2. To discuss…
◦ why things happen (causes) and
◦ what happens as a result (effects).
It’s important because…
◦ it’s a common method of organizing and discussing ideas.
◦ most classes, history, biology, journalism, marketing, use
this technique to analyze things.
3. 1. Distinguish between cause and effect.
To determine causes, ask, "Why did this happen?"
To identify effects, ask, "What happened because
of this?"
Cause
You are out of gas.
Effect
Your car won't start.
4. For example
1.In some areas, water levels will fall; as a result ,
( cause )
these areas will no longer be able to support
agriculture.
(effect)
5. 2. Most experts are convinced that the greenhouse
( cause )
effect is irreversible; therefore, they advise us to
( effect )
plan now for how best to cope with a changing
world.
6. Sometimes, many causes contribute to a single
effect or many effects may result from a single
cause.
9. However, most situations are more
complicated. The following is an example of a
chain reaction:
Thinking about friend…forgot to buy
gas…car wouldn't start…missed math
exam…failed math course.
11. 2. Develop your thesis statement. State clearly
whether you are discussing causes, effects, or
both. Introduce your main idea, using the
terms "cause" and/or "effect."
12. 3. Find and organize supporting details.
Back up your thesis with relevant and sufficient
details that are organized. You can organize
details in the following ways:
◦ Chronological: Details are arranged in the order in
which the events occurred.
◦ Order of importance: Details are arranged from least
to most important or vice versa.
◦ Categorical: Details are arranged by dividing the topic
into parts or categories.
13. Cause
for
because
since
due to
one cause is
another is,
first, second,
in view of,
result in, contribute to,
cause, affect, influence
lead to
Effect
so
but
for this reason
as a result
consequently
otherwise
therefore
thus
because of this,
hence
resulted in,
one result is, another is,
*Transition words/phrases
*Verbs
14. Useful sentence patterns for cause:
There are several reasons why / for…
The reasons / causes for…are…
The reasons why…are as follows.
…is caused by / due to / because of…
Useful sentence patterns for effect:
The result / effect consequence of…is…
…will result in…
Therefore, …
As a result (of…), …
15. Introduction (1 or 2 sentences)
The background introduces the audience
to your topic, while the thesis statement
indicates which points you will discuss in
your essay.
16. Background information
Gets reader’s attention using one or more
of the following:
Anecdotes
Quotations
Questions
Facts and statistics
Ex 1: In one of my college classes this
semester, we were required to do an act of
kindness for the elderly.
Ex 2: In Western countries, the elderly are often
living alone or sent to a nursing home.
17. Thesis Statement = Topic sentence
States the subject and focus of the
paragraph/essay
A good thesis statement:
- Identifies the subject of the essay.
- States the purpose of the essay.
- Tells the focus of the subject.
Ex: An act of kindness for the elderly can result in
new friendships, less loneliness, and the possible
discovery of a career path.
18. Body: (6 sentences)
1) List your points or statements.
2) List your supporting details (statistics,
facts, anecdotes, or your personal
observations)
3) develop your 3 points in sentences.
19. Conclusion (1 or 2 sentences)
Summarize all that you have said before in
your concluding sentence.
Asks a question or
Suggests a solution or
Makes a recommendation or
Makes a prediction
20.
21. Headaches
Headaches can have several causes. One obvious cause is
stress. People have hectic lives and frequently have multiple
stressors everyday, like work, family and money. Another reason
for headaches in some people has to do with diet. Some get
headaches because they are dependent on caffeine. Other people
may be allergic to salt, or they may have low blood sugar. The
environment can also cause this uncomfortable condition.
Allergens such as household chemicals including
polishes, waxes, bug killers, and paint can lead to headaches.
Lowering stress, controlling your diet and avoiding allergens can
help avoid headaches.
22. Advertising
Advertisements are one of the most frustrating parts of watching
television. The reasons for this are as follows. In the first
place, owing to the frequent advertisements, much time is wasted.
In the second place, the advertisements interrupt the viewers, which
leads to the viewers losing their appetite for the good show. In the
third place, they make people under constant economic pressure
because the ads make many products look more attractive than they
really are. Since ads could not disappear from TV screen, the
television viewers must be aware and critical of the advertisements
in order to endure them.
