Lm science grade10_q2

i
10
Science
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
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Learner’s Material
Unit 2

ii
Science – Grade 10
Learner’s Material
First Edition 2015
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E-mail Address: imcsetd@yahoo.com
Development Team of the Learner’s Material
Authors: Herma D. Acosta, Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre,
Reviewers:
Vic Marie Camacho, Lilia M. Rabago, Cerilina M. Maramag
Illustrators:
DepEd Specialists:
Photo Credits: Herma D. Acosta, Dave G. Angeles, Liza A. Alvarez, Ruby D.
Layout Artists: Matthew Daniel V. Leysa and Mary Grace Ann G. Cadisal

Unit 2: Force, Motion, and Energy
Module 1: Electricity and Magnetism
Activity 2: Test Mag….1, 2! (Testing for Evidence of Magnetism) -------93
Activity 4: Detecting and Creating Magnetism -------------------------------96
Part A: Watch their Domains! ------------------------------------------101
Part B: Within the Lines -------------------------------------------------103
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Activity 8: Magnetic Field Around Current – Carrying Conductors -------------110
Part B: Magnetic Field around a Coil of Conductor --------------112

Glossary of Terms------------------------------------------------------------------139
References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------141
Module 2: Electro Magnetic Spectrum
Activity1:TheElectromagneticWaveTheory--------------------------------144
Activity 2: Now you go! Now you won’t ---------------------------------------149
Glossary of Terms -----------------------------------------------------------------166
Module 3: Light: Mirrors and Lenses

Glossary of Terms -----------------------------------------------------------------219
References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------220

81
UNIT 2
Force, Motion, and Energy
(The electric and magnetic phenomena around us)

82
UNIT 2: FORCE, MOTION, AND ENERGY
(The electric and magnetic phenomena around us)
Overview
The moving iron core within the Earth acts like a giant bar magnet. It
solar radiations. In like manner, the moving charges within the Sun generate
quarter, supports investigations on the electric, magnetic and electromagnetic
deeper understanding.

ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM
I. Introduction
II. Learning Competencies/Objectives
1.
on a wire.
2.
through a coil.
Unit 2
MODULE
1

84
III. Pre-Assessment
1.
I.
II.
III. A rotating bar magnet.
a.
b.
c.
d. I, II and III
2.
a. A charged comb.
b.
c.
d.
a. a charged glass stirring rod
b.
c.
d. an improvised compass
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
core.
c.
d.

85
a.
b.
c. The alternating current sent through the buried coils produce an
d.
to change green.
a. a horse shoe magnet
b.
c.
d.
a.
b. 18 turns
c.
d. 228 turns

86
a.
b.
c.
d.
III. speed at which the magnet moves
emf
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
used as a microphone or as a loudspeaker.
c.
diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil.
d.
diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil.

87
a.
b.
c. alternating current into direct current
d. direct current into alternating current
a. The magnet produces a clockwise current in the coil.
b.
c. The magnet produces an upward electromagnetic current.
d. The magnet produces a counterclockwise current in the coil.
IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
GETTING HOOKED ON ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM APPLICATIONS
AVPs: Veni, vidi, vici.
(Audio-Visual Productions: I came, I saw, I conquered.)
Activity 1
For the Record…
Objectives:
used in recording audio.

88
Materials:
OR
Procedure:
PART A. Virtual Tour of a Radio Broadcasting Studio
Figure 1.
magnetism to operate.
Activity Scenario:
recording at home.
to take pictures inside the control room and live audio room, similar to what

Table 1. Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment (Control Room/Announcer’s Booth)
Equipment/Device Needs Electricity Needs Magnetism
Guide Questions:
Figure 2.

Figure 3.
Table 2. Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment (Live Audio Room/Newsroom)
Equipment/Device Needs Electricity Needs Magnetism
Guide Questions:
More Reading Support on Recording Technology:
KEY CONCEPTS
•
•
•

PART B. My Own Home Recording Studio! For Life…
Table 3. A Home Recording Studio Start-Up Equipment
A
Coded
Answer
B C
Device
1. 1 ___ ___ A.headphone
digital instruments, recording,
signals
2. 2 ___ ___ monitor
instruments are plugged into
this, which in turn is connected
to the computer
3 ___ ___
4.
4 ___ ___
D. digital
audio
electrical signal
5. 5 ___ ___
E. computer
unit
sound like on the equipment
6.
6 ___ ___
microphone
instruments
7.
7 ___ ___
G. cables
speakers but these give a
sound close enough to the
real sound input

Guide Question:
More Reading Support on Recording Technology:
KEY CONCEPTS
•
electromagnetic induction.
• Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs
conductor.

SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM
Activity 2
Test Mag...1, 2!
Objectives:
a. two magets, and
object.
Materials:
science notebook and pen
Safety Precautions:
Handle magnets with care so as not to drop those. These might
drives and disks, magnetic tapes, mechanical watches, and the like.
Procedure:
1.
guide questions.
Table 4. Interaction between two permanent bar magnets
What I did to the pair of magnets to cause
interaction…
Observed effect/s
(attracted or repeled)
2.

Table 5. Interaction of a bar magnet with other objects
Objects that interacted with the magnet…
Observed effect/s
(attracted or repeled)
Guide Questions:
KEY CONCEPTS
•
•
magnet, then the object interacting with the magnet contains a
•
material.

Activity 3
Induced Magnetism
Objectives:
Induce magnetism in a magnetic material.
Materials:
bar magnet
Safety Precaution:
and weaken upon impact.
Procedure:
1.
Guide Questions:
Figure 4.
2.

Sum it Up Challenge!
activities.
Activity 4
Detecting and Creating Magnetism
Objectives:
objects using a compass.
Materials:
at least 2 small magnetic
compasses
masking tape or cork
stopper
scooping device
with camera
strong bar magnet
Figure 5.

Safety Precautions:
Use the magnet, compass, test tube, and the gadget with camera
Procedure:
PART A. North meets south
1.
Guide Questions:
Figure 6.
PART B. By the touch of a magnet
1.
2.

Figure 7a.
4.
happens inside the tube.
5.
Figure 7b.
6.
observations.
Figure 7c.
Guide Questions:

ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
A Look Back in History:
KEY CONCEPTS
•
steel and alnico are magnetic.
•
•

Activity 5
Oh Magnets, Electromagnet…
Objectives:
•
•
magnets and magnet combinations.
•
Materials:
• an improvised magnetic
board
• white bond paper
•
magnets
• small magnetic compasses
• •
• • science notebook and pen
• •
• 1 disk magnet • connectors with alligator clips
• •
Figure 8.
Safety Precautions:
Use the magnets, compasses, and magnetic boards with care so as
magnetic material.

Procedure:
PART A. Watch their domains!
1.
Figure 9.
4.
Table 6.

Table 6 Interaction of a pair of latch magnets when dragged at different orientations
START OF THE
TILTED PULL
END OF THE TILTED
PULL
OBSERVATIONS
A.
across the other as shown below. Use the sides
with no sticker.
.
the other as shown. Use the sides with no sticker.
.

Guide Questions:
Ideas for Research:
PART B. Within the lines…
Table 7. Magnets and Current-carrying Conductors

magnetic board.
Activity 6
Electric Field Simulation
Objectives:
E
Materials:
•
• Science notebook and pen
•
Procedure:
1.
science notebook.

Table 8. Electric Fields, Forces, and Forms (E-3Fs)
Electric Charges and Field Descriptions
number and letter codes on
A
D E
G H

navigate.
.
Activity 7
Magnetic Field Simulation
Objectives:
Materials:
•
• Science notebook and pen
•
Procedure:
science notebook.

Table 9. Magnetic Fields, Forces, and Forms
Magnets and Magnetic Field Descriptions
with the images shown below
number and letter codes on
2
4 5
8

program.
Sum it Up Challenge!
around the wire.

Activity 8
Magnetic Field Around
Current-carrying Conductors
Objectives:
conductors.
Materials:
• • 1 button magnetic compass
• 14 gauge insulated copper •
• •
• science notebook and pen •
• 5 cm2
used rubber mat • cutter
• • tape
•
magnetic compass
Safety Precautions:

111
Experiment Setup A:
Procedure:
PART A. Magnetic Field around a Straight Conductor
wooden block.
location.

112
Guide Questions:
needle point to when the compass was positioned around the
PART B. Magnetic Field around a Coil of Conductor
Figure 10.
until the needle points north.

Experiment Setup B:
Guide Questions:

114
Using arrows, draw the magnetic compass needle directions at
magnet.
Figure 11.
FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
a coil is used in ammeters and motors that use permanent magnets and
electromagnets.
current in the conductor.

115
Activity 9
Making Your Own Electric Motor
Objectives:
•
•
Materials:
•
•
• pliers or long nose
•
• science notebook and pen
Figure 12.
Safety Precautions:
materials.
Procedure:

116
Figure 13.
wire. See to it that there is a bare connection between the wire ends and
material insulating the wire at these indicated points. Disassemble the set
wire.
Warning! Disconnect
Guide Questions:
–

117
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Activity 10
LET’S JUMP IN!
Objectives:
•
•
•
Materials:
•
• two lead wires with alligator clip on at least one end
•
•
• pliers or long nose
• one compass

118
Safety Precautions:
in a circuit. Use the galvanometer with care and without dropping it.
Procedure:
clips.
Figure 14.

Figure 15.
galvanometer reading.
Figure 16. The galvanometer and jump wire
Southwest alignment
Figure 17.
loop are rotated together

science notebook.
Guide Questions:
Figure 18.

121
Activity 11
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Objectives:
•
•
a conductor.
Materials:
•
• tape measure
•
•
• galvanometer
• two wooden blocks
• two wires with alligator clips
•
Safety Precautions:
galvanometer with care so as not to drop it.
Procedure:
2. Set up the galvanometer, wooden blocks and bar magnets as shown in

122
Figure 19.
Part A. Inducing voltage and current in a coil
and connect it ends to the galvanometer via wires with alligator clips. At
this point, observe what happens to the galvanometer pointer.
Figure 20.

Table 10. Inducing current in a coil
Condition
Coil
Without a
Magnet
Magnet is
Moving into
the Coil
Magnet is at
Rest Inside
the Coil
Magnet
is Moving
Out of the
Coil
Galvanometer
pointer’s
Galvanometer
pointer’s
direction of
what happens.
this.
Part B. Amount of induced voltage and current vs number of turns
Part C. Amount of induced voltage and current vs strength of magnetic
notebook.

124
Figure 21.
Part D.
Part E.
Figure 22.
or perpendicular to the coil orientation

125
when the magnet moves along the coil and when the magnet
EMF = BLv, where B is magnetic
L v is
EMF
Additional Reading

126
Figure 23.
programmed.
line. This wire is connected to an electrical power source and a meter.
Figure 24.
programmed mechanism.

127
when objects with parts that are magnetic in nature move past it. This signal a
Figure 25.
receiver coil located at the sensor.
In some metal detectors, it is the device that is moved over the object.
In other detectors, it is the object or the person that moves pass the machine.
The metal in the cookware has electrical resistance that opposes the induced
Data acquisition and
control system
ReceiverPulse transmitter
Transmitter
transmitter coil Receiver coil
Reradiated
induced current on
metal targer

128
Figure 26. Induction stove working mechanism
unlike in gas stoves where much heat escapes around the side and heats up
Figure 27. In induction cooking, heat loss is lesser than in gas cooking
Figure 28.
How Induction Cooking Works
metal pot
Water
electromagnetic
current-carrying
copper coil
Head Drum
Take Up
Video Tracks
TapeSupply
Read/ write Head
Disk motion
Substrate
Gap
coil
Read/Write Head
core
Magnetized (aligned)
media particles Random (non-aligned)
media particles Media
coating

Performance Task
An Octo Challenge Audio-Visual Presentation (AVP)
Using Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)
Objective:
Materials:
• at least one musical instrument
•
•
•
Procedure:
• •
• •
•
•
• •
AVP tribute
visual presentation using electromagnetic induction

presentation taking into consideration the listening and processing
Criteria for Success
5.
GRASPS
Development
of an Octo Challenge Audio-Visual Presentation
progress.

V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
drives.
Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs or vice versa

a wider angle than the compass needle along the straightened wire.
Electromagnetic induction is a process in which electric current is generated
EMF
L
B v

EMF = BLv
EMF
VI. Summative Assessment
III.A dead power line.
a.
b.
c.
d. I, II and III
a.
b. an improvised magnetic board
c. a second unmarked magnet
d. a charged metal rod at rest
a. A charged balloon.
b. A cooling soldering iron.
c.
d. A microphone undergoing a sound check.
a.
b.
c.
d.

a.
electromagnetic nail.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.

a.
b.
c.
d.
magnet.
a.
target to induce current in it.
b.
c.
d.
III. speed at which the magnet moves
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.

a. In set up A, the magnet is at rest inside the moving coil.
b.
same speed.
c. There is relative motion between the magnet and coil in set up A.
d.
a.
b.
c. alternating current into direct current
d. direct current into alternating current

a.
b.
as a microphone or as a loudspeaker.
c.
a magnet, and a coil.
d.
a magnet, and a coil.
Glossary of Terms
Charged particles
Electric charge
attractions or repulsions between protons or
electrons is attributed
Electric generator
Electric motor
Electricity

Electromagnet magnet whose magnetic properties are produced
Electromagnetic
induction
Electromotive force voltage that gives rise to an electric current
Galvanometer low resistance instrument used to measure
magnitude
Magnet
Magnetic Domain
poles and moving charged particles
compass placed on such a line will turn so that the
induction
Magnetic force
Magnetic poles magnetic south or north seeking regions on a
Magnetism
Transformer

References and Links
Printed Materials:
User’s Laboratory Manual for Physics - Student Worksheets for
Secondary School Physics.
Glencoe Physics Principles and Problems: Laboratory Manual.
Conceptual Physics
An Introduction to Physical
Science
Science Integrated Course 2.
Physics Insights
Co-ordinated science: Physics.
Conceptual physics: Laboratory manual. Upper Saddle
Practical work in high school physics -Asourcebook for
teachers.
Electronic Sources:
Geophysical Research Letters.
[
htm

141
Metal detectors
.
www.digitaldjgear.com
www.nch.com.au

142
I. Introduction
environment.
waves.
environment.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
Unit 2
MODULE
2

III. Pre-Assessment
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b. Speed in vacuum
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d. 444 m
a.
b.
c.
d.

144
The Electromagnetic Wave Theory
came to be.
Activity 1
How it came about…
The Electromagnetic Wave Theory
Objectives:
Materials:
• 1 white cartolina
• 1 marker pen
• 1 pencil with eraser
•
Agreement:

145
Procedure:
Scientists Contributions
magnetism
electromagnetic waves and their link to
light
electromagnetic induction.
behaves like a magnet
A. Ampere
Guide Questions:

146
The Electric and Magnetic Fields Together
Accelerating electrons produce electromagnetic waves. These waves
propagating wave.
Figure 1.
All electromagnetic waves can travel through a medium but unlike other
8
where v is the wave speed, or c
is
electromagnetic waves led us to a modern technological world.

147
8
8
7
8
m
8
m
14
Check your understanding!
Are these statements true? If not, correct them.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
where h f
joules per second.
energies while radio waves have photons with the lowest energies.

148
Figure 2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Table 1. The electromagnetic waves’ wavelengths, frequencies, and energies
EM Wave Wavelength (m) Frequenzy (Hz) Energy (J)
Radio
Microwave 11
Infrared 11 14
Visible 14 14
UV 14 16
X-ray 16
Gamma-ray
Activity 2
Now you go! Now you won’t!
Objectives:
Materials:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Procedure:
1.
2.

4.
a table similar to the table below.
Material Does the
car work?
(Y/N)
Time of
Travel
Observations
plastic wrapper
paper
cotton
rubber glove
5.
results.
Guide Questions:
Radio Waves
wavelength in the electromagnetic
making electrons vibrate in an
long distances.
Figure 3. A radio

151
Table 2. Radio waves Frequencies
BAND Frequency
Range
Wavelength
Range
Application
Ultra High
Super High
1mm – 1 cm
the waves to be transmitted over great distances.

152
is used in standard broadcasting because it can be sent over long distances.
Activity 3
Sound check…
Objectives:
• Detect radio waves.
Materials:
•
•
• electrical tape
•
• portable radio
Procedure:
1.
2.

4.
5.
6.
Guide Questions:
Activity 4
Then there was sound…
Objectives:
• Describe how radio waves are generated, transmitted, and received.
Materials:
•
•
•
light blue parts of the transmitter/receiver
pink waves
white linkages
Procedure:
1. transmitter.
order at which carrier waves are produced and then transmitted.
Blue Strips
receiver antenna

154
Pink Strips
modulated radio
White strips
modulated carrier waves and pass them to the…
2.
carrier waves in the transmitter. Then choose the correct linkages.
4.
received.
5.
Blue strips
Pink strips
White strips
6.
7.
Guide Questions:
problems.

155
Microwaves
in satellite communications, radar, television transmission and cooking.
Applications of Microwaves
Satellite Communications
world.
Figure 4. An orbiting satellite
Radar
Figure 5. A radar

156
ranging.
Terrestrial Communication
broadcast vehicles back to the station. The
news crew can also set up a small antenna
to send signals to a communication satellite.
This is how news are broadcasted and
watched live around the world.
Figure 6. A Television set
A cell phone is a radio transmitter and receiver that uses microwaves.
several kilometres in diameter. Each cell has its tower that receives and sends
process.
Figure 7.

157
Microwave oven
produces heat that will cook it.
Figure 8. A microwave oven
The next activity will give you an idea about the next type of EM wave, the
infrared wave.
Activity 5
It’s getting hotter
Objectives:
•
•
Materials:
• prism
•
• sunlight
Procedure:
1.
2.
into its component colors.
4.
5.
6.

158
7.
8.
below.
Time
Temperature Readings
1st Thermometer
(Blue Region)
2nd Thermometer
(Yellow Region)
3rd Thermometer
(Red Region)
2 minutes
4 minutes
6 minutes
8 minutes
Guide Questions:
Infrared

Figure 9.
1.
2.
and other electronic appliances.
4.
5.
object.

The Visible Spectrum
shortest.
Figure 10. The Visible Spectrum
light.
Table 3. The Wavelength of the Different Colors of Light
Color Wavelength (nm)
Green

161
Activity 6
Screen the UV out
Objectives:
Materials:
•
• newspaper
•
• black construction paper
• permanent marker
Procedure:
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Guide Questions:
Ultraviolet Radiation

162
Some Uses of UV Radiation
banks to check the signature on a passbook. The signature is marked on
Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight produces vitamin D in the skin and gives
X-rays
Figure 11.
cause cancer.

Gamma Rays
and thick concrete.
•
•
•
radio waves.
•
•
•
•
wavelength to the shortest wavelength.
Visible light
Ultraviolet
waves.

164
•
production.
•
EM Wave Applications / Uses
Satellitetelevisionandcommunication
appliances
Visible light
devices
Ultraviolet
•
people and environment.

165
a. microwaves
b. radio waves
c. UV radiation
d. visible light
a.
b.
c. radio waves
d. visible light
a. 11
b. 11 114
c. 14 16
d. 16
a. 11
b. 11 14
c. 14 14
d. 14 16
a. m
b. 1
m
c. m
d. 2
m
electromagnetic wave used in each application.
1. Satellite communications

166
1.
wavelength.
2.
4.
5.
Glossary of Terms
Electromagnetic wave
does not require a medium to travel
Frequency
Radar
and estimating their locations
Radio Receivers receives radio waves and convert them back to
sounds
Radio Transmitter
modulating it
Wavelength
the second through

167
Printed Materials:
Electronic Sources:
waves.htm
electromagneticspectrum.html
orbit

168
I. Introduction
visible light.
lenses.
LIGHT: MIRRORS &
LENSES
Unit 2
MODULE
3

1.
lenses.
2.
and lenses.
3. Distinguish between converging and diverging mirrors and lenses.
4.
5. Derive the mirror and lens equations.
6.
III. Pre-Assessment
Directions
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.

4.
a. 1.5 m
b.
c.
d. 4.5 m
5.
a. 4.5 m
b.
c.
d. 1.5 m
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.
a. virtual and inverted
b. real and inverted
c. virtual and erect
d. real and erect
8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d. None of the above

171
is
a.
b.
c. inverted, reduced, and real
d. erect, reduced, and real
11.
a.
b.
c.
d.
12.
a. Light entering the water is dispersed.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
14.
I.
II.
III.
a.
b.
c. I and II
d. I, II, and III

172
15.
a.
b.
c. continue to travel in the same direction
d.
16.
a.
b.
c.
d.
17.
a.
b. Diverging Lens
c.
d.
18.
a.
b.
c.
d. Telescope
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Activity 1
Mirror, mirror, on the wall…
Objectives:
• Determine t
•
Materials:
•
• 1 graphing paper
•
•
• pen
Procedure:
1.
Figure 1.
2.

174
3.
4.
Table 1. Distance of the Object and Image from the Mirror
Mark
Number of Parallel Lines
5.
measurements in a table similar to Table 2.
Figure 2.
Table 2. Height and Width of Object and Image
Description Object Image

175
distance, p and the image distance, q
h’
M
Incident Ray
arrow approaching an optical element like mirrors.
Normal Line
strikes the mirror.
i
r
.
Figure 3.

176
Activity 2
Objectives:
•
•
Materials:
• 1 plane mirror
•
•
Procedure:
1.
Figure 4.
2. o
with the
3.
4. o o o o
Angle of Incidence
Trial 1 Trial 2 Ave.
o
o
o
o
o

177
i
r
i
= r
plane.”
water.
Activity 3
Mirror Left-Right Reversal
Objectives:
•
•
inverted letters and words.
Materials:
• alphabet chart
• 1 plane mirror
Procedure:
1.
2.

178
Mirror Left-Right Reversal
that she is combing her hair with her right hand. This
Activity 4
Who wants to be a Millionaire?
Objectives:
•
the angle between the two mirrors.
•
angle.
Materials:
•
• 1 paper protractor
• 2 plane mirrors
Figure 5.

Procedure:
1. o
Figure 6.
2.
4 below.
4. o
5. o o
. Enter all the values in a table similar
to Table 4
Table 4. Number of Images Formed
Angle Number of Images
o
o
45o
o

Multiple Images
o
. The
n:
1.
Figure 8.
2.
Figure 7.
o
Angle

181
Figure 9.
Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:
• It is a curved mirror in
source.
•
Figure 10.
on a concave mirror

182
• It is a curved mirror
light source.
•
because the parallel
behind the mirror.
Activity 5
Images Formed by Curved Mirrors
Objective:
curved mirrors.
Materials:
• Improvised optical bench apparatus
•
•
• Screen or white cardboard
•
•
•
Procedure:
1.
Figure 11.

2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.

184
8.
Images Formed by Curved Mirrors
(a)
Figure 14.
(b)
• C
which the mirror is part. Its
known as the radius.
• V
mirror.
• F
f.
Principal axis
Principal axis

185
The ‘Four Principal Rays’ in Curved Mirrors
Table 5. The ‘Four Principal Rays’ on Concave and Convex Mirrors
Concave Mirror (Converging
Mirror)
Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)
1.
passing through the principal
1.
2. 2.
actual
actual

186
3. 3.
4. 4.
1.
2.
actual
actual

187
Activity 6
Objective:
Materials:
•
•
Procedure:
1.
A.

Table 6. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors
Location of Object
Image
Location Orientation
(upright or
S (same,
reduced or
T
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

The Mirror Equation
below.
as
(a) (b)
Figure 15.
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3

The equation above, called mirror equation, applies to both concave
mirror,
Mirror Equation

image, q.
can be calculated.
inverted image.
1.
2.

Refraction of Light in Lenses
Types of Lenses
1.
Figure 16.
• It is thicker in the center than
edges.
•
images depending on position
•
Lens because the light that
passes through it tends to
converge at a particular point
The Sign Conventions for Mirror
•
•
•
•
behind the mirror
•
•
( (

2.
Figure 17.
Activity 7
Objectives:
Materials:
•
•
• meterstick
•
Procedure:
1.
2.
projected on the screen.
ruler.
• It is thicker at the edges and
thinner in the center.
•
images.
• It is also called Diverging Lens
because the light that passes
through it tends to diverge at
a particular point called the
( (

4.
5.
below.
6.
Table 7.
7.
8.
steps 6 and 7.
Figure 18a.
Figure 18 b.

Table 7. Distances from the Lens of Object and your Eye
Description of
Image
Distance
between the
Object and the
lens (cm)
Distance
between the
Eye and the
lens(cm)
Enlarged and upright
Enlarged and inverted
glass produces a sharp clear image, where is the object located in

Images Formed by Lenses
Figure 19.
The ‘Three Most Useful Rays’ in Lenses
lenses are presented below.
Table 8. The Three ‘Most Useful Rays’ in Convex and Concave Lenses
Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)
1.
passing through the principal
1.
•
•
Principal axis
Principal axis

2. 2.
3.
the same direction.
3.
the same direction.
1.
2.

3.
Activity 8
Are you L-O-S-T after Refraction?
Objectives:
•
•
•
position is changed.
Materials:
• paper
• ruler
Procedure:
1.

Table 9. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses
Location of Object
Image
Location Orientation
(
S (same,
reduced or
T
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
V
F.
G.
H.
V
Column A Column B
Telescope

The Lens Equation
as
(b)(a)
Figure 20.
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
Similar
Triangles
Similar
Triangles

To determine the image distance, the lens equation must be used.
image.
distance, q is negative.

To determine the image distance, the lens equation will be used.
To determine the image
is shown below.

1.
2.
The Sign Conventions for Lenses
•
•
•
•
•
•

Activity 9
Making Improvised Optical Device
Option 1: The Camera
Task:
•
image on the screen
Materials:
•
• black cartolina, cutting mat
•
•
Procedure:
1.
resources.
2.
Option 2: The Periscope
Task:
•
Materials:
• 2 plane mirrors
•
• cutting mat
•
•

What to do:
1.
resources.
2.
Option 3: The Microscope
Task:
•
Materials:
•
• specimen, light source, ruler or meter stick
•
What to do:
1. Using the materials given, construct or set up a simple microscope. Use
2.
Option 4: The Telescope
Task:
Materials:
•
specimen, light source, ruler or meter stick

212
Problem Solving Sheet
Group No.: ______

o
plane.
o
o
o
a sphere.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o The

214
o
o
o
o
o
o
The Lens Equation

215
Directions
1.
a plane mirror.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
o
a. 1
b. 2
c.
d. 4
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.

216
6.
a.
b.
c.
d. 14.6 cm
7.
a.
b.
c.
d. 14.6 cm
8.
a. virtual and inverted
b. virtual and erect
c. real and inverted
d. real and erect
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
11.
a.
b.
directions.
c.
d.

217
12.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. Light entering the water is dispersed.
b.
c.
d.
14.
a.
b.
c.
d.
15.
I.
II.
III.
a.
b.
c. I and II
d. I, II, and III
16.
a.
b.
c.
d.

218
17.
a.
b.
c.
d.
18.
a.
b. 25.25 cm
c.
d. no image
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b. Diverging Lens
c.
d.

Glossary of Terms
Concave Lens
the center. It is called a diverging lens.
Concave Mirror
mirror.
Convex Lens
It is called a converging lens.
Convex Mirror.
towards the light source. It is called a diverging mirror.
Plane Mirror
Refraction of Light
one medium into another.

Printed Materials:
Addressing Misconceptions in
Mathematics and Science
Science, Integrated Course 1, Teacher’s Edition. Evanston,
Laboratory Manual and Workbook in
Physics
An Introduction
to Physical Science

221
Electronic Sources:
Diagrams

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