Understanding The Self

1. UNDERSTANDING THE
SELF
MODULE # 7

2. LIVING WITH PURPOSE – PERSONAL
VALUE AND PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE
 MORALITY
 MORAL REASONING
 PARENTING STYLES AND PRACTICES

3. MORALITY
Moral is related to the sense or a standard that
determines what is right and what is wrong.
Morality refers to the system of beliefs and
values that ensures that individuals will keep
their obligations to others in the society and
behave in ways that do not interfere with the
rights and interests of others.
Dilemma is a problematic situation in which a
difficult choice must be made.

4. MORALITY
An individual who has a good sense of what is
right and wrong will be an honest and upright
member of the community.

5. MORAL REASONING
Moral reasoning
• refers to the judgments people make about what
courses of action are correct and incorrect in
particular situations.

6. PIAGET’S STAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT:
Sensorimotor stage
• the child learns and develops knowledge about his/her
environment by relating sensory experiences to motor
actions.
Preoperational stage
• the child learns to use symbols like words or mental
images to solve simple problems.

7. PIAGET’S STAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT:
Concrete operations stage
• the child develops the ability to perform a number of
logical operations on concrete objects that are
present.
Formal operations stage
• the individual acquires the ability to solve abstract
problems in a logical manner.

8. KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL
REASONING:
LEVEL STAGE
REASON FOR MORAL
BEHAVIOR
Pre-conventional
morality
Pleasure / Pain orientation
To avoid pain,
punishment or getting
caught
Cost-benefit orientation;
reciprocity
To get rewards

9. KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL
REASONING:
LEVEL STAGE
REASON FOR MORAL
BEHAVIOR
Conventional
morality
Good child orientation
To gain acceptance and
avoid disapproval
Law and order orientation
To follow rules and avoid
censure by authorities

10. KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL REASONING:
LEVEL STAGE REASON FOR MORAL
BEHAVIOR
Principled or Post
conventional morality
Social contract
orientation
To promote the welfare of
society
Ethical principle
orientation
To achieve justice and avoid
self-condemnation
Cosmic orientation
To be true to universal
principles and feel oneself to
be part of a cosmic direction
that transcends social norms

11. MORALITY
In situations in which you need to decide in what you
think is a noble cause, but which might put you at a
disadvantage, you have to accept the consequence of
that choice.
At times you might be place in a dilemma which
requires you to make a decision, you first have to
harness your intellectual capacity and reasoning ability
in choosing what “best” decision to take.

12. MORALITY
When you are at the crossroads of making a decision,
always go back to your goals and your philosophy in life
as your guide.

13. PARENTING STYLES AND PRACTICES
Environmental influence
•is characterized by forces outside of
the individual like how he/she has
been raised or reared by his/her
parents.

14. Parenting styles according to Diana Baumrind:
Authoritarian parents
• attempt to shape, control, and evaluate the
behavior and attitudes of their children in
accordance with an absolute set of conduct
standards that usually comes from religious or
respected authorities.

15. Parenting styles according to Diana Baumrind:
Authoritative parents
•direct their children’s activities in
a rational and intelligent way.

16. Parenting styles according to Diana Baumrind:
Permissive parents
•are less controlling and behave with
an accepting and non-punishing
attitude towards their children’s
desires, actions, and impulses.

17. Parenting styles according to Maccoby & Martin :
Uninvolved or neglectful parents
•who take on a “hands-off” stand in
the affairs of their children.

18. Effects of parenting styles:
Authoritarian parents
• their children have less behavioral problems
which are easily prevented.
• studies show that children reared under
autocratic parents tend to become withdrawn,
fearful, and dependent.

19. Effects of parenting styles:
Authoritative parents
•have children who are independent,
reliable, rationale, and confident.
•These children generally feel good about
themselves.

20. Effects of parenting styles:
Permissive parents
• rarely impose rules and are non-punishing.
• they tend to have children who do not put
structure and order in things that they do.

21. Effects of parenting styles:
Uninvolved or neglectful parents
•are detached and indifferent to the needs of
their children.
•children grow up feeling unloved and
cannot follow instructions.

22. THE END
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