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The American Revolutionary War caused major changes to American culture and literature. Several famous authors emerged during this time, including Benjamin Franklin, Paul Revere, and Thomas Paine, who wrote patriotic pieces calling for independence and support of the revolutionary cause. Thomas Paine's 1776 pamphlet "Common Sense" and his "Crisis Papers" were especially influential in inspiring colonists to continue fighting. While much revolutionary-era writing is lost, the documents that remain provide insight into the patriotic spirit and struggles of the time.
Roman Osipovich Jakobson was a highly influential 20th century Russian linguist. He helped pioneer structural analysis of language, poetry, and art. Jakobson was a founding member of the Moscow Linguistic Circle, which influenced the development of Russian Formalism in literary criticism. He later moved to Prague and helped form the Prague Linguistic Circle, contributing to the emergence of structuralism. Jakobson made enduring contributions to communication theory through his analysis of language functions.
The document discusses the definition and characteristics of ethnic literature. It defines ethnic literature as works that have protagonists or speakers who are conscious of belonging to a group sharing a common racial, national, religious, linguistic or cultural background. It notes some common themes in ethnic literature, such as experiences of prejudice, generational conflicts between immigrants and their American-born children, and the feeling of being caught between two worlds. The document outlines the works of ethnic literature that will be covered in a class, including novels, poems, plays and films representing Native American, Latino, African American and Asian American heritage.
This document provides an overview of major American literature movements and authors from the 17th century to the modernism era of the early 20th century. It discusses Native American oral traditions, the religious works of early Puritan settlers, and the emergence of genres like histories, autobiographies and poems. Key eras covered include the Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism and Modernism. Major modernist authors profiled briefly are Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller. The document also mentions poets Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Robert Frost, and Carl Sandburg, as well as the Harlem Renaissance literary movement
The document summarizes major eras and movements in American literature from the Puritans to modernism. It discusses how Puritan beliefs influenced their nonfiction writings focused on religion. The Age of Reason valued logic and reason over faith. Romanticism rebelled against this and found inspiration in nature. The Transcendentalists believed people could find meaning through nature. Realists aimed to accurately depict ordinary lives. The Modernists broke traditions and used symbolism. The Harlem Renaissance influenced perceptions of African Americans through its focus on black experiences. Stream of consciousness writers questioned traditional beliefs during the Great Depression.
The document provides an overview of European literature from the Renaissance period to Post-Modernism. It discusses the key characteristics and influences of each major movement as well as lists important works and authors for each period. The periods covered include Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Victorian, Modernism, and Post-Modernism. Tables of contents and subtitles structure the information within each defined historical period.
This three sentence summary provides the key details about the Imagism poetry movement:
Imagism was a movement in early 20th century poetry that aimed for clarity of expression through precise visual images, originating in 1912 and championed by poets like Ezra Pound who formulated its principles of using direct treatment of imagery and language of common speech in short, clear poems like Pound's "In the Station of the Metro".
This document provides an overview of the major periods and developments in American literature from the 17th century to the present. It discusses the Colonial and Early National period from 1600-1830, characterized by practical writing by British settlers. The Romantic period from 1830-1870 saw an emphasis on individualism and nature. Realism and Naturalism from 1870-1910 brought a focus on accurate depictions of contemporary life. The Modernist period from 1910-1945 was defined by breaks from tradition amid world events. The Contemporary period from 1945 to today features increasingly diverse voices and perspectives.
The American Revolutionary War caused major changes to American culture and literature. Several famous authors emerged during this time, including Benjamin Franklin, Paul Revere, and Thomas Paine, who wrote patriotic pieces calling for independence and support of the revolutionary cause. Thomas Paine's 1776 pamphlet "Common Sense" and his "Crisis Papers" were especially influential in inspiring colonists to continue fighting. While much revolutionary-era writing is lost, the documents that remain provide insight into the patriotic spirit and struggles of the time.
Roman Osipovich Jakobson was a highly influential 20th century Russian linguist. He helped pioneer structural analysis of language, poetry, and art. Jakobson was a founding member of the Moscow Linguistic Circle, which influenced the development of Russian Formalism in literary criticism. He later moved to Prague and helped form the Prague Linguistic Circle, contributing to the emergence of structuralism. Jakobson made enduring contributions to communication theory through his analysis of language functions.
The document discusses the definition and characteristics of ethnic literature. It defines ethnic literature as works that have protagonists or speakers who are conscious of belonging to a group sharing a common racial, national, religious, linguistic or cultural background. It notes some common themes in ethnic literature, such as experiences of prejudice, generational conflicts between immigrants and their American-born children, and the feeling of being caught between two worlds. The document outlines the works of ethnic literature that will be covered in a class, including novels, poems, plays and films representing Native American, Latino, African American and Asian American heritage.
This document provides an overview of major American literature movements and authors from the 17th century to the modernism era of the early 20th century. It discusses Native American oral traditions, the religious works of early Puritan settlers, and the emergence of genres like histories, autobiographies and poems. Key eras covered include the Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism and Modernism. Major modernist authors profiled briefly are Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller. The document also mentions poets Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Robert Frost, and Carl Sandburg, as well as the Harlem Renaissance literary movement
The document summarizes major eras and movements in American literature from the Puritans to modernism. It discusses how Puritan beliefs influenced their nonfiction writings focused on religion. The Age of Reason valued logic and reason over faith. Romanticism rebelled against this and found inspiration in nature. The Transcendentalists believed people could find meaning through nature. Realists aimed to accurately depict ordinary lives. The Modernists broke traditions and used symbolism. The Harlem Renaissance influenced perceptions of African Americans through its focus on black experiences. Stream of consciousness writers questioned traditional beliefs during the Great Depression.
The document provides an overview of European literature from the Renaissance period to Post-Modernism. It discusses the key characteristics and influences of each major movement as well as lists important works and authors for each period. The periods covered include Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Victorian, Modernism, and Post-Modernism. Tables of contents and subtitles structure the information within each defined historical period.
This three sentence summary provides the key details about the Imagism poetry movement:
Imagism was a movement in early 20th century poetry that aimed for clarity of expression through precise visual images, originating in 1912 and championed by poets like Ezra Pound who formulated its principles of using direct treatment of imagery and language of common speech in short, clear poems like Pound's "In the Station of the Metro".
This document provides an overview of the major periods and developments in American literature from the 17th century to the present. It discusses the Colonial and Early National period from 1600-1830, characterized by practical writing by British settlers. The Romantic period from 1830-1870 saw an emphasis on individualism and nature. Realism and Naturalism from 1870-1910 brought a focus on accurate depictions of contemporary life. The Modernist period from 1910-1945 was defined by breaks from tradition amid world events. The Contemporary period from 1945 to today features increasingly diverse voices and perspectives.
The document provides an overview of the transformation of America between 1865-1914 through territorial expansion, industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. It discusses how the closing of the frontier, completion of the transcontinental railroad, Spanish-American War, and influx of immigrants shaped American society and culture during this period. Literature of this era reflected these changes through the emergence of realism and naturalism as dominant styles focused on accurate depictions of contemporary social issues and human behavior governed by external forces.
This Presentation is about Modern Century literaure, Modernism, Poetry and Modern Novel. and Stream of Consiousness. also discuss about Poets and Novelists. This era started from 1900 to 1961
In this Presentation I talk about the Marxism
this the special reference of Chakrahvyuh movies song.
Definition of Marxism
The Communist Manifesto
Das Capital
Basic Principle
Dialectical Aspect in Marxism
Assumption
Ideology
Questions
This document provides an overview of American literature from Native American oral traditions through the 20th century. It summarizes key authors and works from each time period, including Anne Bradstreet as the first American poet, Benjamin Franklin's autobiography and almanacs, Thomas Paine's influential pamphlets, Edgar Allan Poe's poems and stories, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Herman Melville's Moby Dick, Walt Whitman's free verse poetry, T.S. Eliot's modernist poem "The Hollow Men", Mark Twain's Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, Emily Dickinson's poems, John Stein
This document summarizes and provides quotes from several famous American writers, including Jack London, Herman Melville, Mark Twain, Edgar Allan Poe, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. It provides biographical details and highlights some of their most notable works. For Jack London, it discusses his life, career returning from the Klondike and working as a journalist, and popular novels including The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and Martin Eden. For the other writers, it briefly outlines their lives and important works like Moby Dick by Herman Melville, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, and works by Edgar Allan Poe and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
American Literature: Prose BEGINNINGS: THE 1500S AND 1600SAnisa Asharie
American literature in its early centuries consisted primarily of exploration narratives, histories of settlement and religion, reflecting the growth of the colonies. Native American oral traditions predated European settlement and addressed similar purposes to biblical stories. Early works included letters and maps from explorers like Vespucci and Columbus. By 1600, accounts of discoveries had been published by Raleigh, Hakluyt, Harriot and White. Histories recorded events like John Smith's leadership in Jamestown and his claimed rescue by Pocahontas, while religious writings debated doctrine and sought to understand indigenous peoples. The Salem witch trials of 1692 saw 20 executed for alleged witchcraft. Figures like Roger Williams and Thomas Hooker established religious freedom and new settlements
This document provides information about the Oxford Movement, a 19th century movement within the Church of England. It began as a response to perceived attacks on the established church in Ireland. Leaders like Edward Pusey and John Henry Newman attacked liberal theology and reconsidered the relationship between the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church. Newman eventually converted to Catholicism, as did some other Tractarians. The movement published works on the Church Fathers and had influence on Anglican theory and practice, though it was also criticized.
The document describes life during World War I trench warfare. Soldiers lived in cold, muddy trenches infested with vermin like lice and rats. They faced harsh conditions including freezing temperatures, contaminated food and water, disease, and the constant threat of artillery shelling, gas attacks, and sniper fire. Trench warfare resulted in a brutal war of attrition with awful living conditions that seriously impacted soldiers' physical and mental health.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that originated in Harlem, New York in the 1910s-1930s. During this period, nearly 175,000 African Americans migrated to Harlem as part of the Great Migration, bringing southern Black culture and ambitions to the neighborhood. Events like the end of slavery and World War I enabled new opportunities for Black Americans to pursue political, social, and economic equality through their intellectual and artistic works. The Harlem Renaissance saw a flourishing of Black talent in music, literature, art, and more, establishing a path for future Black cultural expression and social reforms.
This document provides a biography and overview of the works of American author Henry David Thoreau. It notes that he was born in 1817 in Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard in 1837. Thoreau is known for moving into a small cabin at Walden Pond in 1845, where he lived a self-sufficient lifestyle for over two years. While at Walden Pond, he wrote his most famous work Walden, published in 1854, which detailed his experiences and promoted living simply and self-sufficiently in nature. The document provides synopses of the chapters of Walden and discusses its major themes of transcendentalism, individualism, and self-reliance.
European literature (by group 1 gr.12- modeller in 21st century)Cedric Dela Rojo
Medieval LiteratureThe Fall of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the Medieval or Middle Ages.
Also known as Dark Ages, due to the prevailing conditions during this period, barbarian invasion and Muslim conquests marked this era. Wars, famine, plagues and decline in culture and learning.
The poem "Manggagawa" by Jose Corazon de Jesus depicts the disparity between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the lower class proletariat in a capitalist society through vivid descriptions of the hard labor of workers and the luxuries enjoyed by the rich. It highlights the oppression and control the bourgeoisie have over wealth production as well as the government, reflecting Marx's theories. In the end, the poem calls loudly for equality and due recognition of the working class's contributions to society and the nation's progress.
Romantic period in English Literature. Focuses on romantic poets like Blake, Wordsworth, Colridge, Shelly, Keats, Byron. Includes a brief history and meaning of Romanticism.
It is a short PPT presentation about one period of American Literature. It also features a set of questions after each sub-topic to foster in-class discussion.
This document provides an overview of the history of American literature from the colonial period through the 20th century. It summarizes key authors and works from each time period, including colonial writings by John Smith and Benjamin Franklin, early US works by Thomas Jefferson and Washington Irving, 19th century poetry by Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, realism in Mark Twain and Henry James, and modernism in F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Steinbeck. The document concludes with a brief discussion of post-World War II literature and the Beat generation.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York in the 1920s. It involved a flowering of African American literature, art, music, and social thought. Key figures included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington. The movement arose from the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities like New York and the development of Harlem as the center of African American cultural life.
The Victorian Period lasted from 1830 to 1901. Some key events included Victoria becoming Queen in 1837, the Irish potato famine in 1844, and Darwin publishing Origin of Species in 1859. London's population expanded greatly during this time. Religiously there was debate between evangelical, high church, and broad church movements. Literature flourished with works by Dickens, the Bronte sisters, Eliot, and Hardy. Victorian poetry was influenced by Tennyson, Browning, and Arnold. Theater also thrived during this period.
Henry David Thoreau was a 19th century American author, poet, philosopher and abolitionist. He is best known for his books Walden, or Life in the Woods and Civil Disobedience. Thoreau lived a simple life in nature and advocated for civil disobedience against an unjust government. He was influenced by transcendentalism and supported abolitionism and civil rights. Thoreau left behind a vast body of work exploring philosophy, nature and political resistance.
The Beat Generation was a group of American writers in the late 1940s-1950s who rebelled against conformity and mainstream culture. Key figures included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs. They experimented with sexuality, Eastern religion, and drugs. Ginsberg's poem "Howl" came to define the Beat movement, chronicling the destruction of a generation. The Beat writers sought to defy conventions and write openly about their experiences on the margins of society.
This document provides an overview of major periods in European literature from the Renaissance to Post-Modernism. It summarizes key characteristics and notable works for each period, including the Renaissance (1400s-1600s), Enlightenment (1650-1800), Romanticism (1798-1870), Realism/Naturalism (1850-1914), Victorian Period (1832-1901), and Modernism (1870s-1965). For each period, it highlights influential authors, literary techniques, and major themes that emerged during that time in history.
The document provides an overview of the key characteristics and themes of the Romantic period in English literature from 1798 to 1832. It discusses how Romanticism valued imagination, emotion, and individualism over reason; celebrated nature; and featured symbolic and mythic elements. Notable Romantic artists and thinkers, such as Wordsworth, embraced everyday realism and the exotic. While nature was often portrayed idealistically, it could also evoke awe and fear. The movement favored personal expression and freedom from social constraints. Representative paintings from the period are also briefly described.
The document provides an overview of the transformation of America between 1865-1914 through territorial expansion, industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. It discusses how the closing of the frontier, completion of the transcontinental railroad, Spanish-American War, and influx of immigrants shaped American society and culture during this period. Literature of this era reflected these changes through the emergence of realism and naturalism as dominant styles focused on accurate depictions of contemporary social issues and human behavior governed by external forces.
This Presentation is about Modern Century literaure, Modernism, Poetry and Modern Novel. and Stream of Consiousness. also discuss about Poets and Novelists. This era started from 1900 to 1961
In this Presentation I talk about the Marxism
this the special reference of Chakrahvyuh movies song.
Definition of Marxism
The Communist Manifesto
Das Capital
Basic Principle
Dialectical Aspect in Marxism
Assumption
Ideology
Questions
This document provides an overview of American literature from Native American oral traditions through the 20th century. It summarizes key authors and works from each time period, including Anne Bradstreet as the first American poet, Benjamin Franklin's autobiography and almanacs, Thomas Paine's influential pamphlets, Edgar Allan Poe's poems and stories, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Herman Melville's Moby Dick, Walt Whitman's free verse poetry, T.S. Eliot's modernist poem "The Hollow Men", Mark Twain's Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, Emily Dickinson's poems, John Stein
This document summarizes and provides quotes from several famous American writers, including Jack London, Herman Melville, Mark Twain, Edgar Allan Poe, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. It provides biographical details and highlights some of their most notable works. For Jack London, it discusses his life, career returning from the Klondike and working as a journalist, and popular novels including The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and Martin Eden. For the other writers, it briefly outlines their lives and important works like Moby Dick by Herman Melville, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, and works by Edgar Allan Poe and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
American Literature: Prose BEGINNINGS: THE 1500S AND 1600SAnisa Asharie
American literature in its early centuries consisted primarily of exploration narratives, histories of settlement and religion, reflecting the growth of the colonies. Native American oral traditions predated European settlement and addressed similar purposes to biblical stories. Early works included letters and maps from explorers like Vespucci and Columbus. By 1600, accounts of discoveries had been published by Raleigh, Hakluyt, Harriot and White. Histories recorded events like John Smith's leadership in Jamestown and his claimed rescue by Pocahontas, while religious writings debated doctrine and sought to understand indigenous peoples. The Salem witch trials of 1692 saw 20 executed for alleged witchcraft. Figures like Roger Williams and Thomas Hooker established religious freedom and new settlements
This document provides information about the Oxford Movement, a 19th century movement within the Church of England. It began as a response to perceived attacks on the established church in Ireland. Leaders like Edward Pusey and John Henry Newman attacked liberal theology and reconsidered the relationship between the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church. Newman eventually converted to Catholicism, as did some other Tractarians. The movement published works on the Church Fathers and had influence on Anglican theory and practice, though it was also criticized.
The document describes life during World War I trench warfare. Soldiers lived in cold, muddy trenches infested with vermin like lice and rats. They faced harsh conditions including freezing temperatures, contaminated food and water, disease, and the constant threat of artillery shelling, gas attacks, and sniper fire. Trench warfare resulted in a brutal war of attrition with awful living conditions that seriously impacted soldiers' physical and mental health.
The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that originated in Harlem, New York in the 1910s-1930s. During this period, nearly 175,000 African Americans migrated to Harlem as part of the Great Migration, bringing southern Black culture and ambitions to the neighborhood. Events like the end of slavery and World War I enabled new opportunities for Black Americans to pursue political, social, and economic equality through their intellectual and artistic works. The Harlem Renaissance saw a flourishing of Black talent in music, literature, art, and more, establishing a path for future Black cultural expression and social reforms.
This document provides a biography and overview of the works of American author Henry David Thoreau. It notes that he was born in 1817 in Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard in 1837. Thoreau is known for moving into a small cabin at Walden Pond in 1845, where he lived a self-sufficient lifestyle for over two years. While at Walden Pond, he wrote his most famous work Walden, published in 1854, which detailed his experiences and promoted living simply and self-sufficiently in nature. The document provides synopses of the chapters of Walden and discusses its major themes of transcendentalism, individualism, and self-reliance.
European literature (by group 1 gr.12- modeller in 21st century)Cedric Dela Rojo
Medieval LiteratureThe Fall of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the Medieval or Middle Ages.
Also known as Dark Ages, due to the prevailing conditions during this period, barbarian invasion and Muslim conquests marked this era. Wars, famine, plagues and decline in culture and learning.
The poem "Manggagawa" by Jose Corazon de Jesus depicts the disparity between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the lower class proletariat in a capitalist society through vivid descriptions of the hard labor of workers and the luxuries enjoyed by the rich. It highlights the oppression and control the bourgeoisie have over wealth production as well as the government, reflecting Marx's theories. In the end, the poem calls loudly for equality and due recognition of the working class's contributions to society and the nation's progress.
Romantic period in English Literature. Focuses on romantic poets like Blake, Wordsworth, Colridge, Shelly, Keats, Byron. Includes a brief history and meaning of Romanticism.
It is a short PPT presentation about one period of American Literature. It also features a set of questions after each sub-topic to foster in-class discussion.
This document provides an overview of the history of American literature from the colonial period through the 20th century. It summarizes key authors and works from each time period, including colonial writings by John Smith and Benjamin Franklin, early US works by Thomas Jefferson and Washington Irving, 19th century poetry by Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, realism in Mark Twain and Henry James, and modernism in F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Steinbeck. The document concludes with a brief discussion of post-World War II literature and the Beat generation.
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York in the 1920s. It involved a flowering of African American literature, art, music, and social thought. Key figures included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington. The movement arose from the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities like New York and the development of Harlem as the center of African American cultural life.
The Victorian Period lasted from 1830 to 1901. Some key events included Victoria becoming Queen in 1837, the Irish potato famine in 1844, and Darwin publishing Origin of Species in 1859. London's population expanded greatly during this time. Religiously there was debate between evangelical, high church, and broad church movements. Literature flourished with works by Dickens, the Bronte sisters, Eliot, and Hardy. Victorian poetry was influenced by Tennyson, Browning, and Arnold. Theater also thrived during this period.
Henry David Thoreau was a 19th century American author, poet, philosopher and abolitionist. He is best known for his books Walden, or Life in the Woods and Civil Disobedience. Thoreau lived a simple life in nature and advocated for civil disobedience against an unjust government. He was influenced by transcendentalism and supported abolitionism and civil rights. Thoreau left behind a vast body of work exploring philosophy, nature and political resistance.
The Beat Generation was a group of American writers in the late 1940s-1950s who rebelled against conformity and mainstream culture. Key figures included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs. They experimented with sexuality, Eastern religion, and drugs. Ginsberg's poem "Howl" came to define the Beat movement, chronicling the destruction of a generation. The Beat writers sought to defy conventions and write openly about their experiences on the margins of society.
This document provides an overview of major periods in European literature from the Renaissance to Post-Modernism. It summarizes key characteristics and notable works for each period, including the Renaissance (1400s-1600s), Enlightenment (1650-1800), Romanticism (1798-1870), Realism/Naturalism (1850-1914), Victorian Period (1832-1901), and Modernism (1870s-1965). For each period, it highlights influential authors, literary techniques, and major themes that emerged during that time in history.
The document provides an overview of the key characteristics and themes of the Romantic period in English literature from 1798 to 1832. It discusses how Romanticism valued imagination, emotion, and individualism over reason; celebrated nature; and featured symbolic and mythic elements. Notable Romantic artists and thinkers, such as Wordsworth, embraced everyday realism and the exotic. While nature was often portrayed idealistically, it could also evoke awe and fear. The movement favored personal expression and freedom from social constraints. Representative paintings from the period are also briefly described.
This document provides an overview of the major periods and themes of European literature from the Renaissance to Postmodernism. It discusses the key influences, works, and authors of each period, including the Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Victorian Period, Modernism, and Postmodernism. The document serves as a guide to understanding the major shifts in European literature across history.
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The document provides an overview of American literature from the Colonial Period through Modernism. It summarizes key characteristics of each period, including dominant genres, religious influences, and notable authors. The Colonial Period was dominated by Puritan beliefs and emphasized faith, with authors like Bradford and Wheatley. The Revolutionary Period focused on nationalism and American identity with writers like Franklin and Paine. Romanticism celebrated individualism and nature with authors such as Irving, Bryant, and the Fireside Poets. Realism sought to convey life realistically through local color writers like Twain and post-Civil War authors. Naturalism took a darker view of determinism, and Modernism experimented with style amidst world wars and social change.
The document summarizes the key characteristics and events of the English Restoration period (1660-1798). It was a time of political upheaval following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Literature of this period is referred to as Augustan or Neoclassical. Notable developments include the rise of satire, novels, and poetry exploring personal themes within classical forms. Major authors who shaped English literature during this time include John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, and Samuel Johnson.
1. The document outlines four major literary movements: Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism.
2. It provides a brief overview of the historical context and origins of each movement, from Neoclassicism originating in 1660 to Naturalism emerging in the late 19th century.
3. The characteristics of each movement are summarized, such as Neoclassicism emphasizing order and restraint while Romanticism celebrated imagination and emotion.
This document provides context and analysis of Mark Twain's famous novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It discusses Twain's background and influences, including growing up in Hannibal, Missouri on the Mississippi River. The document analyzes major themes in the novel like hypocrisy in civilized society, perspectives on slavery and freedom, and Huck's moral development. It also discusses the literary movements of realism and regionalism that Twain's novel helped establish in American literature.
This document provides an overview of various literary movements and periods in American and English literature. It discusses movements such as Modernism, Romanticism, Realism, and Postmodernism. For each movement, it briefly describes the time period, key characteristics or themes, and examples of influential authors. It also separates out and describes in more detail specific American literary periods such as the Colonial Period. Overall, the document serves as a reference guide for understanding different eras and styles in the development of American and English literature.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
X-bar theory was incorporated into both transformational and nontransformational theories of syntax, including government and binding theory (GB), generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), lexical-functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).[9] Although recent work in the minimalist program has largely abandoned X-bar schemata in favor of bare phrase structure approaches, the theory's central assumptions are still valid in different forms and terms in many theories of minimalist syntax.
This is the era of the renaissance and reformation of the literature history with added knowledge. The above slides have the credibility of learning and finding new things that are more applicable to knowledge.
Wordsworth was influenced by the French Revolution's ideals of equality and liberty but became disillusioned by the Reign of Terror. He sought to capture genuine human emotions and passions through a return to simpler, natural expressions in poetry. The Industrial Revolution further threatened nature and rural life, which Wordsworth believed was integral to authentic human experience. He advocated for protecting the natural landscape from the impacts of industry and modernization.
Romanticism Lecture by Faisal Ahmed_WEEK 1_ENG 409Faisal Ahmed
This video lecture is on the definition, characteristics and causes of Romanticism and a brief but sketchy explanation over Romantic Literature and Romantic Era in English Literature. This lecture is in Week 1 of e-learning for the course Romantic Literature- 2 (ENG 409) at World University of Bangladesh.
Faisal Ahmed
Faculty Member
Department of English
World University of Bangladesh (WUB)
Modernism was an artistic movement that arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a reaction against traditional forms of art and literature. The movement reflected broader societal transformations brought about by industrialization, urbanization, new technologies, and World Wars. Modernist artists and writers sought to depart from traditional forms they viewed as outdated in order to develop new forms that captured the modern experience. Some key influences on Modernism included theories of relativity, psychoanalysis, and Darwin's theory of evolution, which challenged long-held beliefs. Modernism had a significant impact on fields like painting, music, dance, philosophy, psychology, architecture, science, sculpture, and literature.
The Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century when science and reason led to changes in philosophy and thinking. Enlightenment philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and the philosophes used reason to analyze society and politics. Their ideas influenced governments and helped spark revolutions like the American Revolution.
American Romanticism was a 19th century literary movement that celebrated individualism, emotions, nature, and developing a unique American identity. Key figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman emphasized finding truth through personal reflection and a spiritual connection with nature. They produced works that explored the individual, praised untamed landscapes as escapes from industrialization, and defined American values separate from Europe.
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that dominated Europe in the 18th century. Enlightenment thinkers believed that reason, science, and humanism could improve society and advance knowledge. Major Enlightenment ideas included questioning absolute monarchy, establishing natural human rights and religious tolerance, and applying scientific reasoning to social and political issues. Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Kant influenced revolutions and the development of democratic forms of government through their writings.
The document discusses the key ideas and figures of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century. It explains how the Enlightenment built upon the Scientific Revolution by applying rational thinking to understand human society and governance. It outlines philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu and their criticisms of religious institutions and absolutist rule. It also highlights the importance of Diderot's Encyclopedia in disseminating knowledge widely and fueling public debate during the Enlightenment.
Yuh Statement of the Problem
This study assessed the Grade 11 learners reading performance at Jantianon National High School – Senior High School, School Year 2020- 2021, as basis for crafting an intervention material suitable to the needs of the learners.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the answers to the following Questions:
Statement of the Problem
This study assessed the Grade 11 learners reading performance at Jantianon National High School – Senior High School, School Year 2020- 2021, as basis for crafting an intervention material suitable to the needs of the learners.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the answers to the following Questions:
Statement of the Problem
This study assessed the Grade 11 learners reading performance at Jantianon National High School – Senior High School, School Year 2020- 2021, as basis for crafting an intervention material suitable to the needs of the learners.
Specifically, the study aimed to determ
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Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School Department
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Location will be at Jantianon National High School Department
This business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School Department
This business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
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Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
Location will be at Jantianon National High School DepartmentThis business will be a corporation of the Senior High School students which comprises of seven members, namely: Angel Marie Quillao, Joyselle Anne Gad, Lenny Catipay, Brian Mira, Christian Roncel Remata, Vincent Remata and Dhenver Larazan.
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1) The document examines General Franco's legacy through various historical sources that provide differing perspectives. It focuses on how Franco is remembered internationally as a statesman, obstacle to Hitler, and hero to Jews fleeing Nazi Germany, but also as a monster to Spanish minorities and opponents in the civil war.
2) The paper analyzes sources that portray Franco positively as a loving family man against other evidence that presents him as cold and inhibited. It questions the reliability of memories from his daughter decades later.
3) Franco played a key role in stopping Hitler's ambitions by refusing German troops access to Spain and Gibraltar, going against Hitler's demands and saving thousands of Jews fleeing Nazi-occupied France, though he had initially supported Hitler during
1. The document discusses different types of media including print media (books, newspapers, magazines), broadcast media (television and radio), movies, the internet, and video games.
2. It provides details on each type of media such as how print media refers to physically distributed written materials, how broadcast media allows watching events through television and listening to audio through radio, and how movies and the internet have evolved to be accessible in various formats.
3. The document also discusses media convergence as the ability to access different types of media across various platforms through digital code, and how this has expanded audiences' media choices and made certain technologies easier to use.
Find a song where the singer uses lyrics that describe what you feel about the lesson tackled
in this module. It does not need to be a whole song but may be a lyric in a song. Find a song where the singer uses lyrics that describe what you feel about the lesson tackled
in this module. It does not need to be a whole song but may be a lyric in a song. Find a song where the singer uses lyrics that describe what you feel about the lesson tackled
in this module. It does not need to be a whole song but may be a lyric in a song. Find a song where the singer uses lyrics that describe what you feel about the lesson tackled
in this module. It does not need to be a whole song but may be a lyric in a song. Find a song where the singer uses lyrics that describe what you feel about the lesson tackled
in this module. It does not need to be a whole song but may be a lyric in a song. Find a song where the singer uses lyrics that describe what you feel about the lesson tackled
in this module. It does not need to be a whole song but may be a lyric in a song. Find a song where the singer uses lyrics that describe what you feel about the lesson tackled
in this module. It does not need to be a whole song but may be a lyric in a song. Find a song where the singer uses lyrics that describe what you feel about the lesson tackled
in this module. It does not need to be a whole song but may be a lyric in a song.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
4. RENAISSANCE (1400’S-1600’S)
• The Renaissance was a period of transition that left behind
the medieval ways of the past and launched society towards
a modern world.
• At this time, people were concerned with individualism, as
well as self and societal improvement.
• Many writers produced pieces that catered to wealthy patrons
who commissioned their work.
• Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press in 1440,
allowing for mass production of pamphlets and novels.
• This gave people an increased opportunity to read
publications of various authors like Petrarch and Boccaccio.
(Wheeler, Kagan)
5. RENAISSANCE WORKS OF NOTE
• Petrarch: Canzoniere, Trionfi
• Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron
• Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince
• John Milton: Paradise Lost
• Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote
• Dante Alighieri: Divina Commedia
• Sir Thomas More, Utopia
• William Shakespeare: King Lear,
Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet
• Christopher Marlowe: Doctor Faustus
"Paradise Lost," Stanford University Libraries
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline, Rickard)
6. RENAISSANCE
• Authors of Renaissance literature presented many
revolutionary ideas during this period in history (1485- 1680
C.E.) that focused on the central topics of humanism,
classicism and secularism.
• Humanism: People were intrigued by the idea of human
power. Humanistic works focused on human traits and
abilities.
• Classicism: Authors drew on antiquity, were inspired by the
works of the philosophers in ancient Greece and Rome.
• Secularism: Dealt with issues of politics and personal concern
outside of the realm of religion.
(Wheeler, Kagan)
7. RENAISSANCE MEN
• Erasmus: Known as the “Christian Gentleman” (Eder, 46)
embodied the essential traits of the Renaissance humanist.
Erasmus translated the bible into new Greek and Latin
editions and was an opinionated critic of the religious figures
of the time. He criticized those who abused their religious
power, and satirized the overall hypocrisy of the age. Many
historians hypothesize that Erasmus planted the seeds for
Martin Luther’s radical protestant reformation.
• Petrarch: Considered to be the first modern writer. Known for
his sonnets and other works, which evaluated life and the
human condition.
(Eder, Kagan)
8. RENAISSANCE MEN
• Machiavelli: The author of The Prince, Machiavelli was likely
a sarcastic author, rather than the brutal figure he is
perceived to be. He penned the words “The end justifies the
means” in his political ‘how-to’ that suggested that rulers
merely rule without moral judgment.
• Boccaccio: Contemporary of Petrarch, known for the
Decameron, a collection of stories that provide a commentary
on the human condition.
• Petrarch: Considered to be the first modern writer. Known for
his sonnets and other works, which evaluated life and the
human condition.
(Eder, Kagan)
9. ENLIGHTENMENT (1650- 1800)
• The enlightenment was a
period of great change in
policies and beliefs
politically, economically,
and socially.
• Philosophes criticized the
status quo.
• They produced many
theories in literature for
the betterment of
humankind.
• A ‘print culture’ emerged, the
volume of printed material
dramatically increased.
• Key areas of discussion during
this period include:
i. Human nature
ii. The relationship between
government and its people
iii. Property
iv. Natural laws and rights
v. Organized religion
(Eder, Kagan)
10. ENLIGHTENMENT WORKS OF NOTE
• Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract, Emile, and
Confessions.
• Denis Diderot: Encyclopedie
• Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women
• Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels
• Voltaire: Candide
• Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations
• Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe
• Montesquieu: Spirit of the Laws
• John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline, Rickard)
11. ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS
• Rousseau: Developed the idea of the Noble Savage, and
pushed for individualism, as well as individual human rights.
His influence was profound, and his distrust of civilization in
general led to new educational and political practices across
Europe.
• Voltaire: Staunch deist, advocate of human rights and fighter
of injustice. He adamantly fought rigid religion and
governmental abuse of power. He opposed censorship and
was a fierce critic of society.
• Smith: Smith advocated a “Laissez-faire” system of
economics in which the government should stay out of the
day to day economic affairs, allowing for natural regulation in
the free market economy. (Eder, Kagan)
12. ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS
• Newton: Synthesized Kepler and Galileo’s ideas into his
Laws of Motion, pioneered physics and calculus.
• Locke: Locke believed in the idea of a social contract; that
the government has a duty to its people, and if the
government is not able to do what is required, it should be
altered by the people. Also influential, his term “Tabula Rasa,”
a phrase that represented the idea that people are born a
‘blank slate,’ and over time are altered to become good or
evil depending on their environment. Locke believed that
people achieve equality as a result of their rights, not their
abilities. He believed that humans should have the natural
rights of life, liberty, and property.
(Eder, Kagan)
13. ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS
• Hobbes: Hobbes believed that, in order for the government
to reach its potential, citizens of the state ought to give up
some rights, in return for protection. He believed in an
absolute monarchy with one state religion, in order for any
country to be strong and unified.
• Wollstonecraft: British writer, thought to be the first feminist.
• Montesquieu: Political conservative, anti-aristocracy, brought
forth the idea for the separation of powers in the
government, his ideas were extremely influential in the
writing of the American constitution later on. His book, Spirit
of the Laws, was possibly the most influential book of the
century.
(Eder, Kagan)
14. IMPORTANT ENLIGHTENMENT QUOTES
• “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains” -Rousseau
• “Cogito ergo sum” (“I think; therefore I am”)-Descartes
• “Knowledge is power” - Bacon
• "Freedom is a gift from heaven, and every individual of the same
species has the right to enjoy it as soon as he is in enjoyment of
his reason.“- Diderot
• “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your
right to say it.”- Voltaire
• “No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or
possessions”- Locke
• “When America, the Negro countries…and so forth were
discovered, they were to them [the Europeans], countries
belonging to no one, since they counted the inhabitants as
nothing.”- Kant
(Eder, Kagan)
15. ROMANTICISM (1798 – 1870)
• The term, “Romanticism” was originally used to describe
literature in 17th century Europe that writers saw as
unrealistic, filled with emotions, or over the top in its stylistic
tendencies.
• Many people have come to used the terms “romantic” and
“gothic” interchangeably to describe this type of literature.
Romantic is the broad literary period/ category, gothic
literature is a subset of this movement.
• This movement, centered in Germany, played off of the type
of material often seen in medieval romances.
• Many romantic novels delved into dramatic new subject
matter, often focusing on a character who lived on the edge
of, or outside of normal society.
(Kagan, Hauser)
16. ROMANTICISM
• Romantic-style literature caught on first in Germany and
England. In contrast to the systematic view, used by
Enlightenment thinkers, who saw the universe as a machine;
romanticism saw the world as organic, like a tree full of life.
• This genre disregarded previous rules for form and
technique, giving free reign to the reader’s imagination.
• English writers believed that their writing was enhanced by
following whatever whim their creative impulses felt.
• The movement took longer, however to catch on in France. It
was not until 1816 that a French writer, Henri Beyle, self-
identified as a romantic writer that the style began to take
hold. (Kagan, 643-648)
17. ROMANTICISM
Key ideals and identifying
factors of the romantic literary
movement:
• Emphasis on emotion
• Idealized nature
• Importance of the individual
• Emphasis on imagination
• Dramatic/ bold subject
matter
• Often uses a ‘dark’ aura to
build suspense
Elements of gothic literature:
• Evil characters
• Evil actions or events
• Spooky or lonely setting
• Appearances of ghosts or
spirits
• Mood of horror or terror
• Magical, mysterious, or
supernatural occurrences
• Subjects such as guilt,
punishment and penance.
(Hauser)
18. ROMANTICISM WORKS OF NOTE
• Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto
• Victor Hugo: Les Miserables
• Mary Shelley: Frankenstein
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient
Mariner, Lyrical Ballads
• Lord Byron: Don Juan, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
• William Wordsworth: The Prelude
• Fredrick Schlegel: Lucinde
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: The Sorrows of Young
Werther, Faust
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Phenomenology of Mind
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline, Rickard)
19. REALISM/NATURALISM (1850-1914)
• Gave a look into the dull verities of bourgeois life.
• Used a pseudo-scientific perspective to bring objectivity
to the hypocrisy and brutality of the time.
• Rejected the idealization that was used previously in the
Romantic movement, instead turning to the dark reality
of the middle class way of life.
• Realist writers often broached the subject of the flaws of
society, exhibiting “alcoholism, prostitution, adultery,
labor strife” (Kagan, 807) and other topics that had not
previously been brought to light.
• Writers like Zola and Ibsen worked to uncover the
unpleasant immorality of the middle-class.
(Kagan)
20. REALISM WORKS OF NOTE
• Emile Zola: L’Assommoir
• Leo Tolstoy: War and Peace
• Claude Bernard: Introduction to the Study of
Experimental Science
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky: Crime and Punishment
• Charles Dickens: The Adventures of Oliver Twist
• George Bernard Shaw: Mrs. Warren’s Profession
• Two pieces of particular importance were Madame
Bovary, by Gustave Flaubert and A Doll’s House, by
Henrik Ibsen.
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline, Rickard)
21. MADAME BOVARY
Madame Bovary, the original ‘realistic’ novel, depicts a
woman who is unsatisfied in her search for love, both
in and outside of her marriage. This novel pours
through the tragic personal details of a promiscuous
bourgeois woman’s life. Ultimately, Madame Bovary
finds that she feels too hopeless to carry on and
chooses to commit suicide. This grim novel embodies
the spirit of the realism movement, free from the
pretense of heroism or civility- diverging completely
from the idealized literature of the past. (Hawthorne)
22. A DOLL’S HOUSE
A Doll’s House tells the tale of Nora Helmer, a seemingly helpless
wife, extremely dependent on her husband Torvald and her domestic
life. In reality, her entire life is a ruse to cover up the fact that she is
doing all kinds of desperate things to repay a loan on which she
forged her father’s signature (without her husband’s knowledge.) As
the plot develops, her façade crumbles. When Torvald realizes that
Nora deceived him for such a long time, he becomes enraged and
calls her unfit to raise his children. When they find out that there will,
in fact, be no consequences for her forgery, he tries to take it all
back. Unfortunately, he had revealed himself to be a selfish,
hypocrite with no regard for her position in the matter. Nora,
unimpressed, leaves Torvald, on a journey to find herself and
become a woman, rather than a ‘doll’ without any illusion of
independence. (Allen, Kashdan)
23. VICTORIAN PERIOD 1832- 1901
• A form of English realism.
• Often critiqued the cruel reality that middle class
members of society had to face.
• The period of English history between the passage
of the first Reform Bill (1832) and the death of
Queen Victoria (reigned 1837–1901).
• This period has a double-edged connotation; it is
remembered for its strict social, political, and sexual
conservatism, but at the same time, it saw prolific
literary activity and significant social reform.
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline, Rickard)
24. VICTORIAN WORKS OF NOTE
• William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair
• Robert Louis Stevenson: Treasure Island
• Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest
• George Eliot: Middlemarch
• Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights
• Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre
• Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, Great Expectations
• Gerard Manley Hopkins: Pied Beauty
• Anthony Trollope: Chronicles of Barsetshire
• Lord Alfred Tennyson: The Charge of the Light Brigade
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline, Rickard)
25. MODERNISM (1870’S – 1965)
• Modernism, like realism, provided critique of morality of the
middle class society.
• Unlike realism, however, Modernism focused on aesthetics,
rather than societal issues.
• Modernism mirrored the upheaval seen in society as a result
of WWI.
• Proponents of Modernism toyed with new forms and styles of
writing, including a technique called stream of
consciousness.
• Developed by Marcel Proust, the ‘stream of consciousness’
style allowed the author to explore all of the facets of their
thought process without any suggested formatting rules.
(Wheeler, Kagan)
26. MODERNISM-STREAM OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
“Novelists have always satisfied our curiosity about
human motivation by revealing the private thoughts of
their characters, but the classic novel contained this
information within an objective description of their
actions and interactions. The avant garde novelists of
the early 20th century believed that they could get
closer to reality not by ‘telling’ but by ‘showing’ how it
is experienced - subjectively.”
-Author David Lodge, regarding the unique literary
technique
27. MODERNISM-AN EXAMPLE OF STREAM
OF CONSCIOUSNESS WRITING
• "Everything (he kept saying) is something it isn't. And everybody
is always somewhere else. Maybe it was the city, being in the
city, that made him feel how queer everything was and that it was
something else. Maybe (he kept thinking) it was the names of the
things. The names were tex and frequently koid. Or they were
flex and oid or they were duroid (sani) or flexsan (duro), but
everything was glass (but not quite glass) and the thing that you
touched (the surface, washable, crease-resistant) was rubber,
only it wasn't quite rubber and you didn't quite touch it but
almost. The wall, which was glass but turned out on being
approached not to be a wall, it was something else, it was an
opening or doorway--and the doorway (through which he saw
himself approaching) turned out to be something else, it was a
wall. And what he had eaten not having agreed with him."
(opening paragraph of "The Door" by E.B. White. The New
Yorker, 1939)
28. MODERNISM WORKS OF NOTE
• Virginia Woolf: A Room of One’s Own, Mrs. Dalloway
• James Joyce: Ulysses, Finnegan’s Wake
• Marcel Proust: Remembrance of Things Past
• George Orwell: Animal Farm
• Franz Kafka: The Metamorphosis, The Trial, The Warden
of the Tomb
• William Butler Yeats: The Tower
• Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness
• Alfred Doblin: Berlin Alexanderplatz
• William Golding: Lord of the Flies
• Albert Camus: The Stranger
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline, Rickard)
29. POST-MODERNISM – 1965- PRESENT
• Literary and societal response to the elitism of high
modernism, as well as the horrifying events of WWII.
• Characterized by a strange mix of high and low culture.
• Fragmentation, paradox, and narrators that are difficult to
define are common. The style of writing evokes the absence
of tradition in a modern consumer-driven, technologically
based society.
• Authors began to use a jumble of various ingredients, known
as pastiche, that had not been seen as appropriate for
literature before, in order to create a more complex story,
filled with allusions to events and style of other literary works
that took a certain level of education to recognize or even
begin to appreciate.
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline)
30. POST-MODERNISM WORKS OF NOTE
• Rahld Dahl: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
• Alasdair Gray, Lanark: A Life in Four Books
• Alan Moore: Watchmen
• Dmitry Galkovsky: The Infinite Deadlock
• Umberto Eco: Foucault’s Pendulum
• Vladimir Nabokov: Mother Night
• John Fowles: The French Lieutenant’s Woman
• Venedikt Erofeev: Moscow-Petushki
• Walter Abish: How German Is It
• Gertrude Stein: The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
• George Perec: Life: A User’s Manual
• Italo Calvino: If on a winter’s night a traveler
(Wheeler, Lit. Timeline, Rickard)
31.
32.
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