This document provides an overview of liquid-liquid extraction theory and the experimental procedures for a laboratory experiment on liquid-liquid extraction. Some key points covered include:
- The theory behind liquid-liquid extraction column operations and different theoretical approaches like graphical and plate-to-plate methods.
- Sample concentrations will be determined through titration of acetone samples with sodium hydroxide and calculations based on titrant volume.
- Computer simulations will be used to predict column performance and compare to experimental results, helping to determine the number of theoretical plates.
- The experiment will study the effects of varying water and organic feed flows and column packing on liquid-liquid extraction performance.
The primary objective of this project is to extend the conveniences of
deconvolution to non-linear problems of fluid flow in porous media. Unlike
conventional approaches, which are based on an approximate linearization of the
problem, here the solution of the non-linear problem is linearized by a perturbation
approach, which permits term-by-term application of deconvolution. Because the
proposed perturbation solution is more conveniently evaluated in the Laplacetransform
domain and the standard deconvolution algorithms are in the time-domain,
an efficient deconvolution procedure in the Laplace domain is a prerequisite.
For this research objective, a new algorithm is introduced which uses inverse
mirroring at the points of discontinuity and adaptive cubic splines to approximate rate
or pressure versus time data. This algorithm accurately transforms sampled data into
Laplace space and eliminates the Numerical inversion instabilities at discontinuities
or boundary points commonly encountered with the piece-wise linear approximations
of the data.
Applying the algorithm to the field data obtained from published works, we can
unveil the early-time behavior of a reservoir system masked by wellbore-storage
effects. The wellbore-storage coefficient can be variable in the general case. The new
method thus provides a powerful tool to improve pressure-transient-test
interpretation.
Practical use of the algorithm presented in this research has applications in a
variety of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) and Rate Transient Analysis (RTA)
problems. A renewed interest in this procedure is inspired from the need to evaluate
production performances of wells in unconventional reservoirs. With this approach,
1.Orthogonal” methods for analysis are needed in order to increase the probability that a primary assay has provided the separation (and recognition) of all peaks of interest.
2.A standardized procedure is described for the development of an “orthogonal” RP-LC separation , assuming that a primary RP-LC method for a given sample already exists.
3.An average change in resolution Rs > 3 for all adjacent peaks in the chromatogram seems likely (but not certain) to provide sufficient “orthogonality” to allow the recognition of any peaks in the “orthogonal” method that may have been overlapped and hidden in the primary method.
4.It has been demonstrated that HILIC provides different selectivity than RP-HPLC and is a useful tool for orthogonal method development.
5.Packed column SFC may provide higher separation efficiency and faster analyses with less consumption of organic solvent. SFC also offers chromatographic separation selectivity that is often similar to that of normal phase LC.
6.Results indicate that the CE method compares well with HPLC and can be used for the determination of carvedilol enantiomers in human serum. Although limits of quantitation are lower with HPLC, the CE assay offers the advantage of faster analysis times and low consumption of solvents
Equilibrium data and related information gathered from a liquid-liquid extraction laboratory “shake test” can provide information for process feasibility and column-type selection in the scaleup of liquid-liquid extraction processes
Most chemical engineers have had the experience of dealing with problematic separations, and most have a general understanding of distillation processes. When it comes to liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) processes (Figure 1), however, the details of how these processes work are often less clear. Most academic chemical engineering degree programs do not heavily emphasize liquid-liquid extraction, and most chemical engineering graduates did not receive more than a few days of instruction on generating equilibrium data for LLE in their degree programs.
Running Head AZEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM AZEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: AZEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM
AZEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM 2
Predicting Azeotropic Batch Distillation Equilibrium conditions
Jassim Alajmi
November 12, 2019
Jassim Alajmi, Ashraf Al Shekaili, and David Luong
ChE 450
Group Number 5
Dr. Larry Jang
California State University-Long Beach
Department of Chemical Engineering
Table of contents:
1. Abstract
1. Introduction
1. Materials and methods
1. Results
1. Dissections
1. Conclusion
1. References
Abstract
Vapor liquid equilibrium is very important now a days where most separation plants uses it. It helps to separate gas from liquid or liquid from gas to use it for some other purpose. In this experiment the goal was to Predict VLE of non-ideal mixture of water and 2-propanol at atmospheric pressure. Additionally, the group focus on Find the relationship between batch distillation and VLE. The results were satisfying where the data that was collected where converted to a point in the that was under equilibrium curve.
Introduction
The vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) is very important in chemical engineering field where it relate the distribution of a chemical species among the vapor phase and a liquid phase. Batch distillation is one of the essential processes in chemical engineering field nowadays, where it refer to the use of distillation column in order to separate mixture components into fraction of that mixture. The goal of this lab exercise is to study and analyze the conditions necessary for the azeotropic conditions which include but not limited to, bubble point, VLE composition and dew point. The name given to the liquid whose physical characteristics include boiling at a given composition and at a constant temperature is azeotrope. In this lab exercise, a mixture of water and 2-propanol was used as the specimen to evaluate the hypothesis when using batch distillation method (Gorak, 2014). This type of distillation has its applications in water treatment plants. It is also a common process used to perform separation of various materials in pharmaceutical plants. These, among other applications, makes this process very important in daily application.
On the sections that follows, the list of equipment, materials, results and discussions are well explained. All the tests were carried out at normal atmospheric pressure. Enthalpies of mixing for such system has been reported before. The extensive knowledge obtained from testing the vapor-liquid equilibria in a water-n-propanol can be used for further testing of equilibrium systems such as the vapor-liquid equilibria in water-n-propanol-n-butanol system (Gunawan, 2010).
Below are some of the important equations that shall be used when performing the analysis of the results obtained experimentally.
The Antoine equation
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Equation 1
Where i= 1,2. At point 1, the saturation pressure of 2-proponol is obtained while at poin ...
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Development of Dynamic Models for a Reactive Packed Distillation ColumnCSCJournals
This work has been carried out to develop dynamic models for a reactive packed distillation column using the production of ethyl acetate as the case study. The experimental setup for the production of ethyl acetate was a pilot scale packed column divided into condenser, rectification, acetic acid feed, reaction, ethanol feed, stripping and reboiler sections. The reaction section was filled with Amberlyst 15 catalyst while the rectification and the stripping sections were both filled raschig rings. The theoretical models for each of the sections of the column were developed from first principles and solved with the aid of MATLAB R2011a. Comparisons were made between the experimental and theoretical results by calculating the percentage residuals for the top and bottom segment temperatures of the column. The results obtained showed that there were good agreements between the experimental and theoretical top and bottom segment temperatures because the calculated percentage residuals were small. Therefore, the developed dynamic models can be used to represent the reactive packed distillation column.
The primary objective of this project is to extend the conveniences of
deconvolution to non-linear problems of fluid flow in porous media. Unlike
conventional approaches, which are based on an approximate linearization of the
problem, here the solution of the non-linear problem is linearized by a perturbation
approach, which permits term-by-term application of deconvolution. Because the
proposed perturbation solution is more conveniently evaluated in the Laplacetransform
domain and the standard deconvolution algorithms are in the time-domain,
an efficient deconvolution procedure in the Laplace domain is a prerequisite.
For this research objective, a new algorithm is introduced which uses inverse
mirroring at the points of discontinuity and adaptive cubic splines to approximate rate
or pressure versus time data. This algorithm accurately transforms sampled data into
Laplace space and eliminates the Numerical inversion instabilities at discontinuities
or boundary points commonly encountered with the piece-wise linear approximations
of the data.
Applying the algorithm to the field data obtained from published works, we can
unveil the early-time behavior of a reservoir system masked by wellbore-storage
effects. The wellbore-storage coefficient can be variable in the general case. The new
method thus provides a powerful tool to improve pressure-transient-test
interpretation.
Practical use of the algorithm presented in this research has applications in a
variety of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) and Rate Transient Analysis (RTA)
problems. A renewed interest in this procedure is inspired from the need to evaluate
production performances of wells in unconventional reservoirs. With this approach,
1.Orthogonal” methods for analysis are needed in order to increase the probability that a primary assay has provided the separation (and recognition) of all peaks of interest.
2.A standardized procedure is described for the development of an “orthogonal” RP-LC separation , assuming that a primary RP-LC method for a given sample already exists.
3.An average change in resolution Rs > 3 for all adjacent peaks in the chromatogram seems likely (but not certain) to provide sufficient “orthogonality” to allow the recognition of any peaks in the “orthogonal” method that may have been overlapped and hidden in the primary method.
4.It has been demonstrated that HILIC provides different selectivity than RP-HPLC and is a useful tool for orthogonal method development.
5.Packed column SFC may provide higher separation efficiency and faster analyses with less consumption of organic solvent. SFC also offers chromatographic separation selectivity that is often similar to that of normal phase LC.
6.Results indicate that the CE method compares well with HPLC and can be used for the determination of carvedilol enantiomers in human serum. Although limits of quantitation are lower with HPLC, the CE assay offers the advantage of faster analysis times and low consumption of solvents
Equilibrium data and related information gathered from a liquid-liquid extraction laboratory “shake test” can provide information for process feasibility and column-type selection in the scaleup of liquid-liquid extraction processes
Most chemical engineers have had the experience of dealing with problematic separations, and most have a general understanding of distillation processes. When it comes to liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) processes (Figure 1), however, the details of how these processes work are often less clear. Most academic chemical engineering degree programs do not heavily emphasize liquid-liquid extraction, and most chemical engineering graduates did not receive more than a few days of instruction on generating equilibrium data for LLE in their degree programs.
Running Head AZEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM AZEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: AZEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM
AZEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM 2
Predicting Azeotropic Batch Distillation Equilibrium conditions
Jassim Alajmi
November 12, 2019
Jassim Alajmi, Ashraf Al Shekaili, and David Luong
ChE 450
Group Number 5
Dr. Larry Jang
California State University-Long Beach
Department of Chemical Engineering
Table of contents:
1. Abstract
1. Introduction
1. Materials and methods
1. Results
1. Dissections
1. Conclusion
1. References
Abstract
Vapor liquid equilibrium is very important now a days where most separation plants uses it. It helps to separate gas from liquid or liquid from gas to use it for some other purpose. In this experiment the goal was to Predict VLE of non-ideal mixture of water and 2-propanol at atmospheric pressure. Additionally, the group focus on Find the relationship between batch distillation and VLE. The results were satisfying where the data that was collected where converted to a point in the that was under equilibrium curve.
Introduction
The vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) is very important in chemical engineering field where it relate the distribution of a chemical species among the vapor phase and a liquid phase. Batch distillation is one of the essential processes in chemical engineering field nowadays, where it refer to the use of distillation column in order to separate mixture components into fraction of that mixture. The goal of this lab exercise is to study and analyze the conditions necessary for the azeotropic conditions which include but not limited to, bubble point, VLE composition and dew point. The name given to the liquid whose physical characteristics include boiling at a given composition and at a constant temperature is azeotrope. In this lab exercise, a mixture of water and 2-propanol was used as the specimen to evaluate the hypothesis when using batch distillation method (Gorak, 2014). This type of distillation has its applications in water treatment plants. It is also a common process used to perform separation of various materials in pharmaceutical plants. These, among other applications, makes this process very important in daily application.
On the sections that follows, the list of equipment, materials, results and discussions are well explained. All the tests were carried out at normal atmospheric pressure. Enthalpies of mixing for such system has been reported before. The extensive knowledge obtained from testing the vapor-liquid equilibria in a water-n-propanol can be used for further testing of equilibrium systems such as the vapor-liquid equilibria in water-n-propanol-n-butanol system (Gunawan, 2010).
Below are some of the important equations that shall be used when performing the analysis of the results obtained experimentally.
The Antoine equation
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Equation 1
Where i= 1,2. At point 1, the saturation pressure of 2-proponol is obtained while at poin ...
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Development of Dynamic Models for a Reactive Packed Distillation ColumnCSCJournals
This work has been carried out to develop dynamic models for a reactive packed distillation column using the production of ethyl acetate as the case study. The experimental setup for the production of ethyl acetate was a pilot scale packed column divided into condenser, rectification, acetic acid feed, reaction, ethanol feed, stripping and reboiler sections. The reaction section was filled with Amberlyst 15 catalyst while the rectification and the stripping sections were both filled raschig rings. The theoretical models for each of the sections of the column were developed from first principles and solved with the aid of MATLAB R2011a. Comparisons were made between the experimental and theoretical results by calculating the percentage residuals for the top and bottom segment temperatures of the column. The results obtained showed that there were good agreements between the experimental and theoretical top and bottom segment temperatures because the calculated percentage residuals were small. Therefore, the developed dynamic models can be used to represent the reactive packed distillation column.
This document gives an overview of the challenges and common pitfalls of calibration in trace and ultratrace gas analysis.
Special attention is directed to the principle of permeation and the technical solutions that are currently available for reliable preparation of gas standards.
New calculation of thetray numbers for Debutanizer Tower in BIPCinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
New calculation of thetray numbers for Debutanizer Tower in BIPCinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
