1) Lithovit is a foliar fertilizer consisting of calcium, magnesium, and carbonate supplemented with micro nutrients. It is produced by milling natural limestone to particles less than 10 micrometers.
2) When sprayed on leaves, lithovit particles enter the intercellular space and leaves surface. It acts as a fertilizer by supplying higher concentrations of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, promoting plant growth and higher yields.
3) The mechanisms of lithovit action include releasing carbon dioxide in the intercellular space and on the leaf surface through chemical reactions between its carbonate groups and protons, water, and carbon dioxide present on the plant and environment.
water can be consider as a potentially green solvent.it is safest & least expensive solvent. organic reaction in aqueous medium.like deals alder reaction,pinacol coupling.
Graduate lectures (Organic Synthesis in Water)Anthony Coyne
These two lectures give an overview of organic synthesis using water as a solvent. This is aimed towards final year undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry
Life on earth ultimately depends on energy derived from sun. Photosynthesis is the only process of biological importance that can harvest this energy.
Literally photosynthesis means ‘synthesis using light’. Photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to synthesize carbon compound that cannot be formed without the input of the energy.
Photosynthesis (Photon = Light, Synthesis = Putting together) is an anabolic, endergonic process by which green plant synthesize carbohydrates (initially glucose) requiring carbon dioxide, water, pigments and sunlight. In other words, we can say that photosynthesis is transformation of solar energy/radiant energy/light energy (ultimate source of energy for all living organisms) into chemical energy.
water can be consider as a potentially green solvent.it is safest & least expensive solvent. organic reaction in aqueous medium.like deals alder reaction,pinacol coupling.
Graduate lectures (Organic Synthesis in Water)Anthony Coyne
These two lectures give an overview of organic synthesis using water as a solvent. This is aimed towards final year undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry
Life on earth ultimately depends on energy derived from sun. Photosynthesis is the only process of biological importance that can harvest this energy.
Literally photosynthesis means ‘synthesis using light’. Photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to synthesize carbon compound that cannot be formed without the input of the energy.
Photosynthesis (Photon = Light, Synthesis = Putting together) is an anabolic, endergonic process by which green plant synthesize carbohydrates (initially glucose) requiring carbon dioxide, water, pigments and sunlight. In other words, we can say that photosynthesis is transformation of solar energy/radiant energy/light energy (ultimate source of energy for all living organisms) into chemical energy.
Sunlight-driven water-splitting using two dimensional carbon based semiconduc...Pawan Kumar
The overwhelming challenge of depleting fossil fuels and anthropogenic carbon emissions has driven research
into alternative clean sources of energy. To achieve the goal of a carbon neutral economy, the harvesting of
sunlight by using photocatalysts to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is an expedient approach to fulfill
the energy demand in a sustainable way along with reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Even though
the past few decades have witnessed intensive research into inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts, their
quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production from visible photons remain too low for the large scale
deployment of this technology. Visible light absorption and efficient charge separation are two key necessary
conditions for achieving the scalable production of hydrogen from water. Two-dimensional carbon based
nanoscale materials such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nitride, modified 2D carbon
frameworks and their composites have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their astonishing
properties such as superior charge transport, tunable energy levels and bandgaps, visible light absorption,
high surface area, easy processability, quantum confinement effects, and high photocatalytic quantum yields.
The feasibility of structural and chemical modification to optimize visible light absorption and charge
separation makes carbonaceous semiconductors promising candidates to convert solar energy into chemical
energy. In the present review, we have summarized the recent advances in 2D carbonaceous photocatalysts
with respect to physicochemical and photochemical tuning for solar light mediated hydrogen evolution
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.2 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
presentation contains need of alternative fuels like bio hydrogen. Biological hydrogen production methods, pros & cons of each methods and future aspects.
Solventless reaction in green chemistryAfrin Nirfa
Solventless reactions or solid state reactions are one of the principles involved in green chemistry. these reactions are more useful because the toxicity of solvents are reduced, easy to handle, cheaper and makes environment friendly.
Hydration as one of the processes of chemical weathering. It includes its definition, its processes, its advantages and disadvantages.
CREDITS TO:
JAKE PAULINO and RAPHAEL SANTIANO
for making this presentation.
Sunlight-driven water-splitting using two dimensional carbon based semiconduc...Pawan Kumar
The overwhelming challenge of depleting fossil fuels and anthropogenic carbon emissions has driven research
into alternative clean sources of energy. To achieve the goal of a carbon neutral economy, the harvesting of
sunlight by using photocatalysts to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is an expedient approach to fulfill
the energy demand in a sustainable way along with reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Even though
the past few decades have witnessed intensive research into inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts, their
quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production from visible photons remain too low for the large scale
deployment of this technology. Visible light absorption and efficient charge separation are two key necessary
conditions for achieving the scalable production of hydrogen from water. Two-dimensional carbon based
nanoscale materials such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nitride, modified 2D carbon
frameworks and their composites have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their astonishing
properties such as superior charge transport, tunable energy levels and bandgaps, visible light absorption,
high surface area, easy processability, quantum confinement effects, and high photocatalytic quantum yields.
The feasibility of structural and chemical modification to optimize visible light absorption and charge
separation makes carbonaceous semiconductors promising candidates to convert solar energy into chemical
energy. In the present review, we have summarized the recent advances in 2D carbonaceous photocatalysts
with respect to physicochemical and photochemical tuning for solar light mediated hydrogen evolution
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.2 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
presentation contains need of alternative fuels like bio hydrogen. Biological hydrogen production methods, pros & cons of each methods and future aspects.
Solventless reaction in green chemistryAfrin Nirfa
Solventless reactions or solid state reactions are one of the principles involved in green chemistry. these reactions are more useful because the toxicity of solvents are reduced, easy to handle, cheaper and makes environment friendly.
Hydration as one of the processes of chemical weathering. It includes its definition, its processes, its advantages and disadvantages.
CREDITS TO:
JAKE PAULINO and RAPHAEL SANTIANO
for making this presentation.
DPS Software : Case Management SystemsDPS Software
DPS Outlook Office is a scalable and modular case management system fully integrated to and operating seamlessly within Microsoft Outlook™. Entire case histories and procedures are located in one central, easy-to-use practice management solution. For more information about legal software visit now @ http://www.dpssoftware.co.uk
This summary is based on results from Ipsos’ 1st Quarter SPEC survey of 2015 that was conducted between March 28 and April 7. It is the 9th such release. Given that the tragic attack on Garissa University College occurred on April 2, about 25% of the interviews took place after that date. However, in comparing the results obtained before and after April 2, their distribution was clearly affected more on some issues than others, or not at all. For example, the proportion of those perceiving al-Shabaab as “very much a threat” after April 2 was 14% higher than before that date. By contrast the results presented here (on issues unrelated to security, presidential approval, etc.) were not affected by that tragic attack.
Denn wie eine aktuelle Studie* der L’TUR Tourismus AG zeigt, ist neun von zehn Bundesbürgern gutes Essen in den Ferien wichtig. Fast 40 Prozent sagen sogar, dass das leibliche Wohl bei der Wahl ihres Reiseziels eine entscheidende Rolle spielt.
List two properties of water and discuss how two substances in our b.pdfSANDEEPARIHANT
List two properties of water and discuss how two substances in our body dissolve based on this.
After listing properties, could you give 2-3 sentences per example please?
Solution
Water is a universal solvent and it has hydrogen bonding associated with highest heat capacity
and is referred as “specific heat capacity”. This specific heat is predominantly due to
intermolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. In nature on land when heat is absorbed
result in breaking of hydrogen bonds specifically followed by production of heat. This specific
heat capacity of water is going to make the blood and lymph fluid to dissolve electrolytes within
the cellular environment to maintain homeostasis by keeping blood pH -buffer as 7.4
Water is a universal solvent and it has both polar because it has both positive charge (H+ or
H3O+) and negative charge (OH-). This polarity enables water to make substances to dissolve in
it as charged species. This polar nature of water is going to enable \"bicarbonate substance to
dissolve in blood\" in buffering system of the cellular respiration, finally involves an acid & base
homeostatic mechanism further involving the equilibrium balance of carbonic acid(H2CO3),
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain isotonic pH (7.4). On
the other hand, water molecules possess a higher attractive power to each other so that these
forces are referred as cohesive forces responsible for “surface tension” phenomenon” and these
attractions are predominantly due to hydrogen bonding.
1). Due of the presence of hydrogen bonds and strong intermolecular forces, water has high
specific heat index. Specific heat capacity of water is defined as; the amount of heat (energy in
joules) required for raise of temperature of water per unit mass by 10C.
Our body temperature is maintained higher than the surrounding temperature. The heat of
vaporization of the water is higher (40.65 kJ/mol), this is due to the hydrogen bonds that connect
water molecules. So, due to the temperature difference, water escapes out and carry the body
heat (the specific heat capacity of the water is 5 times more than the sand). So, during the process
of vaporization of water, water releases heat into the environment and cool the body.
2). Because of the hydrogen bonding, water exhibits high surface tension. So, water molecules
on the surface are more strongly attracted to each other than to the air above. This is necessary
for the functioning of alveoli. The layer of moisture over the alveoli is necessary for the gaseous
exchange.
3). Due to the polar nature of water, water can dissolve inorganic salts that dissociate into ions in
the presence of water (like dissolves like). So, the blood can carry many of the water soluble
substances throughout the body. Water cannot dissolve nonpolar substances; they are dissolved
in non-polar solvents.
4). Plasma contains approximately 91% of water; this maintains the viscosity of the blood..
Cell chemistry and Biosynthesis
catalysis and the use of energy by cells
We now know there is nothing in living organisms that disobeys chemical and physical laws. However, the chemistry of life is indeed of a special kind. First, it is based overwhelmingly on carbon compounds, whose study is therefore known as organic chemistry. Second, cells are 70 percent water, and life depends almost exclusively on chemical reactions that take place in aqueous solution. Third, and most importantly, cell chemistry is enormously complex: even the simplest cell is vastly more complicated in its chemistry than any other chemical system known. Although cells contain a variety of small carbon-containing molecules, most of the carbon atoms in cells are incorporated into enormous polymeric molecules—chains of chemical subunits linked end-to-end. It is the unique properties of these macromolecules that enable cells and organisms to grow and reproduce—as well as to do all the other things that are characteristic of life
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump u.pdfarrowmobile
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump using the pools of carbon
(DIC, PIC, POC, DOC) and the processes. how are the two linked? where does the ocean \"take
up\" C and where is it released from the ocean?
Solution
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of fever to in atmosphere because 02
can move quickly into and out of the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 93% of Co2is
found in oceans.
In oceans the solubility pump is physicochemical process which transports dissolved inorganic
carbon to the interior.
The solubility pump is driven by to principal factors. First one 4more C02 can dissolve into cold
polar waters thane warm waters. As major ocean currents more from tropics to the poles they are
cold and take more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere secondly the higher latitude zones also
places where deep waters are formed as the water gets cold they become denser and sink into
oceans interior absoring the Co2 accumulated on the surface.
Bioloical pump: in this process carbon dioxide moves away from the surface ocean.
Microscopic Marine animals called zooplankyon eat the phytoplankton and provide the basis for
the food web for all animal life in the ocean.
Although most of the fever to taken up by phytoplankton is recycled near the surface 30% sinks
into the deeper waters before converted by Marine bacteria only 0.1 % reaches the sea floor as
sediment.
Carbon is cycled through the ocean biological processes of photosynthesis respiration and
decomposition of aquatic plants. As the oceanic plants don\'t have large Woody stems the
decomposition after quickly then on land Judo this very little carbon is stored in the ocean prove
biological processes the total amount of carbonn update and carbon loss from the ocean depends
on the balance of organic and inorganic processes.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water it reacts with water to form several ionic and nonionic
compounds called dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) for example aquous carbon dioxide ,carbonic
acid, bicarbonate and carbonate.
Carbon enters the ocean by dissolving in the water it also enters through rivers and other water
bodies it is converted by organisms into organic carbon by photosynthesis and the food chain
also helps in this process if circulates in the layout for longer periods before getting deposited as
sediments.
Oceanic absorption of Co2 is considered as very important form of carbon sequestration limiting
the rate of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Dissolved organic carbon DOC in Marine systems is one of the cycled reservoir of organic
matter on earth and it makes up 20% of all organic carbon in general these compounds are
formed do the decomposition processes of organisms in the Marine system. It is defined as the
organic matter that is able to pass through a filter range in size between 0.7 and 0.22 um.
Particulate organic carbon POC is the carbon that is too large and is tilted out of your sample.
Dissolved and parti.
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump u.pdf
Lithovit science
1. Abstract
Lithovit®, an excellent foliar fertilizer, consists of (Ca,Mg)CO3 supplemented by numerous of
important micro-nutrients. It is produced by milling natural limestone in special mills down to
particle diameter < 10 μ. Spraying the aqueous solution (0.5%) of this very fine, tribodynamic
activated powder, on the foliage, the lithovit particles penetrate partly directly through the
stomata of the leaves into the intercellular compartment. The rest remains as a film on the leaves
surface. The Mechanism of lithovit action as fertilizer is still not totally clear. Very probably it is
due to supplying the plants with CO2 in much higher concentration than that in the atmosphere
and so enabling the photosynthesis to take place with much higher degree leading to a stronger
natural growth and increasing yield. Furthermore, the supplements of the different trace elements
increasing the enzymatic activity should play also a role in this process.
The release of CO2 in the intercellular compartment is probably due to the docking of the lithovit
particles having negative charged surface (as a result of the tribodynamic activation) on the cell
membrane forming a negative electrostatic potential which attracts the protons formed inside the
cell due to the water splitting in the first light reaction of the photosynthesis. The protons pass
the membrane, dock on the negative charged CO3 – groups of the lithovit forming intermediary
H2CO3 which decomposes to CO2 and H2O.
The release of CO2 from the lithovit remaining on the leaves surface is probably due to its
transformation to (Ca,Mg)(HCO3)2 during the night by means of CO2 (produced by the plants in
addition to that in the atmosphere) and H2O (which covers the leaves as dew in addition to that
produced by the plants). During the day the temperature rises gradually, water evaporation
occurs and the (Ca,Mg)(HCO3)2 is back transformed to lithovit giving CO2 on high
concentration directly in the leaves surface. In that way lithovit acts as quasi permanent catalytic
depot.
The observation that perennial plants treated with lithovit only in the first growth period grow
much better and give higher yield also in the second growth period without further treating with
lithovit leads to the assumption that further mechanism such as epigenetic effects could also be
responsible for the lithovit action.
Lithovit consists of Calcium-,Magnesium- Carbonate (Ca,Mg)CO3, supplemented by numerous
important micro-nutrients. It is produced by milling natural limestone in special mills down to
particle diameter < 10μ. Spraying the aqueous suspension (0.5%) of this very fine, tribodynamic
activated2) powder on the foliage, the lithovit particles penetrate in part directly through the
stomata of the leaves into the intercellular compartments. The rest remains on the leaves as a
film. However, lithovit acts as an excellent fertilizer. The mechanism of this action is still not
totally clear. Very probably it is due to supplying the plants with Carbon dioxide (CO2) in much
higher concentration than that in the atmosphere and so enabling the Photosynthesis to take place
with higher degree leading to a stronger natural growth and increasing yield. Furthermore, the
supplements of micro-nutrients increasing the enzymatic activity should play also role in this
process.
2. The following mechanisms are discussed for releasing CO2 from the Lithovit:
1) Release of CO2 from the lithovit in the intercellular compartment:
In the photosynthesis (the lot of reactions are for simplicity not mentioned here) light energy is
converted to chemical energy by means of the light sensitive chlorophyll. Finally CO2 + Water
are converted to carbon hydrates + oxygen. The initial light reaction is the decomposition of
Water, where electrons (negative elementary charges) are taken away from water molecules
converting them to Oxygen and protons (positive charged hydrogen atoms). The lithovit particles
dock with their negative charged surface on the cell membrane producing a negative electric
potential which attracts the protons, that pass the cell membrane and dock on the negative
charged Carbonate groups building intermediary carbonic acid which decomposes to CO2 and
H2O. The equivalent amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions partially migrate through the cell
membrane and participate into the metabolism, partially react with water giving (Ca,Mg)(OH)2
and Protons which react again with Carbonate giving CO2 and so on.
2) Release of CO2 from the lithovit particles remaining on the leaves surface:
The pH of the 0.5 % aqueous litovit suspension is 9.8 at 20oC. At this pH value Carbonate (CO3
2-) and Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3 -) as well as (theoretically) Carbonic acid (H2CO3) exist in
equilibrium. Taking the corresponding equilibrium constants K1 = 1.92x1010 of reaction (1) and
K2 = 2x103 of reaction (2)
CO3 2- + H+ « HCO3 - (1)
HCO3 - + H+ « H2CO3 (2)
H2CO3 « CO2 + H2O (3)
into account, the ratios [HCO3-] / [CO3 2-] = 3.05 and [H2CO3] / [HCO3 -] = 2x10-6.8 are
obtained. That means H2CO3 is practically not existing in the suspension. The question is: How
CO2 develops from the lithovit remaining on the leaves surface?
At night the leaves are covered with dew water. At the same time the plants burn in darkness
carbon hydrates to cover their energy need and produce CO2 + H2O. This Carbon dioxide (in
addition to that in the atmosphere) + H2O (from the dew additionally to that produced) converts
the carbonate in lithovit into Hydrogencarbonate according to:
(Ca,Mg)CO3 + H2O + CO2 « (Ca,Mg)(HCO3)2 (4)
During the day the temperature rises gradually and the equilibrium reaction (4) is shifted to the
left hand side (due to evaporation of water) developing CO2 from the Hydrogencarbonat. In that
way lithovit is acting as quasi catalytic depot supplying permanently CO2 at high concentration
right at the leaves surface.
Because of the observation that perennial plants treated with lithovit only in the first growth
period grow much better and give higher yield also in the second growth period without further
treating with lithovit, Munzinger3), therefore, assumes that further mechanisms such as
3. epigenetic effects could also responsible for the action of lithovit. In such case the trace elements
contained in lithovit as micronutrients could play an important role.
Considering the mechanism 2), which role plays the tribudynamic activation of lithovit particles?
This should be probably that the highly activated lithovit particles changes the structure of water
and increases its dissociation: In pure water the water dipoles normally exist as units of 9
molecules bound in tetrahedral structure by means of hydrogen bridge bonds. These dipoles dock
with their positive Hydrogen ends on the negative charged Oxygen atoms of the carbonate
groups laying at the surface of lithovit particles. The hydrogen bonds break down due the
resulted electrostatic interaction. The energy needed for that should be supplied by means of
energy fluctuation within the highly active lithovit particles. The electron density inside the O –
H bonds of the water dipoles is shifted toward the O- atoms, so that a dissociation of water
molecules takes increasingly place. The H+ Ions then, dock on the negative charged carbonate
groups of the lithovit forming HCO3 - , The OH- ions react with CO2 forming HCO3 - as well.
Of course the formation of HCO3 - is thermodynamically controlled by means of the equilibrium
constant. However, the barrier of the formation energy is much easier overcome by means of this
mechanism, which could be regarded as catalytic reaction of the Lithovit.
This assumption of increasing dissociation of Water by means of lithovt is based on the
following observation:
At 20oC the pH value of 0.5% aqueous suspension of lithovit is 9.84), while that of 10%
suspension is 9.54). The amount of CaCO3 an well as of MgCO3 in the suspension is in both
cases much higher that the solubility values of the two compounds. In pure water the solubility
values are only dependent on temperature and pressure and should therefore be equal in both
suspensions, if the material should have not been activated before. In such case the same total
concentration of CO3 2- would have been obtained in the suspension. Since the equilibrium
constants of reactions (1) and (2) are (at constant ionic strength) also only dependent of
temperature and pressure, the same pH value should have been obtained in the two suspensions.
The higher [H+] concentration in the 10% suspension indicates clearly the higher dissociation of
water due to its higher degree of electrostatic interaction with the bigger amount of Lithovit.
1) It is the intention of the author to explain this question in such simple way also easily
understandable to non scientific readers.
2) The tribodynamic activation is easily understood when we bear in mind that energy is never
created nor destroyed (first law of thermodynamic). Energy can only be converted from one form
(e.g. light energy, chemical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, magnetic energy, kinetic
energy, potential Energy, mechanical energy) to another. If a system transforms from one state in
which its components have high kinetic energy (system of higher internal energy) to another
state in which the components have less kinetic energy (system of lower internal energy), so the
difference between the internal energies of the two systems will be set free as heat energy That
is, for example, the case when Water vapour is condensed to liquid water (heat of condensation),
4. respectively when liquid water is frozen to ice (heat of freezing). Conversely one has to supply
the same amount of heat (heat of melting) in order to melt ice to liquid water and further the heat
of evaporation in order to transform liquid water to vapour. (Of course the entropy terms which
describe the degree of disorder in the system must also be considered here. To simplify the text,
these are let away). It is very similar in case of crystallisation where the moveable particles in a
solution (system of higher internal energy) get bound in a lattice where they are only vibrating
with very small amplitude (System of lower internal energy). Again the difference between the
internal energies of the systems is released as crystallisation energy in form of heat. If the
particles have electric charge (ions) the difference of the electrostatic and potential energies of
the two systems participates to the crystallisation energy too. A crystal growth to a big solid
body with great number of lattice units (e.g. natural limestone) results a corresponding high
value of crystallisation energy. Conversely when such macro materials are crushed to much
smaller units, for instance by milling, only a part of the mechanical energy is converted to heat
due to the friction, whereby a considerable part is transformed to the obtained particles as
activation energy. The stronger the cracked bonds between the lattice units in the crushed
material, the higher is the activation energy. In case the components building lattice are
electrically charged (ion lattice, e.g. limestone) a corresponding higher activation energy is
obtained due to energy further needed for the separation of the electric charges. Of course the
particles in the whole are electrically neutral, the centres of the positive charges and that of the
negative ones, however, are not located at the same point, but at different sites. In case of lithovit
the oxygen atoms of the carbonate groups show to the surface of the lattice units and so to the
surface of the particles. Due to the high affinity of the oxygen to electrons, the surface of the
lithovit particles is negatively charged. The strong increase of the surface energy, the separation
of the electric charges and the deformation of the lattice units laying directly under the surface
result the high reactivity of Lithovit.
3) Stefan Munzinger, Broschüre Lithovit Grundlagen: 06106, Version 1.0 * 30. September 2006,
Zeovita GmbH, Breite Str. 54, D-37154 Notheim
4) Taken from the analysis sheet dated June 11, 2006 of the Institute of Fertilizers and Seeds
LUFA, Finkenborner Weg 18, D- 31787 Hameln