Local anaesthesia..
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The document discusses local anesthetics, including their definition, properties, advantages and disadvantages, classification, mechanism of action, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and uses. It defines local anesthesia as a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area caused by nerve ending depression or peripheral nerve conduction inhibition. It lists 10 important properties of local anesthetics like being non-irritating, not causing permanent nerve alterations, having low systemic toxicity, rapid onset, and long enough duration. The pharmacokinetics section notes that local anesthetics all cause vasodilation except cocaine, which increases absorption rate and potential toxicity.
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Local anesthesia
Local anesthesia is the most widely used method of pain control in dental practice. It involves injecting local anesthetic drugs near nerves to reversibly block nerve conduction and sensation in a specific part of the body. The first local anesthetic used was cocaine, extracted in 1859. Modern local anesthetics like lidocaine and bupivacaine reversibly block sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse propagation. They are metabolized in the liver and may cause minor complications like pain on injection or transient numbness, but rarely major issues. Proper dosage and technique help ensure safe and effective local anesthesia for dental procedures.
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The document discusses local analgesia, including definitions, mechanisms of action, commonly used agents, and considerations for safe use. It describes how local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels and nerve impulse conduction. The most commonly used agents are lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine. Proper administration and avoiding excess doses are important to prevent local tissue toxicity and systemic effects.
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Local anesthesia involves the reversible loss of sensation in a limited area of the body using chemical agents without loss of consciousness. It is useful for reducing pain and stress during surgery. The document discusses various local anesthetics used in veterinary practice like lidocaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine. It also covers the mechanisms of action, classifications, advantages, disadvantages and methods of administering local anesthesia like infiltration, regional and intravenous regional anesthesia. Toxicities can occur if the anesthetic is absorbed systemically. Proper technique and dose are important for safe use of local anesthesia.
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Local anesthesia causes loss of sensation in a specific body area by depressing nerve excitation or inhibiting nerve conduction without loss of consciousness. Local anesthetics work by altering the nerve membrane's resting potential, threshold potential, rate of depolarization, or rate of repolarization. They may act at receptor sites on the membrane surfaces or through physicochemical mechanisms. Anesthetics first block sensation in mantle nerve bundles near the surface before reaching deeper core bundles, potentially explaining inadequate pulpal anesthesia with profound soft tissue effects. Reinjection can provide immediate profound anesthesia but risks tachyphylaxis.
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Dr. Nermine Ramadan Mahmoud will present on the pharmacology of local anesthesia. The presentation will cover the constituents of local anesthetic cartridges, including the anesthetic drug, vasoconstrictor, preservative, vehicle, and distilled water. It will also discuss the pharmacology of local anesthetic drugs and vasoconstrictors, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and effects. The presentation will summarize the factors that influence the uptake, potency, duration, biotransformation, and excretion of local anesthetics.
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This document discusses complications of local anesthesia. It begins by defining local anesthesia and providing a brief history. It then discusses various local complications that can occur, such as needle breakage, prolonged anesthesia, facial nerve paralysis, and soft tissue injury. Causes of these local complications include needle trauma to nerves, intraneural injection, and hematoma formation around nerves. The document also discusses systemic complications like toxicity and allergic reactions. Prevention strategies aim to avoid nerve trauma during injection and proper use and handling of local anesthetic materials. Most local complications resolve on their own, but persistent cases may require reassurance and follow-up.
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Local anesthesia is the most widely used method of pain control in dental practice. It involves injecting local anesthetic drugs near nerves to reversibly block nerve conduction and sensation in a specific part of the body. The first local anesthetic used was cocaine, extracted in 1859. Modern local anesthetics like lidocaine and bupivacaine reversibly block sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse propagation. They are metabolized in the liver and may cause minor complications like pain on injection or transient numbness, but rarely major issues. Proper dosage and technique help ensure safe and effective local anesthesia for dental procedures.
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Local anesthesia causes loss of sensation in a specific body area by depressing nerve excitation or inhibiting nerve conduction without loss of consciousness. Local anesthetics work by altering the nerve membrane's resting potential, threshold potential, rate of depolarization, or rate of repolarization. They may act at receptor sites on the membrane surfaces or through physicochemical mechanisms. Anesthetics first block sensation in mantle nerve bundles near the surface before reaching deeper core bundles, potentially explaining inadequate pulpal anesthesia with profound soft tissue effects. Reinjection can provide immediate profound anesthesia but risks tachyphylaxis.
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Dr. Nermine Ramadan Mahmoud will present on the pharmacology of local anesthesia. The presentation will cover the constituents of local anesthetic cartridges, including the anesthetic drug, vasoconstrictor, preservative, vehicle, and distilled water. It will also discuss the pharmacology of local anesthetic drugs and vasoconstrictors, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and effects. The presentation will summarize the factors that influence the uptake, potency, duration, biotransformation, and excretion of local anesthetics.
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This document discusses complications of local anesthesia. It begins by defining local anesthesia and providing a brief history. It then discusses various local complications that can occur, such as needle breakage, prolonged anesthesia, facial nerve paralysis, and soft tissue injury. Causes of these local complications include needle trauma to nerves, intraneural injection, and hematoma formation around nerves. The document also discusses systemic complications like toxicity and allergic reactions. Prevention strategies aim to avoid nerve trauma during injection and proper use and handling of local anesthetic materials. Most local complications resolve on their own, but persistent cases may require reassurance and follow-up.
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Local anaesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation in a specific body region without loss of consciousness. They are classified based on their structure and potency. Local anaesthetics work by blocking sodium channels to prevent nerve impulse propagation. Factors like lipid solubility, protein binding, and pKa determine a drug's potency, duration of action, and onset. Local anaesthetics are widely used for infiltration, nerve blocks, epidurals, and other regional techniques to provide anaesthesia or post-operative analgesia. Toxicity can occur if local anaesthetics enter the systemic circulation in high amounts. Proper dosing and technique help prevent local anaesthetic systemic toxicity.
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Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the propagation of nerve impulses and inducing localized numbness. The document discusses the mechanisms of action, factors affecting activity, termination of effects, use of vasoconstrictors, classification, adverse effects, and techniques of local anesthesia. It also covers the introduction, objectives, mechanisms, activity, termination, classification, effects, and choice of local anesthetic agents.
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This document provides an overview of local anaesthesia including:
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- Desirable properties and classifications of local anaesthetics.
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Local anaesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation in a specific body region without loss of consciousness. They are classified based on their structure and potency. Local anaesthetics work by blocking sodium channels to prevent nerve impulse propagation. Factors like lipid solubility, protein binding, and pKa determine a drug's potency, duration of action, and onset. Local anaesthetics are widely used for infiltration, nerve blocks, epidurals, and other regional techniques to provide anaesthesia or post-operative analgesia. Toxicity can occur if local anaesthetics enter the systemic circulation in high amounts. Proper dosing and technique help prevent local anaesthetic systemic toxicity.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Local anaesthesia..
- 2. CONTENTS Definition Introduction Properties Advantages and Disadvsntages Classification Mechanism of action Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Adverse effects Uses
- 5. DEFINITION It is defined as a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by a depression of excitation in nerve endings or an inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves.
- 7. PROPERTIES OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS 1. Non irritating to tissue to which it is applied 2. Not cause any permanent alteration of nerve structure 3. Its systemic toxicity should be low 4. It must be effective regardless of whether it is injected into the tissue or applied locally to mucous membranes 5. Time of onset of anesthesia should be short 6. The duration of action should be long enough to permit the completion of procedure 7.It should have the potency sufficient to give complete anesthesia with out the use of harmful concentrated solutions 8.It should be free from producing allergic reactions 9.It should be free in solution and relatively undergo biotransformation in the body 10.It should be either sterile or be capable of being sterilized by heat with out deterioration
- 16. PHARMACOKINETICS UPTAKE All local anesthetics produce vasodilation except cocaine. Vasodilation Increase rate of absorption Decrease duration & quality of pain control Increase in anesthetic blood level Toxicity
- 17. small concentration. urine as parent compoundurine as parent compound Esters Amides pseudocholi nesterase