The liver is located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. It has three surfaces: superior, inferior, and posterior. The superior surface is convex and attaches to the diaphragm via the falciform ligament. The inferior surface is concave and faces internal organs like the stomach. The posterior surface is rounded and broad, and is only partially covered by peritoneum where it contacts the diaphragm.
Surgical Anatomy of the Liver : Ηepatectomies - Dimitris P. KorkolisDimitris P. Korkolis
- The liver is the largest gland in the body and has a wide variety of functions
- Weight: 1/50 of body weight in adult & 1/20 of body weight in infant
- It is exocrine(bile) & endocrine organ(Albumin , prothrombin & fibrinogen)
Function of the liver :
- Secretion of bile & bile salt
- Metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein
- Formation of heparin & anticoagulant substances
- Detoxication
- Storage of glycogen and vitamins
- Activation of vita .D
Surgical Anatomy of the Liver : Ηepatectomies - Dimitris P. KorkolisDimitris P. Korkolis
- The liver is the largest gland in the body and has a wide variety of functions
- Weight: 1/50 of body weight in adult & 1/20 of body weight in infant
- It is exocrine(bile) & endocrine organ(Albumin , prothrombin & fibrinogen)
Function of the liver :
- Secretion of bile & bile salt
- Metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein
- Formation of heparin & anticoagulant substances
- Detoxication
- Storage of glycogen and vitamins
- Activation of vita .D
4° meeting internazionale "Quality in Healthcare and Patient Safety", hotel Baia Verde, il 14 aprile 2018.
Il tema sarà "Errore, Fattori Umani e Cultura della Sicurezza".
Scopo dell’evento è conoscere quali metodologie e strumenti sono utilizzati dalle organizzazioni complesse ad alta affidabilità per fronteggiare gli errori umani e da essi prendere spunto per migliorare la sicurezza dei pazienti negli ospedali.
Al meeting parteciperanno:
M. Egerth, esperto in fattori umani della Lufthansa – Francoforte - Germania
P. Lachman, CEO International Society for Quality in Healthcare (ISQua), Dublino - Irlanda
D. van Stralen, High Reliability Organizing, San Bernardino Group, California - USA
J. Teixeira, Laboratorio Léon Brillouin and Research nuclear reactor Orphée at Saclay Commissariat à l'Energie atomique – Francia
All'evento saranno presenti operatori di tutte le professioni sanitarie della nostra Regione ed anche oltre. Nell'edizione del 2017 erano presenti colleghi di altre Regioni.
A conclusione si svolgerà una tavola rotonda, moderata dal prof. M. Mirabella, regista e divulgatore scientifico, noto conduttore del programma televisivo di medicina Elisir, alla quale parteciperanno i presidenti di alcune società scientifiche nazionali, autorità accademiche e professionisti.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
3. Anatomy
1. position
The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion
of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm,
and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and
intestines.
4. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The liver possesses three surfaces,
- superior,
- Inferior,
- posterior.
A sharp, well-defined margin divides the inferior
from the superior in front; the other margins are
rounded.
5. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The superior surface (facies
superior) comprises a part of both
lobes, and, as a whole, is convex,
and fits under the vault of the
diaphragm which in front separates
it on the right from the sixth to the
tenth ribs and their cartilages, and
on the left from the seventh and
eighth costal cartilages.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
6. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The superior surface is attached to
the diaphragm and anterior
abdominal wall by a triangular or
falciform fold of peritoneum, the
falciform ligament, in the free
margin of which is a rounded cord,
the ligamentum teres (obliterated
umbilical vein).
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
7. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The line of attachment of the
falciform ligament divides the liver
into two parts, termed the right
and left lobes, the right being much
the larger.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
8. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Its middle part lies behind the
xiphoid process, and, in the angle
between the diverging rib cartilage
of opposite sides, is in contact with
the abdominal wall.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
9. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Behind this the diaphragm
separates the liver from the lower
part of the lungs and pleuræ, the
heart and pericardium and the right
costal arches from the seventh to
the eleventh inclusive.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
10. Anatomy
2. surfaces
It is completely covered by
peritoneum except along the line of
attachment of the falciform
ligament.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
11. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The inferior surface (facies inferior;
visceral surface) is uneven,
concave, directed downward,
backward, and to the left, and is in
relation with the stomach and
duodenum, the right colic flexure,
and the right kidney and suprarenal
gland.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
12. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The surface is almost completely
invested by peritoneum; the only
parts devoid of this covering are
where the gall-bladder is attached
to the liver, and at the porta
hepatis where the two layers of the
lesser omentum are separated from
each other by the bloodvessels and
ducts of the liver.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
13. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The inferior surface of the left lobe
presents behind and to the left the
gastric impression, moulded over
the antero-superior surface of the
stomach, and to the right of this a
rounded eminence, the tuber
omentale, which fits into the
concavity of the lesser curvature of
the stomach and lies in front of the
anterior layer of the lesser
omentum.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
14. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The under surface of the right lobe
is divided into two unequal portions
by the fossa for the gall-bladder;
the portion to the left, the smaller
of the two, is the quadrate lobe,
and is in relation with the pyloric
end of the stomach, the superior
portion of the duodenum, and the
transverse colon.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
15. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The portion of the under surface of
the right lobe to the right of the
fossa for the gall-bladder presents
two impressions, one situated
behind the other, and separated by
a ridge.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
16. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The anterior of these two
impressions, the colic impression, is
shallow and is produced by the right
colic flexure;
the posterior, the renal impression,
is deeper and is occupied by the
upper part of the right kidney and
lower part of the right suprarenal
gland.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
17. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Medial to the renal impression is a
third and slightly marked
impression, lying between it and
the neck of the gall-bladder.
This is caused by the descending
portion of the duodenum, and is
known as the duodenal impression.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
18. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Just in front of the inferior vena
cava is a narrow strip of liver
tissue, the caudate process, which
connects the right inferior angle of
the caudate lobe to the under
surface of the right lobe.
It forms the upper boundary of the
epiploic foramen of the
peritoneum.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
19. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Medial to the renal impression is a
third and slightly marked
impression, lying between it and
the neck of the gall-bladder. This is
caused by the descending portion of
the duodenum, and is known as the
duodenal impression.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
20. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Just in front of the inferior vena
cava is a narrow strip of liver
tissue, the caudate process, which
connects the right inferior angle of
the caudate lobe to the under
surface of the right lobe.
It forms the upper boundary of the
epiploic foramen of the
peritoneum.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
21. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Medial to the renal impression is a
third and slightly marked
impression, lying between it and
the neck of the gall-bladder. This is
caused by the descending portion of
the duodenum, and is known as the
duodenal impression.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
22. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The posterior surface (facies
posterior) is rounded and broad
behind the right lobe, but narrow
on the left.
Over a large part of its extent it is
not covered by peritoneum;
this uncovered portion is about 7.5
cm broad at its widest part, and is
in direct contact with the
diaphragm.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
23. Anatomy
2. surfaces
It is marked off from the upper
surface by the line of reflection of
the upper layer of the coronary
ligament, and from the under
surface by the line of reflection of
the lower layer of the coronary
ligament.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
24. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The central part of the posterior
surface presents a deep concavity
which is moulded on the vertebral
column and crura of the diaphragm.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
25. Anatomy
2. surfaces
To the right of this the inferior vena
cava is lodged in its fossa between
the uncovered area and the caudate
lobe.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
26. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Close to the right of this fossa and
immediately above the renal
impression is a small triangular
depressed area, the suprarenal
impression, the greater part of
which is devoid of peritoneum; it
lodges the right suprarenal gland.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
27. Anatomy
2. surfaces
To the left of the inferior vena cava
is the caudate lobe, which lies
between the fossa for the vena
cava and the fossa for the ductus
venosus.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
28. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Its lower end projects and forms
part of the posterior boundary of
the porta; on the right, it is
connected with the under surface
of the right lobe of the liver by
theee caudate process, and on the
left it presents an elevation, the
papillary process.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
29. Anatomy
2. surfaces
Its posterior surface rests upon the
diaphragm, being separated from it
merely by the upper part of the
omental bursa. To the left of the
fossa for the ductus venosus is a
groove in which lies the antrum
cardiacum of the esophagus.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
30. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The anterior border (margo
anterior) is thin and sharp, and
marked opposite the attachment of
the falciform ligament by a deep
notch, the umbilical notch, and
opposite the cartilage of the ninth
rib by a second notch for the fundus
of the gall-bladder.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
31. Anatomy
2. surfaces
In adult males this border generally
corresponds with the lower margin
of the thorax in the right
mammillary line; but in women and
children it usually projects below
the ribs.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
32. Anatomy
2. surfaces
The left extremity of the liver is
thin and flattened from above
downward.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
33. Anatomy
3. fossae
The left sagittal fossa (fossa
sagittalis sinistra; longitudinal
fissure) is a deep groove, which
extends from the notch on the
anterior margin of the liver to the
upper border of the posterior
surface of the organ; it separates
the right and left lobes.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
34. Anatomy
3. fossae
The porta joins it, at right angles,
and divides it into two parts.
The anterior part, or fossa for the
umbilical vein, lodges the umbilical
vein in the fetus, and its remains
(the ligamentum teres) in the adult;
it lies between the quadrate lobe
and the left lobe of the liver, and is
often partially bridged over by a
prolongation of the hepatic
substance, the pons hepatis.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
35. Anatomy
3. fossae
The posterior part, or fossa for the
ductus venosus, lies between the
left lobe and the caudate lobe; it
lodges in the fetus, the ductus
venosus, and in the adult a slender
fibrous cord, the ligamentum
venosum, the obliterated remains
of that vessel.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
36. Anatomy
3. fossae
The porta or transverse fissure
(porta hepatis) is a short but deep
fissure, about 5 cm. long, extending
transversely across the under
surface of the left portion of the
right lobe, nearer its posterior
surface than its anterior border.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
37. Anatomy
3. fossae
It joins nearly at right angles with
the left sagittal fossa, and
separates the quadrate lobe in
front from the caudate lobe and
process behind. It transmits the
portal vein, the hepatic artery and
nerves, and the hepatic duct and
lymphatics.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
38. Anatomy
3. fossae
The hepatic duct lies in front and to
the right, the hepatic artery to the
left, and the portal vein behind and
between the duct and artery.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
39. Anatomy
3. fossae
The fossa for the gall-bladder (fossa
vesicæ felleæ) is a shallow, oblong
fossa, placed on the under surface
of the right lobe, parallel with the
left sagittal fossa. It extends from
the anterior free margin of the
liver, which is notched by it, to the
right extremity of the porta.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
40. Anatomy
3. fossae
The fossa for the inferior vena cava
(fossa venæ cavæ) is a short deep
depression, occasionally a complete
canal in consequence of the
substance of the liver surrounding
the vena cava. It extends obliquely
upward on the posterior surface
between the caudate lobe and the
bare area of the liver, and is
separated from the porta by the
caudate process.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
41. Anatomy
3. fossae
On slitting open the inferior vena
cava the orifices of the hepatic
veins will be seen opening into this
vessel at its upper part, after
perforating the floor of this fossa.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
42. Anatomy
4. lobes
The right lobe (lobus hepatis
dexter) is much larger than the
left; the proportion between them
being as six to one. It occupies the
right hypochondrium, and is
separated from the left lobe on its
upper surface by the falciform
ligament; on its under and posterior
surfaces by the left sagittal fossa;
and in front by the umbilical notch.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
43. Anatomy
4. lobes
It is of a somewhat quadrilateral
form, its under and posterior
surfaces being marked by three
fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for
the gall-bladder and inferior vena
cava, which separate its left part
into two smaller lobes; the
quadrate and caudate lobes.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/107
44. Anatomy
4. lobes
The quadrate lobe (lobus
quadratus) is situated on the under
surface of the right lobe, bounded
in front by the anterior margin of
the liver; behind by the porta; on
the right, by the fossa for the gall-
bladder; and on the left, by the
fossa for the umbilical vein. It is
oblong in shape, its antero-
posterior diameter being greater
than its transverse.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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45. Anatomy
4. lobes
The caudate lobe (lobus caudatus;
Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the
posterior surface of the right lobe
of the liver, opposite the tenth and
eleventh thoracic vertebræ.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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46. Anatomy
4. lobes
It is bounded, below, by the porta;
on the right, by the fossa for the
inferior vena cava; and, on the left,
by the fossa for the ductus venosus.
It looks backward, being nearly
vertical in position;
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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47. Anatomy
4. lobes
It is longer from above downward
than from side to side, and is
somewhat concave in the transverse
direction.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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48. Anatomy
4. lobes
The caudate process is a small
elevation of the hepatic substance
extending obliquely lateralward,
from the lower extremity of the
caudate lobe to the under surface
of the right lobe. It is situated
behind the porta, and separates the
fossa for the gall-bladder from the
commencement of the fossa for the
inferior vena cava.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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49. Anatomy
4. lobes
The left lobe (lobus hepatis sinister)
is smaller and more flattened than
the right. It is situated in the
epigastric and left hypochondriac
regions. Its upper surface is slightly
convex and is moulded on to the
diaphragm; its under surface
presents the gastric impression and
omental tuberosity.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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50. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The liver is connected to the under
surface of the diaphragm and to the
anterior wall of the abdomen by
five ligaments; four of these—the
falciform, the coronary, and the
two lateral—are peritoneal folds;
the fifth, the round ligament, is a
fibrous cord, the obliterated
umbilical vein.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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51. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The liver is also attached to the
lesser curvature of the stomach by
the hepatogastric and to the
duodenum by the hepatoduodenal
ligament.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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52. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The falciform ligament (ligamentum
falciforme hepatis) is a broad and
thin antero-posterior peritoneal
fold, falciform in shape, its base
being directed downward and
backward, its apex upward and
backward.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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53. Anatomy
5. ligaments
It is situated in an antero-posterior
plane, but lies obliquely so that one
surface faces forward and is in
contact with the peritoneum behind
the right Rectus and the diaphragm,
while the other is directed
backward and is in contact with the
left lobe of the liver.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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54. Anatomy
5. ligaments
It is attached by its left margin to
the under surface of the
diaphragm, and the posterior
surface of the sheath of the right
Rectus as low down as the
umbilicus; by its right margin it
extends from the notch on the
anterior margin of the liver, as far
back as the posterior surface.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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55. Anatomy
5. ligaments
It is composed of two layers of
peritoneum closely united together.
Its base or free edge contains
between its layers the round
ligament and the parumbilical
veins.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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56. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The coronary ligament (ligamentum
coronarium hepatis) consists of an
upper and a lower layer.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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57. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The upper layer is formed by the
reflection of the peritoneum from
the upper margin of the bare area
of the liver to the under surface of
the diaphragm, and is continuous
with the right layer of the falciform
ligament.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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58. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The lower layer is reflected from
the lower margin of the bare area
on to the right kidney and
suprarenal gland, and is termed the
hepatorenal ligament.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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59. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The triangular ligaments (lateral
ligaments) are two in number, right
and left.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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60. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The right triangular ligament
(ligamentum triangulare dextrum)
is situated at the right extremity of
the bare area, and is a small fold
which passes to the diaphragm,
being formed by the apposition of
the upper and lower layers of the
coronary ligament.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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61. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The left triangular ligament
(ligamentum triangulare sinistrum)
is a fold of some considerable size,
which connects the posterior part
of the upper surface of the left lobe
to the diaphragm; its anterior layer
is continuous with the left layer of
the falciform ligament.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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62. Anatomy
5. ligaments
The round ligament (ligamentum
teres hepatis) is a fibrous cord
resulting from the obliteration of
the umbilical vein.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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63. Anatomy
5. ligaments
It ascends from the umbilicus, in
the free margin of the falciform
ligament, to the umbilical notch of
the liver, from which it may be
traced in its proper fossa on the
inferior surface of the liver to the
porta, where it becomes continuous
with the ligamentum venosum.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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64. Anatomy
6. fixation
Several factors contribute to
maintain the liver in place.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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65. Anatomy
6. fixation
The attachments of the liver to the
diaphragm by the coronary and
triangular ligaments and the
intervening connective tissue of the
uncovered area, together with the
intimate connection of the inferior
vena cava by the connective tissue
and hepatic veins would hold up the
posterior part of the liver.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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66. Anatomy
6. fixation
Some support is derived from the
pressure of the abdominal viscera
which completely fill the abdomen
whose muscular walls are always in
a state of tonic contraction.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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67. Anatomy
6. fixation
The superior surface of the liver is
perfectly fitted to the under
surface of the diaphragm so that
atmospheric pressure alone would
be enough to hold it against the
diaphragm. The latter in turn is
held up by the negative pressure in
the thorax.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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68. Anatomy
6. fixation
The lax falciform ligament certainly
gives no support though it probably
limits lateral displacement.
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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