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1 | O R A L C O M M U N I C A T I O N I N C O N T E X T
WEEK 1
LESSON 1: Functions, Nature and Process of Communication
The Nature and Process of Communication
Communication comes in various forms. From the simple nodding of your head, stretching of
hands, raising your eyebrows up to your daily conversations with your friends over the phone, constant
exchange of text messages, and regular browsing in social networking sites, these are but some
examples of how humans communicate their thoughts, feelings, ideas, and insights. These only signify
that humans really engage in communication.
When you exchange ideas with someone or you send information to others, you do it in two
ways. You either use words to say what you want to say or you express yourself through gestures and
facial expressions. Since then, people have the inherent need to communicate. Humans are social beings.
They live to interact regularly with others. In fact, their endurance is due to their ability to express
themselves and connect to one another and the world they live in. When you look back in the history of
humankind, you will find that early man could not speak as you do today. Records show that people
have used various communication techniques such as the use of symbols, gestures, sounds, drawings,
and sign languages (Littlejohn, 2002 as cited in Amudavalli, n.d.). Words and languages developed
much later in human history. Over the years, communication has progressed tremendously. Language
developed side by side with technology. Now in the 21st century, we realize the power of
communication in building relationships and the community at large. Hence, we see the importance of
communication.
WARM UP ACTIVITY.
Look at the pictures below. Identify the different ways of communicating with others. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. ________________________________ 2.__________________________________________
3.____________________________________4._____________________________________________

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is a two-way process of connecting to both living and non-living things. It is also a
means of sharing and exchanging messages, information, ideas, and feelings for mutual understanding
(Gregoriom, J.C., 2015).
Communication connects people and the world they live in. It is through communication that people
are able to express their thoughts and ideas or convey information and messages through word of mouth,
gestures and signals, signs, and others. People have always communicated with one another in various
forms.
Let us further define communication using the two key terms stated above, “message” and
“understand”.
1. Communication is a message understood.
Unless a message is understood, we cannot say that communication has taken place. Let us send a
message to someone and say, “where came first”. The person who gets this message would wonder what
it means, for the arrangement of the words does not make any sense. The message is sent but the
receiver does not understand it. Therefore, for communication to take place, we have to consider two
conditions. First, there should be a clear message. Second, the message must be understood by the
receiver for whom it is meant.
2. Communication is social interaction through messages.
Think of someone telling, “It is very warm today.” In this case, we are communicating what ‘we
experience’. The weather being warm is what we feel or experience physically. In this scenario, we are
sharing our feeling or experience with someone else. Thus, we may say that “communication is a
sharing of experience.” In our society, we all interact with messages. Without interactions, a society
cannot survive. Social interaction is always through messages.
We discuss problems and arrive at solutions. We exchange ideas and interact with others. We
transact, and then we negotiate. In doing all these, we use communication. Imagine a situation where we
are not able to speak and interact with others or think of a family living in the same house without
speaking to each other or relating any form of message to one another. Such situation can be very lonely
and problematic. Without communication, all forms of human relationships will vanish and die.
Communication is therefore crucial in building and maintaining relationships.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
There are also times when we fail to communicate effectively which results to misunderstanding or
miscommunication. Why do you think this thing happens? What are the ways to avoid them?
We are sometimes misunderstood due to the level of speech we use during conversation -by the
volume of our voice or the rate of our speech when we talk with our friends or acquaintances.
Sometimes, we are misunderstood due to the non-verbal actions that we project or incorporate in our
speech during face-to-face communication. Also, when we send text or chat messages, we are
misinterpreted because those messages are often brief and devoid of emotion.
Let us now try to consider the process of communication. How does communication take place?
Who are involved? What processes are considered? By understanding the communication process, we
can also duly avoid misunderstandings and / or miscommunication.

Our everyday transactions with people follow the communication process.
Our everyday transactions with people follow the communication process.
As seen in the illustration, communication begins when the speaker or source of communication
responds to a stimulus and decides to encode or transmit it in the form of a message (or a “code”)
through a particular channel or means of communication.
The receiver decodes or interprets the message sent and responds accordingly based on his
interpretation of the message. This response comes in the form of a feedback sent to the original source
of communication (sender). As the communication transaction continues, the sender and receiver may
exchange roles until understanding is achieved. Barriers to communication sometimes block the
transmission of the message thereby creating misunderstanding.
Through this process, we are able to understand that communication is systematic. In the advent
of technology, the exchange of information and messages in society has advanced and has been a subject
of many studies.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Why do we communicate?
Since communication is certain in our lives, it comes naturally and unknowingly.
Communication serves many purposes.
The following are some of the many reasons why we communicate:
From the above table, we realize that communication serves many purposes. Whether we are at
home, in school, at work, or at play, we engage in communication.
ACTIVITY TIME!
1. Social Media Post
Show what you have learned creatively. Compose a Twitter or Facebook post of your most
important insights about the definition, nature, process and function of communication. Include hashtags
at the end of your post.
2. Reflections
Explain what you have learned and realized in this module and how you will be able to apply
your learning’s in your life. Write your reflections using the following paragraph starters.

WEEK 2
LESSON: Communication Models
Communicating with others takes us to a new experience. We are either the
ones starting the conversation process or the ones receiving it. As the
exchange of information progresses, both the source and the recipient go
through favorable or unfavorable experiences. The two or more individuals
involved may end up satisfied or discontented with the result. At some
random instances, conflicts may incidentally arise. But still, the end goal of
communication is always for building better human relationships.
Communication plays a crucial role in human life. It facilitates the sending and receiving of
knowledge and information. It allows people to develop various kinds of social relationships. It provides
an avenue for people to express their ideas, thoughts, feelings, and insights. Without it, societies will be
restrained from developing and progressing. With all the advancements in technology, communication
nowadays has changed dramatically, adapting to the 21st century way of life. Beginning from the
ancient times when messages were written on tablets, clays and barks of trees or conveyed by the
heralds or emissaries for proclamations to an entire territory, communication has drastically evolved to
fastest means of sending messages through electronic gadgets and computers. Video calling or
conferences is another high technological innovation where distance is not quite a problem any more to
foster mutual understanding.
There presentations below will help you understand the basic elements of communication. See how the
elements operate and interact as communication progresses.
Models of Communication Process
A. Linear Communication
Have you talked to somebody but did not get any reaction from him/her at all? Have you
experienced sending a message without receiving any feedback? This is linear communication.
Linear communication is one-way, focusing on the transmission of a message to a receiver who
never responds or has no way of responding to the information conveyed. For instance, a competition
organizer is presenting the contest mechanics. The message is final and cannot be contended at all. It
could be the president giving his State of the Nation Address on the national television or a student who
reads a poem or tells a story in front of an audience in a school program. Other examples include
sending a notification or automated message that does not require a reply, reading a blog, or even the
traditional way of sending a message such as a telegram.
Shannon-Weaver Model
An example of linear type of communication is the Shannon-Weaver model (1949). It is also
considered as the mother of all communication models. It has a one-way process starting from a source
(producer of message); passing through a channel (signals adapted for transmission) which may at times

be interrupted by noise(barrier) to a receiver(decoder of message from the signal). The process stops
after the message has arrived at its destination.
B. Interactive
When was the last time someone surprised you? How did you react? Who was the last person
whom you praised for a job well-done? What response did you get? What is the significance of getting a
response or reaction from the person to whom you addressed your statement?
Interactive approach is a two-way communication process where a response is given after a
message is sent. The recipient of the action intentionally or unintentionally gives a feedback associated
with the information received.
Let us extract Criselda and her mother’s dialogue from the story.
Criselda: Nanay, I can smell the aroma of your best delicacy, adobo.
Aling Terie: Yeah, I know. It is the favorite of the family so adobo is what I prepared today.
Criselda: I can’t wait to taste it!
Aling Terie’s response to Criselda’s statement proves that she decodes the intended meaning of
the idea passed on to her. That is what we call feedback.
See, feedback makes a difference. If the mother did not respond to the statement of her daughter,
the latter would not know whether her mother understands what she said. The exchange of ideas or
information verifies that both parties understand the message. Take a look at the next model .
Schramm (1954) visualized the process of communication as an exchange of thoughts and ideas.
Feedback was added to the Shannon-Weaver Model. The recipient of the message decodes it and
creates a feedback based on his understanding of the information sent and vice versa.
The figure identifies the six elements of communication which are the sender, the message sent,
the receiver and the feedback provided by the receiver and sent back as a response to the sender and the
processes of encoding and decoding.
Remember, information may become useless if it is not conveyed properly to others. Thus, the
processes of encoding and decoding are the key components of this model, including feedback.
Encoding is when an idea or information is translated into words and expressed to others.
Decoding is when this idea or information is understood and interpreted by the receiver.
Hence, the receiver must be able to send feedback to the sender in order to complete the process.
Otherwise, the communication transaction fails. Schramm’s model, which is a two-way communication
model, revolves around these principles.

The process goes on starting from the sender (source) who encodes the message transmitted to
the receiver which he interprets; decodes a message (feedback) to be sent back to the source who in turn,
decodes and interprets the information sent.
C. Transactional Model
Communication is dynamic. It has a complex nature. It takes place among individuals at any
given time with any given subject. However, there are tendencies that barriers would interfere which
may create a sudden impact and change in the processing of information.
In a classroom setting, for example, you are being grouped into five or six members for an
activity. Your task is to give an opinion or reaction to the closure of the biggest television network in the
Philippines. Each of you expresses your thoughts regarding the matter. While having that activity, you
also heard the JHS graders having their dance practice for the upcoming event. That noise did not
interrupt your discussion as you give your own views. This situation is an example of a transactional
approach.
The communicator (source) encodes the message and transmits it through a channel. The
message transmitted may be affected by the noise(barrier). The receiver (recipient of the message)
decodes, processes, and filters the message for understanding and is now ready to give his own
feedback to the sender.
The transactional model shows a circular process of interaction between the persons involved in
the communication, with each one actively participating and sharing ideas with one another. They are
the communicators actively exchanging information and reaction.
Feedback is given freely and deliberately to one another or to all members participating in the
communication transaction. The sender and the receiver may simultaneously exchange roles as
communicators. Since communication is deemed dynamic and progressive, the topic may also change
from time to time.
In this concept, the noise or barrier to communication is also taken into consideration for it may
directly or indirectly affect the smooth flow of communication. In the event that the message was not
clearly conveyed due to the barrier, the communication continues in order to clarify the intended
meaning of the sender. When the transmission is cut along the way due to the barrier, the
communicators work collaboratively to understand each other. Now, the sender becomes a receiver of
feedback (the response from the receiver) and the receiver also acts as sender providing information in
response to the message conveyed to him. In this way, the communication is made more effective and
complete.

ACTIVITY TIME!
Directions: In the Venn diagram below, show the similarities and differences of the three
communication models.
WEEK 3
LESSON: Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
Communication Breakdown
Communication is a process of exchanging thoughts, ideas, and opinions in order to connect with
other people. It’s goal is to achieve a clear and effective understanding resulting to good relationships in
the community. However, there are times when this goal is not reached due to certain factors. When this
happens, there is communication breakdown.
WARM UP ACTIVITY!
Directions: Identify the reasons for the communication breakdown in each picture. Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper similar to the box below.

What is It!
The elements involved in communication are important in the success or failure of this process.
These very same elements (sender, message, receiver, feedback, etc) can pose a threat to the efficiency
or effectiveness of the process. Communication breakdown may occur when problems in any of the
elements involved arise. They become barriers to communication.
Simply put, communication breakdown results when the intended message of the sender is not
understood exactly by the receiver. Barriers to communication are present.
Recognizing the barriers or obstacles to effective communication is important in order to avoid
communication breakdown. Here are some of the barriers that may cause communication failure.
Barriers to Communication
 Physical Barriers
are the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communication in sending the
message from sender to receiver.
Examples:
1. People talking too loud.
2. Noise from a construction site
3. Loud sound of a karaoke
4. Blaring of jeepney horns
 Psychological Barriers
Are called as mental barriers. These refer to social and personal issues of a speaker towards
communicating with others.
Examples:
1 .trauma
2. Shyness, lack of confidence
3. Depression
4. Fear, stage fright
 Cultural Barriers
Pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic values,
beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. People’s culture affect the way they communicate and
relate to others
Examples:
1. Different beliefs
2.Traditions, and customs
3. Manners of dressing

 Linguistic Barriers
pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings. Because words carry denotative
and connotative meanings, they can sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding. Meaning of
words and symbols also vary depending on culture.
Examples:
1.difference in language
2.accent and dialect
3.use of jargon and slang
4.speech defects or language impairments
Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies noise into three kinds: External,
Internal and Semantic noise.
ACTIVITY TIME!
Online Activity
Create a 5 Minute Vlog about communication breakdown. Be sure that the definition and explanation
why there is a communication breakdown are evident in the video. Send the link of your presentation to
your teacher.
Offline Activity
Write a letter to your teacher about your personal learning on communication breakdown. Include in
your letter, how this lesson can be useful in your daily life particularly at home, in school, and in the
community.

WEEK 4
LESSON: Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
Communication breakdown may at times be inevitable but as a sensible speaker or sender of the
message, we could avoid this. Understanding the concept of communication breakdown and its causes,
will help us realize that failure in communication may be avoided through certain strategies that we
could adapt.
Here is an article entitled 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown by Ronnie Peterson.
Communication breakdown can cause issues or problems at home, school, and community.
There are so many barriers to communication like, physiological, psychological, cultural, and
linguistics. Sometimes some communication barriers are too difficult to solve and this will lead to
slowing the progress and efficiency. Here are the possible strategies to avoid communication
breakdown:
1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking
Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing them this can help you communicate much more
clearly and succinctly. It's a better idea to say something like, "I've got a few ideas here. Let me go
through them one at a time. We can treat each one on its own merit."
2. Learn to Listen
As simple as it sounds, you’ll be surprised how many people out there don’t know how to listen
well. Not understanding those who you are trying to communicate with will lead to a conversation
fraught with misunderstandings. Don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat or explain further in polite manner
once you don’t understand the point.
3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone
Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and adopt a relaxed tone when
conversing with others.
4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others
Focus on improving your skills by practicing in front of those who you may feel more
comfortable with. You can also ask those whose advice you value to give you feedback and critique
your communication style after a discussion.
5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues
Having that face to face dialogue means you can convey your point more clearly, with
your body language as well as your tone of voice.
It can also help to clear up any misunderstandings or distortion of the message that could
occur through other mediums. Remember, becoming an effective communicator takes time and
practice. Over time, using these strategies can lead to better communication in your personal
relationships, and more productive workplace environments as well.
Answer the following questions based on the article above.
1.What are the barriers to communication mentioned in the article?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.How can communication breakdown be avoided?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3.In your opinion, which strategy is the easiest to do? Which one is the most difficult to do?
Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

What is It
A smooth and successful communication transaction may result if we follow the strategies to
avoid communication breakdown. Communication becomes successful if and only if our communication
goal is achieved, that is, an understanding is reached and a relationship is built or maintained. Here are
some strategies to avoid communication breakdown (Quipper n.d.).
 Keep Focused
One way of being focused is to put in mind the purpose communication. As a speaker identify
your purpose for speaking and as a listener find the speaker’s purpose thru his/her verbal and non-verbal
cues.
 Speak Intelligibly
Speaking intelligibly or clearly means using the appropriate speaking volume, pitch rate, proper
enunciation, stress, and acceptable pronunciation. We speak in order to be understood.
 Listen with your Ears and Eyes
Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal message. Effective communication depends on what
people say and how they say it.
 Minimize Distractions
Look for a place where you can minimize distractions or noise like closed area, empty room, or
quiet places. Lessening the cause for confusion means giving more room to focus and concentrate.
 Be Specific
Use simple and concise words as much as possible in delivering a message. Being specific
means being particular and direct to the point.
 Do not Jump to Conclusions
Before you give your comments and judgement, be sure that you have listened attentively to the
speaker. Conclusions should be drawn after a thorough analysis of point given or information received.
Tips on How to Avoid Communication Breakdown
Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012) listed the 7Cs of Effective Communication in their book
Effective Public Relations. These are Completeness, Conciseness, Consideration, Concreteness,
Courtesy, Clearness, and Correctness.
 Completeness
It is important to whole communication process. The speaker should include everything that the
receiver needs to hear, respond, react, or evaluate properly. S/he should be able to convey all pertinent
details so listener or audience will be able to grasp the intended message.
 Conciseness
The message should be direct or straight to the point and should be expressed in the least
possible number of words. Irrelevant information should not be included.
 Consideration
In order to be effective, the speaker should give high regard and courtesy to audience’s
background information such as his/her culture, education, religion, status, mood, feelings, and needs.
This will result in building rapport or connection with the audience.
 Concreteness
Effective communication is backed up by facts, figures, and real-life examples or situations. This
will make the receiver to understand the message better.
 Courtesy
The speaker can show respect to his/her receivers through understanding their culture, values,
and beliefs. The speaker can show respect to the listeners by demonstrating an understanding of their
beliefs, values, and culture. This implies good choice of words and language and a consideration of the
audience’s perspectives and feelings on the part of the sender. Showing courtesy helps create a positive
vibe with the audience. This implies good choice of words and language on the part of the sender and
consideration of audience’s perspectives.

 Clearness
It implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. When the speaker focuses on
specific ideas, it will not confuse the audience.
 Correctness
Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost the credibility and effectiveness of the message,
and at the same time it eliminates negative impact on the audience.
Breakdowns in communication may arise because of several factors. But these factors may be
avoided if we follow strategies put forward by experts in the field. Communication is a transaction that
we do everyday. By following the 7 Cs of communication espoused by Broom, Cutlip and Center
(2012), we may achieve understanding in communicating with others and avoid confusion and
misinterpretations.
Avoiding communication breakdown helps you to be an effective speaker. Below are some
strategies which you can use to avoid breakdown communication. (Quipper n.d.)
Helpful Expressions to Avoid Communication Breakdown
ACTIVITY TIME!
Directions: Think of another helpful expression for each of the following expressions below to avoid
communication breakdown. Do it in another paper.
ACTIVITY TIME!
Conduct an interview either online or offline with five (5) SHS students who have experienced
communication breakdowns. Summarize their experiences and decide the most appropriate strategy to
avoid each communication breakdown. Explain your reason for each strategy.

WEEK 5
LESSON: Functions of Communication
You might not have noticed, but every time you communicate with people around you, your
manner of speaking, your tone of voice, and even your choice of words largely depend on the context
and the person or people you are talking to. You transform and adapt to suit the needs of the moment. It
is important to note that those are forms of communication strategy to avoid misunderstanding and
communication breakdown.
This time around, you will explore the reasons why people communicate in specific ways. In the
succeeding activities, you will have a chance to explore different situations to learn the various
functions of communication and their relevance to your daily interactions with people. By observing
how people communicate, you will find out what type of approach works best in a communicative
scenario. In the process, it is with high hopes that this self-paced learning module can help you become
a more effective communicator wherever you may go and in whatever situation you may be.
WARM UP ACTIVITY!
Look closely at the five pictures below. Imagine what goes on in their conversation, then, write a one or
two-sentence description inside the box below each picture, describing how the people talk and the
purpose of their conversation.
What is It
Functions of Communication
 CONTROL AND REGULATION
Communication functions to regulate and control the behavior of a person or group of people.
Picture A shows a parent-figure explaining something to a child who needs to be reprimanded because
of something that she did. As suggested by their behavior, the child listens attentively to what her
mother is telling her. Their facial expressions also suggest that the mother is serious about what she is
telling her child. The picture shows control and regulation as a communicative function.

 SOCIAL INTERACTION
Communication functions as a means to casually interact with other people.
Picture B shows a group of friends who are casually talking with each other. It also suggests a very
relaxed atmosphere as they hang out and probably share their funny stories. As you might have guessed,
social interaction is the function of communication.
 MOTIVATION
Communication functions to inspire or motivate a person or people to be or do better.
Picture C takes you inside a classroom where the teacher explains the lesson to her eager young
learners who are all absorbed in the discussion. In this context ,information dissemination is used
because the teacher’s primary goal is to share important information regarding the topic.
 INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
Communication functions as a way to share information or data in order to educate.
Picture D shows an image of a mother who is trying to console her child who might have shared her
problems. Evidently, communication functions here as an emotional expression since both speakers use
nonverbal cues -such as tone of voice, body movement, and facial expression -to connect and properly
express one’s feelings and emotions.
 EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
Communication functions as a way to connect to a person or people for the purpose of affecting
them emotionally.
Picture E gives you a closer look at a sports fest in a school. The speaker in the picture, who is possibly
the school principal, talks in front of the students to do their best in the games. Properly selected words
and phrases are essential for motivation because this function of communication is all about persuasion
and inspiration for the listeners to move and act.
ACTIVITY TIME!
In your next activity, you will need a picture for every function of communication. Pictures may be cut
out from newspapers and magazines. Make a collage out of the pictures. When you are done with your
Functions of Communication Collage, study the pictures you have taken so you can fill out the chart
below. DO IT IN ANOTHER PAPER.

WEEK 6
LESSON: Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Communication, both verbal and non verbal, plays an integral part to human’s daily life. It
bridges the gap between individuals and allows the flow of information run quickly and accurately. In
this lesson, you are expected to critically analyze the various oral communication activities and be able
to identify the usual verbal and nonverbal communication you observed around you.
Verbal Communication refers to the use of words to convey a message. This type of communication
can be regarded efficient and successful if the receiver can easily process the message delivered by the
sender.
Here are some of the aspects that you need to consider in this type of communication.
1. Appropriateness
It pertains to the use of suitable language form applicable to the nature of the event or context of
situation (i.e. whether formal or informal).
Formal communication is the type of communication used in formal, ceremonial or dignified
gatherings. Here, the exchange of information is controlled, well-thought out, and prepared. It also
conforms to certain rules and conventions as defined by the goals and values of particular groups or
organizations.
Types of Formal Communication
 Meetings
 Interviews
 Conferences
 Formal One-on-Ones
 Speeches
 Presentations
Informal communication is characterized by free, casual and spontaneous exchange between
two or more persons. The exchange is a kind of interaction that is unrestrained by rules and conventions.
It is also the type of communication that occurs in everyday life.
Types of Informal Communication
Casual Conversations
Gossips
Tales
Inter-relational Activities
Family Social Communication Culture
Inter-relational activities outside of the formal

2. Brevity
Speakers frequently opt to use simple and precise words in delivering their message. This is brevity. It
can be achieved by using more direct and clear words and avoiding beating around the bush. It is saying
more with less words.
3. Clarity
Clarity refers to using simple yet exact words that directly express your thoughts and emotion. It
warrants that the purpose of the message will be successfully delivered to the audience. Through this,
communication breakdown like misinterpretation may be avoided by the receivers.
4. Ethics
Ethics pertains to moral standards that need to be considered when delivering a message. The
audiences’ background such as their age, gender, race, social status and personal convictions shall be
given due importance for speaking purposes. As a speaker, one of the prerequisites that you need to do is
to know your audience first. By doing so, discriminatory acts leading to bias judgment that may
unintentionally be committed by the speaker will be avoided.
5. Vividness
Vividness refers to words that make the conversation or exchange of information lively and
vibrant. The purpose of this aspect of communication is to simplify thoughts for the audience to easily
grasp the message through the use of distinctive language. This language should appeal to the senses so
the speaker can elicit an active and vigorous response. Also, to achieve vividness, speakers use
situations that are within the audiences’ level of experiences to establish connection.
Nonverbal communication refers to a collaboration of movements that does not require any
spoken words in order to convey a message. This incorporates actions such as hand gestures, body
language, facial expressions, stance, appearance and others in order to convey a message. Some of the
commonly used nonverbal means of communication are:
1. Bodily Kinesthetic
1.1. Head Movement
1.2. Eye Movement
1.3. Facial Expressions
1.4. Sitting
1.5. Standing
1.6. Walking
1.7. Hand Gestures
2. Attitude and/or Behavior to specific situations
3. Manner of Dressing
4. Tone of Voice
Importance of nonverbal communication:
 Makes the message more meaningful.
 Expresses message without the use of words.
 Makes audience more enthusiastic.
 Defines the kind of speaker one is.
 Makes one a dynamic speaker.
 Gives confidence to the speaker.
 Adds color to a speech.
 Connects the speaker to the audience.
 Gives the speaker a variety of ways to deliver his/her message.

ACTIVITY TIME!
Watch and Learn
Watch a morning or prime time news and fill out the box below with the different verbal and
nonverbal cues used by the news anchor/s and news reporters in delivering news. Write at least 5
observations or samples of oral communication activities and identify the aspect of verbal
communication used. Tell whether Relevance, Brevity, Clarity, Ethics and Vividness. An example is
provided for you below.
WEEK 7
LESSON: Types of Speech Context
There is never a day that you do not communicate. It could be a group discussion, Facebook
status update, dinner conversation with someone you are interested in, or small talk with a family
member. In this case, it is necessary for you to understand the concept of speaking in a variety of
communication situation and the number of people you are communicating with.
Since you have already learned the various components of communication in the earlier part of
the previous modules, this time you are going to look at their context and find out how to act
appropriately in the different situations in communication.
Speech Context
Context when referring to speech communication is the surroundings, circumstances,
environment, background or setting that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event.
(LumenLearning.com/Elements of Communication).
According to DeVito (2005), “Context refers to the setting in which the communication takes
place. Context helps to establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said.”
Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal –This refers to a type of communication that is focused on one person, where the speaker
acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the message. The message is made up of thoughts and
feelings while the medium is the brain that processes what you think and feel. (Hybels & Weaver, 2012,
p 16)

2. Interpersonal –This refers to the type of communication that takes place between and among people
and creates a personal relationship between and among them. Normally, it includes two individuals, and
it can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal.
Types of Interpersonal Communication
 Dyad Communication – communication that happens between two people.
 Small Group–This applies to interactions involving at least three but not more than twelve people
engaged in face-to-face interactions to achieve the desired goal. In this type of conversation, all
participants can freely express their ideas throughout the discussion.
 Public–This type refers to a communication that enables you to send or deliver a message before a
crowd. The message can be transmitted for informative or persuasive purposes. "In public
communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is
louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is larger” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p
19).
 Mass Communication–This refers to communication through television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.
Verbal and Non-verbal Behavior in a Speech Context
Different speech context whether it is intrapersonal, interpersonal, public or mass
communication requires different approaches. Though there might be some occasional similarities, you
should at least know how to behave and respond to various speech contexts appropriately.
When talking to your self
You might be familiar with the feeling of quietly talking to yourself in your mind, and it's normal
—and good for you. By performing this, it makes you think and reflect on the things you have done or
are planning to do. But here are some important reminders that you need to keep in mind:

1.Use self-talk to your advantage: Cheering yourself up before an
important event or talking to yourself while completing a task are two
perfect opportunities for self-talk (Gould, 2018, Talking to yourself is
normal, n.d.).
2.Don’t overdo it. While it is normal to talk to yourself constantly, it is
better not to overuse yourself of doing so. The most common reason
why people end up talking to themselves is because they feel like they
do not have someone else to talk to. To address this, you need to be
more sociable, it would give you more people to talk to other than
yourself.
When talking to one person or a small group of people
Consoling your friend who is feeling down, or simply talking with your classmates about your
plans for a group activity is an example of a dyad and small group communication. This kind of
communication implies that the conversation is being shared and there is exchange of ideas. Small group
involves different skills because unlike dyad, it consists of more than two people. In both cases, you can
be as natural as yourself, however, unlike a running conversation in your head, you have to consider that
there are others who are equally important in the conversation. Thus, to achieve successful
communication in a dyad or small group, you have to consider the following;
1.Listen carefully -Needless to say, this is the very basic foundation of
effective communication. You have to listen carefully and understand
what the other person is saying. Asking clarifying questions lets the other
person know that you are indeed listening attentively. More so, take
active part. You also need to be heard and understood when it is your time
to speak.
2.Check your tone and body language. The vocabulary of the body is
more revealing than the actual words you speak. So, watch your tone and
body language while you are talking. Is your tone tough? Do you smile and
encourage the person you are talking to? Your body language tells more
about your emotions and thoughts than your actual words. Bear this in mind
the next time you have a conversation with someone. Check your body
language to ensure that it is consistent with your words (Oakes, 2017).
3. When talking to the public
Speaking infront of the crowd requires many preparations;
from analyzing your target audience, to planning and drafting your
speech up to the rehearsing part. The key therefore is to come
prepared. Be yourself while you are on stage and speak in the way that
you will be easily understood by your audience. You will know more
about this in the succeeding modules about the “Principles of Speech
Delivery”.
ACTIVITY TIME!
Try to recall what you did and how you felt when you experienced
any of these situations; (your best friend confided a secret to you; you delivered a speech in front of your
classmates as a subject requirement; you talked to yourself about the things you did and what you were
supposed to do instead).
What can you say about your experience? What did you learn from it? If you have a second
chance, how will you deal with the situations? What examples of verbal and non-verbal responses will
you use? Write your answers in a separate sheet.
Rubric in evaluating the essay

Directions: Your essay will be graded based on this rubric. Consequently, use this rubric as guide in
writing your essay and check it again before submitting your final output.
WEEK 8
LESSON: Types of Speeches and Speech Style
Types of Speeches
1. Types of Speech According to Purpose
a. informative or expository speech
is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on new or relevant piece of
information on a particular topic.
example: lecture of a teacher
b. persuasive speech
is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree with the speaker’s opinion
on a particular topic
example: speech of a lawyer
c. entertainment speech
aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty and humorous lines.
example: speech of a comedian
2. Types of Speech According to Delivery
a. manuscript speech
 is the word-for-word iteration of a written message using visual aids.
example: news anchor with a teleprompter
b. memorized speech
 is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory.
example: actor’s dialogue
c. extemporaneous speech
is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational
manner using brief notes.
example: a campaign speech before a voting public
d. impromptu speech
is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation and is for people
knowledgeable about the subject.
example: a doctor’s response to the question of a patient

ACTIVITY TIME !
Observe three (3) different speaking situations in your environment. Using the table below, list
them down and distinguish the type of speech according to purpose and delivery used in each situation.
Also, provide an evaluation by identifying the positive point you noticed. For the relevant suggestion,
give a piece of advice on how the speech can further be improved considering the type of speech where
it belongs. One (1) point will be given for every correct answer written on each box.
WEEK 9
LESSON: Types of Speech Style
Speech Style
The way we communicate varies depending on a lot of factors such as the speech context, speech
purpose, and speech delivery. The form of language that the speaker uses which [sic] characterized by
the degree of formality is known as speech style (Martin Joos,1976:156).
Types of Speech Style
There are five (5) types of speech style that can be used in various speaking situations. To know
them, accomplish first the comic strip below by sharing a day in your life as you go to school. Supply
the needed statement(s) in each scenario. Use the drawings as your guide.

What is It
You may have noticed that the forms of language you use in talking to different people in
different situations change in degree of formality. This is because of speech style. There are five (5)
types of speech style.
Types of Speech Style
1. intimate
 is used for very close relationships.
example: couple
 note : Language used in this style may not be shared in public.
2. casual
is an informal communication between groups and peers who have something to share and
have shared background information but do not have close relations.
example: classmates
note: Jargon, slang, and vernacular language are used
3. consultative
is used in semi-formal and standard communication.
example:teacher and student
note: Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style.
4. formal
is a one-way straightforward speech.
example:State of the Nation Address
note: What the speaker says is something that has been prepared beforehand.
5. frozen
is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during solemn ceremonies and
events.
example: pledges
note: It does not require any feedback from the audience.
ACTIVITY TIME !
Distinguish how you should communicate in the following speaking situations through the diagram
below. Place the letter according to its appropriate type of speech style.

WEEK 10
LESSON: Types of Speech Act Responding Effectively and Appropriately to Speech Act
Communication happens effectively when the message is passed clearly; it becomes useful and
meaningful when both the sender and the receiver understand the idea being put across. Indeed, there
could be no valid reasons to ignore the need for communicating successfully.
Moreover, to achieve effective communication, it is essential to know the different types of
speech act which are the focus of this lesson. Hence, this module will help you distinguish the important
role of speech act in achieving communicative competence by responding appropriately to various
utterances for you to efficiently communicate with the world.
WARM UP ACTIVITY!
Get Me Right!
Have you ever been misunderstood? How do you feel every time someone misunderstands you?
Recall a conversation you had with someone who did not understand what you mean and gave
you a different response. Then supply the table below with the needed information.
What is It
A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended
effect.
Speech acts are performed when a person offers an apology, greeting,
request, complaint, invitation compliment, or refusal. Speech act is an act
of communication.
As we communicate with others, we use language without
minding whether to use complete sentence or not. The number of words
in a single utterance does not matter so long as we can get our message
across.

Three Types of Speech Act
According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act
Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right circumstances or context. These
are:
1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering or saying something.
This act happens with the utterances of a sound, a word or even a phrase as a natural unit of
speech.
For the utterances to be a Locutionary Act, consider the following:
It has sense, and mostly importantly, for communication to take place.
It has the same meaning to both the speaker and the listener.
Utterances give rise to shared meaning when it is adjusted by the speaker for the listener.
Examples of Locutionary Acts:
“Doh!” (favorite expression of TV cartoon character Homer Simpson)
“Wow?” (When someone is amazed)
“Hello!” (greeting someone)
“Get out!” (a strong command)
2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.
In an illocutionary speech act, it is not just saying something itself but with the act of saying
something with the intention of:
stating an opinion, conforming, or denying something;
making a prediction, a promise, a request;
issuing an order or a decision; or
giving advice or permission.
This Speech Act uses the Illocutionary Force of a statement, a confirmation, a denial, a prediction, a
promise, a request, etc.
Examples of Illocutionary Acts:
It’s more fun in the Philippines. (opinion)
I’ll help you clean the house tomorrow. (promise)
Get my things in the office. (order)
3. Perlocutionary act refers to the consequent effect of what was said. This is based on the
particular context in which the speech act was mentioned.
This is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the speaker or the listener, or
both. The response may not necessarily be physical or verbal and is elicited by:
inspiring or insulting
persuading/convincing; or
deterring/scaring
The aim of Perlocutionary Speech Act is to change feelings, thoughts, or actions.
Examples of Perlocutionary Acts:
“We can do this. We heal and win as one!” (inspiring)
“It is crucial that we give all our collective efforts to fight against this pandemic. We must start
working together.” (persuading)
“Smoking destroys your health, certain as it brings diseases, itkills –you, your loved ones, and
others!” (deterring)
Searle’s Classification of Speech Act
As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, John Searle (1976), a professor from the
University of California, Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into five distinct categories.

1. Assertive–a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of
a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing,
boasting and concluding.
Example:No one can love you better than I do.
2. Directive–a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee
perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting,
inviting, advising, and begging.
Example: Please maintain the cleanliness of our school.
3. Commissive–a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in
the future.
Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
Example: From this moment on, I will love you and honor you for the rest of my life.
4. Expressive–a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing,
welcoming and deploring.
Example: Thank heavens, you came to save me! I owe you my life.
5. Declaration–a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation.
Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to.
Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence,
and excommunicating.
Example: You are hired!
By saying that someone is hired, an employee causes or brings about the person’s
acceptance to job; consequently, this changes his external situation.
Activity 1 Understanding Speech Act
Activity 1A. React to Me Now!
Below is a dialogue from a movie. Analyze the speech act of the characters shown in the table
below.
Suppose you are in the same situation. What would be your reaction as Gio? Write your answer on the
space provided below.
Activity 1B. Famous Lines
Recall your favorite movie/teleserye and its striking lines. Determine the character’s speech act by
filling out the table.

WEEK 11
LESSON: Types of Communicative Strategy
“Communication is your ticket to success, if you pay attention and learn to do it effectively.” --Theo
Gold
Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people, and it is a significant
part of our everyday life. Speech act is a tool in engaging to a conversation. In the previous lesson, you
have learned that a speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. It is
how you express yourself to communicate your wants and needs, to achieve a desired goal. We are
attuned in everyday conversation not primarily to the sentences we utter to one another, but to the
speech acts that those utterances are used to perform such function. Some of the functions which are
carried out using speech acts are giving opinion, offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint,
invitation, compliment, or refusal.
Talking with the family during a meal, listening to a confiding friend on the phone, participating
in discussion at school, and presenting report in a meeting at work are some instances of the
communicative situations that we are usually engaged in and it is essential to understand the role of
different communicative strategies that we can employ for an effective communication.
WARM UP ACTIVITY!
Describe the different conversations you are usually engaged in. Use complete sentences for your
answers.

Describe your experiences in communicating with other people by answering the questions below.
How do you usually start a conversation?
What are the problems that you had encountered during a conversation and how did you address them?
Have you experienced engaging in a conversation with a topic that you are not comfortable with? How
did you manage it?
Read the story below and observe how the conversation takes place.
“Table number 5,” I muttered looking at the invitation in
my hand. I looked around the exquisitely decorated hall and finally
found my seat. I greeted the other delegates at the table with a smile
and a little nod. I was so nervous. It was my first time to attend that
kind of event. It was a seminar for senior high school, and I was the
representative of our school. I sat down, grabbed my phone in my
pocket, and started browsing my Facebook like all the other 3
students at the table were doing while waiting for the program to
begin. “Hey, have you heard that Maymay Entrata will host this
event?” All our attention went to her as she broke the silence. I
noticed at once how pretty she is with her long black hair draping
her shoulders. “Really? As in Maymay Entrata, the winner in the reality TV show Pinoy Big Brother?”
asked the boy in heavy glasses. She nodded. “Besides being a reality show winner, Maymay is also a
singer, actress, composer, model, and writer.” “Wow! Are you a fan? You know many things about her,”
she replied with a grin and amazement to what I said. “Well, I am a fan too!” said the other boy in our
group and we all laughed. “By the way, I am Anne. I am from Batangas,” she finally introduced herself.
I was really waiting to know her name. Everyone in our table started to introduce themselves, including
me.
Engaging in a conversation is not just a simple process of talking and listening. Cohen (1990) states that
it is bound by implicit rules that requires strategies to be able to start and maintain conversation.
Types of Communicative Strategy
The following are some strategies that people use when communicating:
1. Nomination
A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic.
You use this strategy to open a topic and start a conversation. Nomination is usually employed at
the beginning of interaction to set the purpose of conversation.
Examples:
You may start off with making inquiries, giving compliment, asking for opinion, or offering
help. This could efficiently signal the beginning of a new topic in the conversation.
“Have you heard about “the new normal”?
“I saw your TikTok post on Facebook. It’s really great.”
“What can you say about our new plan for the project? Do you think it will work?”
You are the new student, right? Would you like me to tour you around the campus?
Remember to avoid questions that are too personal like asking about how much money the person or his
parents are earning. This may make the person you are talking to uncomfortable and may refuse to talk

with you. Topics like politics and religion should also be avoided because these may cause quarrel or
disagreement.
2. Restriction
Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker.
It is a strategy used when responses need to be within the set categories or instructions. These
instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
Examples:
In your class, you might be asked by your teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver a
speech on digital natives. In this case, you cannot decide to talk about something else.
You are invited to the police station to answer some questions about what you know about the
accident.
3. Turn-taking
It pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor.
Turn-taking strategy allows all participants in the conversation a chance to speak. You can use
this strategy to avoid taking over the whole conversation.
Examples:
You can employ this strategy by making your response shorter yet informative enough to
express your ideas and feelings.
Spoken cues such as “What do you think?” or “You wanted to say something?” provide others a
chance to speak. Pausing is a nonverbal cue that will do as well.
Remember to listen to the other person talking instead of just waiting for your turn to talk. This
way, you can have a meaningful and productive conversation. Also, always show politeness
when you need to take the conversational floor from the person currently speaking.
4. Topic Control
Topic control covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in
conversations.
This is a strategy used when there is a need to control and prevent unnecessary interruptions and
topic shifts in a certain conversation. Using this strategy makes the conversation to stay focused
on the topic throughout the discussion and keeps the development of the topic going by asking
questions.
Examples:
During a board meeting, the director manages the communication and directs who may speak to
collectively develop the topic of conversation.
In the senate session, the senate president presides the meeting. Senators who wish to speak
asks permission to the senate president.
Expressions like “Okay,so much for that... “Let's go back to the topic.” and “Going back to
what we are talking about...” can be used to keep the conversation within the topic when there is
a sudden shift.
5. Topic Shifting
Topic shifting involves moving from one topic to another.
This strategy is used to change the topic to a new one which helps communication keep going.
Examples:
You may use conversational transitions that indicate a shift like “By the way...”, “Before I
forget...”, “Which reminds me of,” and the like.
In a report presentation you may use expressions like “Moving on to the next topic...”, “Now,
let’s talk about...”, “This time, let me tell you about...” Remember that Topic shifting requires a
good timing. So, make sure that topic is adequately discussed before changing it to another one.
There may be a need to shift topic when there’s a pause in conversation, minimal response like
nodding and smiling.
6. Repair
7. Repair refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending
that they encounter in a conversation.

Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction (Schegloff et.al, 1977). We can employ
this strategy whenever we encounter problems in communication to prevent a breakdown.
Examples:
Speaker may use recasting or changing the form of message to a more understandable one using the
following expressions:
“What I mean is....”
What I am trying to say is that...”
The speaker may repeat his/her statements using the following expressions:
“Let me repeat myself.”
“Again...”
I would like to reiterate that...”
Repair strategies also include requesting clarification or making a clarifying question, request for
repetition, and request for definition, translation or explanation.
I am sorry but what do you mean by “new normal?”
“Does it mean that we do not need to come to school if there are no face-to-face classes?
“Can you please repeat the last part of the instructions?”
“Doc, can you please explain what a ferritin test is?”
Could you please clarify your state?
Repair may also include addressing physical and physiological issues affecting communication.
7.Termination
Termination refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic
in a conversation.
This strategy is used to end an interaction or close a topic. Most of the time, the topic initiator or
the person who opened the topic takes responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as well.
Examples:
You may use the following expressions to end a conversation:
“It’s nice catching up with you. I must be going.”
Thanks for your time. See you around.
Regards to your wife. See you soon.”
In other situation, you may end the topic by sharing what you learned from the conversation.
ACTIVITY TIME!

WEEK 12
LESSON: Principles of Effective Speech Writing and Delivery
Principles of Effective Speech Writing
1.Audience Profile
Knowing your audience specifically their general age, gender, educational level, religion,
language, culture and group membership is one of the most important aspects in developing your
speech. Basically, this is done so that you can tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your
audience.
Analyzing your audience will help you discover the information you can use to build a
connection between you and members of your audience.
2.Logical Organization
Once you have already analyzed your target audience, the next part is to organize your speech
manuscript. The logical organization or arrangement of thoughts when it comes to speech writing can
be defined as all aspects of your writing that help the reader move smoothly from one sentence to the
next, and from one paragraph to another. Thus, carefully planning the content of your speech is also
necessary.

The written speech has three parts: the introduction, body and conclusion. The role of
introduction and conclusion is mostly similar in manyspeeches, that is, the introduction presents the
main idea of your speech, while the conclusion reiterates the main idea. The body offers definitions,
examples, or any information that can help you convey your intent and clarify the main concept of your
speech.
The Introduction
The introduction is the most crucial part of the speech. It is generally only 10 to 15 percent of the
time the speaker spends speaking. According to Wrench (2012), agood introduction serves five
functions: (1) you should be able to gain audience attention and interest, (2), it states the purpose of
your speech, (3) it establishes your credibility, (4) it should provide reasons for your audience to listen
and (5) yourintroduction should preview the main idea of your speech.
The Body
The body of the speech is the core part of the speech that addresses the main ideas and principles
of the speech. It consists of the main points. This is presented using methods of organization (Flores
2016).
Make sure that you move smoothly from one paragraph to another. Transitional words are used
to connect words, phrases or sentences. They help the reader to move from one idea to the next to build
coherent relationships within the text.

Study the following table showing examples of different transitional words and their functions.
The Conclusion
After writing the body of your speech following the methods of organization, the last thing that
you need to work on is how to end it. The conclusion functions as the summarizer of the entire speech.
The conclusion has to be written using different strategies (Tandoc, 2016).
Present a summary
Repeat the key ideas presented
Repeat the central idea for emphasis
Go back to the strategy used in the introduction
Signal the end of your speech
End with an impact
Thought-provoking questions
Humor
Quotation
A call for action
A connection to a larger context
3. Duration
Nomatterhowlongthespeechis,alwaysdivideitintofiveparts:anintroduction,thebody(paragraph2,par
agraph3,andparagraph4)andaconclusion.Thisformatisadaptabletoaspeechofalmostanylength.Bydoingthi
s,youcanactuallymonitorthetimeandlengthofyourspeechortheso-
calledDuration.Mostexpertssaythattheideallengthofspeechisupto20minutes.(Gray-Grant,2017).

4.Word Choice
There are a lot of vocabularies available to describe one's idea. However, the speaker should
carefully use the correct word in writing the speech. The use of conversational language helps put the
audience feel at ease and creates a special bond between the speaker and the audience. However, there
are things that you should consider in choosing your words.
The following words should be avoided in a written speech. (Tandoc, 2016)
a. Jargons or technical terms specific only for a group of people
b. Redundancy or excessive repetition of words
c. Language inappropriate for the audience
d. Language inappropriate for the occasion
Jargons are specific words or phrases used by a certain individual or group which are difficult for
others to understand.
For example, the word idiopathic (which means unknown cause) and hyperventilate (rapid
breathing) are jargons because they are technical terms in medical fields. The word affidavit (sworn)
and circumstantial (specific details) are heard commonly in legal aspect or terms in in the field of Law.
These words can be confusing if you are speaking in front of a general crowd or audience.
5.Grammatical Correctness
Using correct grammar when you give a speech is important to prevent misunderstanding and
misinterpretation between you and the audience. Good command of the language helps listeners
understand you quickly. Grammar inconsistencies slow down the communication process and generate
negative impressions for the audience, as your ideas and thoughts are not clear and coherently
conveyed.
ACTIVITY TIME!
Given the situations below, write a speech considering all the different principles of effective speech
writing. It should have at least between 800 to 1,500 words. Please be guided by the rubric provided in
the next page.(use separate sheet of paper in writing your speech)
Refer to this rubric in scoring

WEEK 13
LESSON: Using Principles of Effective Speech Delivery
Have you ever experienced or imagined yourself speaking before a huge crowd? Have you not
dreamt of becoming an effective speaker where your listeners are mindful and persuaded of what you
say?
Certainly, there is no shortcut recipe for being a good speaker. Indeed, nothing is automatic; you
must make it happen. This module has lesson that will serve you that purpose i.e. to become a good
speaker. Luckily, there are some tools and principles that can be helpful to you in presenting and
delivering your speech like a pro. Discover yourself as a great speaker and be ready to see its wonders as
you see it come to pass.
WARM UP ACTIVITY!
Photo Story
Story telling is important in keeping your audience engaged and informed of what you are trying
to share. To make you practice developing your narratives, below are interesting photos or memes.
Choose one from the photos below. Create a story about it. Tryto discuss your story, the people
involved, their situation, their aspirations, their motivations, their actions, and anything that will build up
your story about them.
Use the message of your story in delivering a speech to persuade and inspire others to live a
purpose driven life. Please note that your teacher will ask you to present your story by reading it aloud.
Make sure that your delivery is clear and persuasive.

Tick the column that determines the quality of your delivery. Try to do this objectively as possible. It is
important to note that there are no wrong answers.
Do you wish to become a great speaker?
Good news! This module discusses the principles
and tools of effective speech delivery to help you
achieve that purpose.
Effective speaking means being able to say
what you need to say in a manner that it is heard and
acted upon.
According to Stephen Lucas (2011), author of
The Art of Public Speaking, a good delivery means
that you are capable and able to present your
message in a clear, coherent, and interesting way. In
addition to this, he also says:

Tools for Effective Speech Delivery
Articulation
People always judge how well you speak in general. The perceived intellect or education is
sometimes used to measure how well you articulate. The instance on how well and precisely you form
vowels and consonants using your lips, tongue, jaw, and palate to form the sounds to speak is crucial in
making your message get crossed. On the same idea, diction and enunciation are other forms of
articulation.
Modulation
This happens when you control or adjust the tone or volume of your voice as you try to lower
your voice to a loud whisper in order to get the attention of your audience as they find your message
more appealing, dramatic and mysterious. Modulation has various meanings, such as a change of key in
music or of the sound of a person's voice.
Stage presence
The speaker’s ability to get and secure the audience's interest in listening to him/her through his
or her presentation style refers to stage presence. Every time the speaker faces his audience, he is
encouraged to keep his poise, posture, gestures, and movements since they may make or break the
presentation.
A good stage presence essentially engages the audience into the performance. It is the ability to
make the audience connect with the speaker and pull them into the story being told, and as a result, the
audience are affected by the feelings, emotions, and ideas being conveyed.
Facial expressions
To effectively communicate emotions and enthusiasm while speaking, the speaker must use
emphatic and descriptive gestures. These help enhance the verbal content of our speech. Gestures
should appear spontaneous but purposeful. Movements from the waist down should be decisively used
to emphasize a point or as a transition during a speech.
Facial expressions are essential in setting the emotional tone for a speech. It is really helpful
that facial expressions jive with the message being delivered. To achieve the positive tone of the speaker
before he begins, he simply must glance at the audience and smile. A smile may be simple but its value
is indispensable in communicating friendliness, openness, and confidence. In addition, facial
expressions communicate various types of emotions which reflect the speaker’s moods and personality
traits.
Arm and hand movements constitute gesture. We all may have developed our native culture and
we tend to internalize them as we speak. Becoming fluent in a language is part of this process. On the
other hand, we also become fluent in non-verbal communication through our gestures. We all use hand
gestures while we speak, but we didn’t ever go to any class in learning how to match our verbal

communication with the appropriate gestures; we just internalized on these norms as a result of long
period of time based on observation later incorporate them as we speak. By this point in your life, you
have a whole vocabulary of hand movement sand gestures that spontaneously come out while you’re
speaking. Some of these gestures are emphatic and some are descriptive (Koch, 2007).
Movement of the whole body, instead of just gesturing with hands, is appropriate in a speech. It
is suggested that starting speakers hold off attempting to fuse body development starting from the waist
until they have completed at any rate one discourse. This permits you to focus on overseeing
nervousness and spotlight on progressively significant parts of conveyance like vocal assortment,
keeping away from familiarity hiccups and verbal fillers, and improving eye to eye connection. At the
point when you are given the opportunity to move around, it regularly winds up getting skimming or
pacing, which are the two developments that comfort you as a speaker by using anxious vitality however
just serve to divert the crowd.
Rapport
It happens when you have everything in concordance or harmony. Your discourse is correct. The
crowd gets it well. They appreciate tuning in to it as much as you appreciate conveying it. In any case,
that upbeat agreeable state doesn't happen without conscious effort.
ACTIVITY TIME!
Speak Up!
To have an excellent presentation, your delivery matters even more than what you say, and this
exercise helps you refine it. Given below are lines from a speech of President Emilio Aguinaldo.
Practice saying it aloud in front of your family as though you’re giving a speech. Rate yourself using the
given rubric and pay attention to your tone, inflections, and generally how you can use your voice to
create more interest.
“We are no longer insurgents; we are no longer revolutionists; that is to say, armed men desirous of
destroying and annihilating the enemy. We are from now on Republicans; that is to say, men of law,
able to fraternize with all other nations, with mutual respect and affection. There is nothing lacking,
therefore, in order for us to be recognized and admitted as a free and independent nation."-President
Emilio Aguinaldo in his inaugural speech at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan, January 23, 1899

Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by giving your answers on the blank in the
graphic organizer.
What were your thoughts or ideas about the principles of speech delivery prior to the discussion of the
lesson?______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.
What new or additional ideas did you learn after taking up this lesson?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

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