Logical fallacies are flaws in reasoning that lead to faulty arguments. Common logical fallacies discussed in the document include ad hominem, which attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself; hasty generalization, which makes broad generalizations without sufficient evidence; false dilemma, which falsely presents only two options when more exist; begging the question, which uses circular reasoning; post hoc, which assumes causation without evidence; and false analogy, which draws comparisons between things that are not sufficiently similar. The document provides definitions and examples of each fallacy to help identify weak arguments.