for ultra-wideband applications from 3-10 GHz. The antenna has a trapezoidal patch connected to a microstrip feedline on an FR4 substrate. A slot is etched in the ground plane to increase the impedance bandwidth. Simulations show the antenna achieves over 107% fractional bandwidth with return loss over 10 dB and VSWR less than 2 across the band. Radiation patterns are omnidirectional in the H-plane and bidirectional in the E-plane. The antenna realizes an average gain of 4.569 dB and is presented as a candidate for UWB applications.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Design of CPW-fed Capacitive Coupled Patch Antenna for WiGig Applicationsinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a research article that designed a compact, low weight, high gain broadband antenna using a polarization-rotation technique for X-band radar. Key points:
1) A cassegrain antenna was designed using grid wires instead of solid metal to reduce weight. A 4-horn array feed was used to create sum and difference patterns for target tracking.
2) The design placed the feed antenna at the vertex of the main parabolic reflector to reduce cable delays. It also used the left part of the hyperbolic subreflector to reduce size.
3) Simulation and measurement results showed the antenna achieved an average gain of 35 dB from 8.5-9.5 GHz, with over
Design of 3x6 axial-slot array antenna on circular cylinder waveguide for 2.4...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a 3x6 axial slot array antenna on a circular cylinder waveguide for Internet of Things applications at 2.45 GHz. The antenna consists of 18 rectangular slots arranged in 6 rings of 3 slots each around the cylinder. Numerical simulations of the antenna were performed using the EC-FDTD method in Matlab and compared to results from HFSS. The antenna was fabricated and measured, with measured results matching the simulations. The antenna has a high gain of 10 dBi and reflection coefficient of -25 dB at 2.45 GHz. Mapping of the electric field near the antenna shows it generates a strong, uniform field suitable for near-field RFID applications.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
Design and Analysis of Ku/K-band Circular SIW Patch Antenna Using 3D EM-based...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antennas are considered as main radiators for RF and microwave wireless systems due to their low profile, low cost and soft integration with the other devices. The gain of a SIW patch antenna may be enhanced using different techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) by modifying the antenna’s geometry with high efficiency comparing to electromagnetic techniques that take more time. This paper describes a novel structure of a circular SIW patch antenna design using a tree-dimensional electromagnetic (3D-EM) simulation based on ANN model which is developed as an accurate tool for synthesizing the forward side and then analyzing the reverse side of the problem. In this work, ANN algorithms are used for training the samples to provide precise geometrical dimensions of the SIW patch antenna with high accuracy for the target requirements. The antenna is designed to operate in Ku and K frequency bands, resonate at 16.10 GHz and 19.81 GHz respectively and show good performance resulting in low return losses of less than -10dB to -29dB for the selective frequency bands.
A Design of Double Swastika Slot Microstrip Antenna for Ultra Wide Band and W...ijcisjournal
This paper presents a design of double Swastika Slot Micro-strip Antenna which can be used in UWB and
WiMAX Applications. The proposed antenna operates at resonant frequencies 3GHz and 3.11 GHz. At
3GHz obtained value of VSWR is 1 and return loss is -42dB and at 3.11 GHz VSWR is 1.7 and return loss
is -12dB. RT Duroid having dielectric constant 2.2 is used as substrate. Here the double Swastika slot
Antenna is fed with the coaxial feeding technique.
IRJET- Design of Mid-Band Frequency Patch Antenna for 5G ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a rectangular patch antenna array for 5G applications operating at 5.2GHz. A two element rectangular patch antenna array is designed using FR-4 substrate with a microstrip line feed. Simulations show the antenna array achieves a bandwidth of 1GHz and gain of around 6dBi. Key steps included calculating dimensions of a single rectangular patch, designing a two patch array with a quarter-wave transformer for impedance matching, and simulating the return loss and directivity.
A Leaky Wave Antenna Design Based on Half-mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide...IJECEIAES
A new type of leaky-wave antenna (LWA) using half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) as the base structure is proposed in this paper. The structure consists of an array of slot, antenna designed to operate in X band applications from 8 to 12 GHz. HMSIW preserves nearly all the advantages of SIW whereas its size is nearly reduced by half. The antenna radiates one main beam that can be steered from the backward to the forward direction by changing frequency.
This document presents a compact UWB antenna with a band notch feature. The antenna consists of a rectangular radiating patch with stair-cased impedance steps and fractal slots in the partial ground plane to achieve wideband matching across the UWB frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. A slot is inserted in the radiating patch to reject the 5-6 GHz WLAN band. Simulation results show the antenna achieves low VSWR across the UWB band except for the WLAN band, where it is greater than 2. Current distributions and radiation patterns are analyzed. Time domain analysis examines the antenna's performance in transmitting modulated pulses between two antennas oriented face-to-face and side-by-side. The
Design of wideband dielectric resonator antenna with square slots excited usi...Conference Papers
The document describes the design of a wideband dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with square slots for 5G communication applications operating at 26 GHz. Square slots of two different sizes are introduced in the DRA to reduce its quality factor and achieve a bandwidth of 3 GHz (11.5%) from 25-28 GHz. The DRA is excited using a microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the proposed antenna achieves a peak gain of 4.8 dBi and radiation efficiency of 93%. Compared to reference DRAs, the proposed antenna with slots provides the widest bandwidth for 5G millimeter-wave applications.
Design and characterization of frequency reconfigurable honey bee antenna fo...IJECEIAES
In this article, a frequency reconfigurable honey-bee compact microstrip monopole antenna is proposed which is fed by a microstrip line (50 Ω) having the capability of providing dual-band as well as triple-band operation in eight distinct modes. By embedding three PIN diodes overs the honey bee arms, the effective current distribution is controlled hence resonant frequency is also changed in eight distinct modes in real-time. This is the reason the proposed antenna is portrayed as a frequency reconfigurable antenna in this paper which is suitable for cognitive radio application. This proposed antenna can be used for various wireless application such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), wireless local area network (WLAN), C-band, and X-band applications. The proposed antenna possesses a planner geometry of 39×34×0.87 mm3 which is printed on a substrate as flexible FR-4 (lossy) (εr=4.4 and tanδ=0.019). The proposed antenna exhibits voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)<2 for all 19 resonant frequencies of interest and perceptible radiation pattern over entire frequency bands with a positive gain. CST microwave studio is used to find out all simulated results of antenna parameters.
Similar to Low-Cost High Gain Planar Antenna Array for 60-GHz Band Applications (20)
2. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 58, NO. 6, JUNE 2010 2127
standing wave peaks and excite all the slots with the same phase condi-
tion (in-phase), the slots in a linear array are placed half a guided wave-
length at the required centre frequency and the adjacent slots have the
opposite offset with respect to the SIW centre line. The width of radia-
tion slot should be much smaller than the slot length, usually between
one tenth and one twentieth of slot length. This, of course, depends on
the bandwidth requirements. The detailed design procedure similar to
that presented in [11] is as follows.
A. Parameter Extraction of Isolated Radiation Slot
When a longitudinal slot in the broad wall of SIW is designed around
resonance and slot offset is not very big or very small, the forward
and backward wave scatterings from the slot are symmetrical in SIW
and then the slot can be equivalent to shunt admittance on transmission
line. According to the Stegen’s factorization [12], the equivalent shunt
admittance can be given as follows
Y (x; y)
G0
=
Gr
G0
1
G + jB
Gr
=g(x)h(y)=g(x) [h1(y) + jh2(y)]
where x is the offset of slot, g(x) = Gr=G0 is the resonant conduc-
tance normalized to the conductance G0 of SIW, h(y) = h1(y) +
jh2(y) = (G + jB)=Gr is the ratio of slot admittance to resonant
conductance, y = l=l(x;f) is the ratio of length to resonant length,
l(x;f) = 1 v(x)=2 = c0 1 v(x)=2f is the resonant length. In
this way, the calculation of the equivalent slot admittance is reduced to
the calculation of three single variable functions g(x), v(x), and h(y).
Commercial full-wave simulator package HFSS is used to extract g(x),
v(x), and h(y) of the isolated longitudinal slot. In our work, slot width
is 0.18 mm and SIW width a is 2.56 mm. Fig. 2(a) and (b) show g(x=a)
and v(x=a) for a discrete number of relative offsets x=a in the range
0.03–0.1. Curve fitting has been applied to approximate g(x=a) and
v(x=a) in a continuum which can be directly used in the design of the
slot array by the classical iteration procedure [13]. For each offset, the
function h(y) as shown in Fig. 2(c) has also been extracted for y in
the range 0.82–1.18. A table-look method for h(y) is used in the de-
sign procedure of the slot array. It is clear that h1(y) and h2(y) rapidly
change with the change of y around the matching point y = 1, which
shows that the bandwidth of the SIW slot array is smaller than the band-
width of conventional rectangular waveguide slot array [14].
B. Design of Antenna Array
Based on the classical pattern synthesis procedure, the excitation
voltage of slots can be obtained by using Taylor distribution for H-plane
pattern with 25 dB first side lobe level and uniform distribution for
E-plane pattern. Elliott’s method [13] is used to obtain the length and
offset of each slot for a given aperture distribution by considering the
internal and external mutual couplings. In this method, active input
admittance Y a
of each radiating SIW includes both self admittance
and mutual coupling effects with the remaining slots. A set of initial
values for slot lengths and offsets are assumed, and the mutual cou-
pling between slots is estimated according to the required slot voltage
distribution. An optimization routine is then used to identify a new set
of slot lengths and offsets such that all the slots are resonant and the
matching conditions are satisfied for each subarray. Afterwards, a new
set of mutual coupling terms are evaluated again. The procedure is iter-
ated until a convergence is reached and the final slot lengths and offsets
are obtained.
As for the SIW slot array, the slot offset in SIW may be very small
due to the dielectric-filling and height-reduced effects of SIW. There-
fore, a fine-tuning procedure may be needed to modify the slot length
and slot offset obtained by using the Elliot’s method. Some practical
design aspects are considered in this work, for example, slot width and
Fig. 2. (a) g(x), (b) v(x), and (c) h(y), of isolated longitudinal slot with slot
width 0.18 mm in the broad wall of SIW with width of 2.56 mm.
length due to the over-etching and rectangular-end slot will be changed
to rounded-end slot in the etching process. Fig. 5 shows the simulated
radiation pattern.
C. Design of Feeding Network
A 12-way power divider similar to that in [2] is used to feed the
radiating SIWs. With consideration on the symmetry of feeding
network, the feeding network shown in Fig. 3(a) consists of one
CBCPW-to-SIW transition, SIW bends and five SIW T-junctions. The
method presented in [15] is used to accurately design the transition
3. 2128 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 58, NO. 6, JUNE 2010
Fig. 3. (a) Configuration, (b) simulated frequency characteristics, of feeding
network.
Fig. 4. Photograph and measured reflection coefficient of the proposed
antenna.
between 50-
CBCPW and SIW. Usually, the slots in the CBCPW
and transition structure should be placed on the opposite side to reduce
Fig. 5. (a) Experimental setup, (b) simulated and measured radiation patterns
in both E-plane and H-Plane at 60.5 GHz.
the spurious radiation. In this work, the CBCPW slots are etched on
the same side as the radiating slots to facilitate measurements. For
the design of T-junctions, the size of coupling post-wall window is
determined by the power dividing ratio while the position of metalized
via hole is used to obtain good input matching. The adjacent radiating
SIWs are spaced by a half guided wavelength in the feeding SIW.
Therefore, the radiating SIWs are excited with alternating-phase of 180
degree by an incident travelling wave from the input port. Finally, the
overall feeding network is analyzed and optimized to compensate the
mutual coupling effect from adjacent discontinuities. Fig. 3(b) depicts
the simulated frequency characteristics of the overall feeding network.
Over the simulation frequency band, the magnitude difference of the
4. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 58, NO. 6, JUNE 2010 2129
Fig. 6. Gain at different frequency points for the proposed antenna.
input power between adjacent radiating SIWs is smaller than 0.5 dB,
while the input reflection of the feeding network is better than 18 dB.
The phase difference of the input power between adjacent radiating
SIWs is within the range of 180 6 15 degree over the simulation
frequency band, which may reduce the gain bandwidth of the SIW slot
array antenna.
III. FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT
The proposed antenna array was implemented by using linear ar-
rays of metallized via hole having the diameter of 0.3 mm and the
center-to-center pitch of 0.6 mm, which can be made with our labora-
tory’s standard PCB process. The photograph of the developed antenna
is displayed in Fig. 4. Anritsu 37397C vector network analyzer and An-
ritsu Wiltron 3680 V test fixture are used to measure the reflection co-
efficient that is depicted in Fig. 4. The measured bandwidth for 10 dB
return loss is 2.5 GHz from 59.3 GHz to 61.8 GHz. Fig. 5 shows the
experimental setup for the measurement of radiation patterns, and the
measured and simulated E-plane and H-plane patterns which very well
agree with each other. Due to the restriction of absorbers surrounding
the antenna under test, the measurement was operated in the range from
050 degree to 50 degree. The measured side lobe level is better than
15 dB in the E-plane while better than 26 dB in the H-Plane. The gain
shown in Fig. 6 was calculated from the Friis transmission equation for
different frequency points. The maximum gain is about 22 dBi, which
corresponds to the efficiency of about 68% estimated from the gain and
directivity.
IV. CONCLUSION
Planar antenna array based on the substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW) scheme is designed and realized on a standard dielectric sub-
strate by a low cost PCB process. Simulated and measured results show
that the proposed antenna has good efficiency and side lobe level, and
it can be used as a potential candidate for 60-GHz-band applications at
low cost.
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