This document summarizes a paper on the significance of implementing weather index insurance for agriculture in Bangladesh and some of the challenges. It discusses how agriculture is the primary industry in Bangladesh, contributing greatly to GDP and employing most of the population. However, farmers face many risks from adverse weather like floods that regularly damage crops and infrastructure. Weather index insurance could help protect farmers' livelihoods and food security by providing payouts indexed to weather events like drought or flooding. While such insurance could play an important role, there are also challenges to implementing it effectively in Bangladesh.
Investments in small scale sustainable agricultureGian Paolo Pezzi
More and Better -Nov 10, 2017
This 32 page report gives an overview of the global situation of investments in agriculture. It provides examples from several countries and present recommendations for future investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture.
The aim of the report is to: Increase knowledge, awareness and discussions about investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture among farmers’ organizations, NGOs, institutions and investors working in agriculture, especially in developing countries, as well as decision-makers and institutions in OECD-countries dealing with official development assistance (ODA).
Contribute to increased public and private investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture.
This document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It notes that while India has seen significant economic and social improvements since independence, exclusion continues in terms of low agriculture growth, employment quality, and regional/gender inequalities. The 11th five-year plan advocates for inclusive growth to reduce poverty and disparities. The document outlines five elements of inclusive growth: poverty reduction, agriculture development, social sector development, regional equality, and environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty reduction, employment issues, and policies to promote inclusive development and alleviate poverty in India.
The document discusses Indo-US agricultural cooperation from the Green Revolution to plans for an "Evergreen Revolution". It notes that both countries see agriculture as an important area for cooperation given India's large agricultural sector and food security challenges. Past US assistance helped enable India's Green Revolution through universities, research, and fertilizers. Both countries now aim to expand cooperation through initiatives like the Knowledge Initiative on Agriculture to boost productivity through biotechnology, weather forecasting, and reducing post-harvest losses. The goal is to make agriculture more sustainable, market-oriented, and knowledge-based.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that discusses using entrepreneurship as a vehicle for sustainable food production in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract of the full article and introduces the topics of agriculture in Nigeria, food security, and entrepreneurship. The methodology of a narrative-textual case study is described. Key concepts are then defined, including entrepreneurship as bringing new uses of resources, and sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations. Food security is defined as all people having access to enough nutritious food. The document aims to explore how agriculture can be practiced lucratively in Nigeria and how to improve food supply sustainability.
This document summarizes innovative financing and investment in agriculture across Africa. It notes that while agriculture contributes significantly to African economies, the sector remains underdeveloped with small-scale subsistence farming. Innovative financing beyond traditional sources is needed to boost investment in agriculture given constraints like population growth, climate change impacts, and low productivity. Examples of innovative financing mentioned include rural leasing programs, financial education, bundling credit with services, and index insurance. The document also discusses experiences of success, including direct government financing of agriculture as well as public-private partnerships in countries like Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia aimed at job creation, revenue, and food security. Cooperative models are also helping farmers pool resources.
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Prof. V. Okoruwa's presentation given the the Africa Agriculture Week.
The role of agriculture in an economy is a major factor in determining the economy‟s state of development (Hazell and Diano, 2005). Most African countries are mainly agrarian since agriculture contributes immensely to their economies. Agriculture‟s contribution to GDP in the Africa is between 30% and 40% on the average. The sector accounts for almost 60% of total export earnings in the continent, provides the dominant occupation for about 65% of Africa‟s population and has been growing on the average at about 3.3% each year since 2000 (IFPRI, 2009). Despite this impressive contribution of agriculture to Africa‟s economy, the sector remains largely under-developed. Most farmers are still at the subsistence level and small scale, having less than 2ha of land. The level of technology is also low, production remains weather-dependent and consequently, farmers‟ incomes are low. Poor market access, weak infrastructure and limited ability to influence government policy also characterize the sector (Quartey et al, 2012). Majority of Africa's agricultural population live in rural areas and the rural population comprises over 60% of the entire population. Further, over 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are youths under the age of 30 years and about 65% of this number, work in subsistence agriculture. Rural agricultural workers are among the poorest in Africa with poverty rate averaged at about 50% (UN/ECA, 2010).
Agriculture has the potential to serve as a strong
Building Resilience in Rural Development through Sustainable Development Prac...Adetokunbo Lawrence
The document summarizes findings from a field trip report on sustainable agricultural development in Saki East LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria. It discusses the Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GES), which provides subsidized farm inputs to registered farmers. About 3,000 farmers in Saki East LGA benefit from the program. While GES has increased access to inputs, issues remain around product marketing and conflicts between farmers and nomadic herders. The local government is taking initiatives to support agriculture through pilot farms, a poultry farm, feed mill, and input distribution. Recommendations focus on improving marketing, capacity building, and resolving farmer-herder conflicts.
Investments in small scale sustainable agricultureGian Paolo Pezzi
More and Better -Nov 10, 2017
This 32 page report gives an overview of the global situation of investments in agriculture. It provides examples from several countries and present recommendations for future investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture.
The aim of the report is to: Increase knowledge, awareness and discussions about investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture among farmers’ organizations, NGOs, institutions and investors working in agriculture, especially in developing countries, as well as decision-makers and institutions in OECD-countries dealing with official development assistance (ODA).
Contribute to increased public and private investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture.
This document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It notes that while India has seen significant economic and social improvements since independence, exclusion continues in terms of low agriculture growth, employment quality, and regional/gender inequalities. The 11th five-year plan advocates for inclusive growth to reduce poverty and disparities. The document outlines five elements of inclusive growth: poverty reduction, agriculture development, social sector development, regional equality, and environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty reduction, employment issues, and policies to promote inclusive development and alleviate poverty in India.
The document discusses Indo-US agricultural cooperation from the Green Revolution to plans for an "Evergreen Revolution". It notes that both countries see agriculture as an important area for cooperation given India's large agricultural sector and food security challenges. Past US assistance helped enable India's Green Revolution through universities, research, and fertilizers. Both countries now aim to expand cooperation through initiatives like the Knowledge Initiative on Agriculture to boost productivity through biotechnology, weather forecasting, and reducing post-harvest losses. The goal is to make agriculture more sustainable, market-oriented, and knowledge-based.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that discusses using entrepreneurship as a vehicle for sustainable food production in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract of the full article and introduces the topics of agriculture in Nigeria, food security, and entrepreneurship. The methodology of a narrative-textual case study is described. Key concepts are then defined, including entrepreneurship as bringing new uses of resources, and sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations. Food security is defined as all people having access to enough nutritious food. The document aims to explore how agriculture can be practiced lucratively in Nigeria and how to improve food supply sustainability.
This document summarizes innovative financing and investment in agriculture across Africa. It notes that while agriculture contributes significantly to African economies, the sector remains underdeveloped with small-scale subsistence farming. Innovative financing beyond traditional sources is needed to boost investment in agriculture given constraints like population growth, climate change impacts, and low productivity. Examples of innovative financing mentioned include rural leasing programs, financial education, bundling credit with services, and index insurance. The document also discusses experiences of success, including direct government financing of agriculture as well as public-private partnerships in countries like Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia aimed at job creation, revenue, and food security. Cooperative models are also helping farmers pool resources.
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Prof. V. Okoruwa's presentation given the the Africa Agriculture Week.
The role of agriculture in an economy is a major factor in determining the economy‟s state of development (Hazell and Diano, 2005). Most African countries are mainly agrarian since agriculture contributes immensely to their economies. Agriculture‟s contribution to GDP in the Africa is between 30% and 40% on the average. The sector accounts for almost 60% of total export earnings in the continent, provides the dominant occupation for about 65% of Africa‟s population and has been growing on the average at about 3.3% each year since 2000 (IFPRI, 2009). Despite this impressive contribution of agriculture to Africa‟s economy, the sector remains largely under-developed. Most farmers are still at the subsistence level and small scale, having less than 2ha of land. The level of technology is also low, production remains weather-dependent and consequently, farmers‟ incomes are low. Poor market access, weak infrastructure and limited ability to influence government policy also characterize the sector (Quartey et al, 2012). Majority of Africa's agricultural population live in rural areas and the rural population comprises over 60% of the entire population. Further, over 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are youths under the age of 30 years and about 65% of this number, work in subsistence agriculture. Rural agricultural workers are among the poorest in Africa with poverty rate averaged at about 50% (UN/ECA, 2010).
Agriculture has the potential to serve as a strong
Building Resilience in Rural Development through Sustainable Development Prac...Adetokunbo Lawrence
The document summarizes findings from a field trip report on sustainable agricultural development in Saki East LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria. It discusses the Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GES), which provides subsidized farm inputs to registered farmers. About 3,000 farmers in Saki East LGA benefit from the program. While GES has increased access to inputs, issues remain around product marketing and conflicts between farmers and nomadic herders. The local government is taking initiatives to support agriculture through pilot farms, a poultry farm, feed mill, and input distribution. Recommendations focus on improving marketing, capacity building, and resolving farmer-herder conflicts.
This document provides an overview of the potential for Moringa oleifera trees to address malnutrition in Haiti. It begins with background on Haiti's challenges with malnutrition and food insecurity. It then discusses the moringa tree's nutrition profile and interventions using moringa in other countries. The document argues that promoting home gardens with moringa trees could help address malnutrition through a food-based approach, and that a multisectoral social marketing strategy could promote adoption of moringa cultivation and consumption in Haiti.
Stn2503 Major Crop journal review fatin nurizdian bm18200017fnurizdian
This document provides a summary of factors influencing young people's engagement in the agriculture sector in Malaysia. It discusses the current landscape of agriculture, challenges such as climate change and lack of interest from young generations. Key factors found to influence youth participation include age, education level, land size, gender, household size, economic status and year. The perceptions of youth and approaches taken in other countries to encourage their involvement are also examined.
This article talks about the Union Budget 2009-2010 and gives details whether it fits together with the vision 2020. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research.
This document discusses opportunities for resilient agricultural growth in sub-Saharan Africa. It recommends focusing on building resilient markets, agriculture, and people. Specifically, it suggests reducing food price volatility, facilitating private investment, enabling climate-smart and sustainable intensification, scaling up nutrition programs, and empowering women and youth. Achieving agricultural growth with resilience could significantly improve food security and economic development across Africa.
Mafm the case for investing in agriculture (2010)Joanna T.
This document discusses the case for investing in agriculture. It notes that global population is growing and demand for food, feed, and fuel is increasing, while arable land and water resources are diminishing due to factors like urbanization and climate change. Supply is not keeping up with rising demand. Agricultural assets provide portfolio diversification benefits. Direct investment in farmland and farming operations provides the most exposure to the agricultural sector, while listed stocks and futures contracts offer more liquidity but are more correlated to other markets. Agricultural investments face risks from weather, pests, and commodity price volatility, but risks can be mitigated through diversification and good management practices.
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
Article 4 IMPACT OF INDIAN BANKING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR – WITH REFERE...Dr UMA K
UMA .K
Assistatn Professor in Commerce
Reference: UMA. K & Dr. RECHANNA (2018) “IMPACT OF INDIAN BANKING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR - WITH REFERENCE TO ORGANIC FARMING”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), JETIRG006025, www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162), Volume 5, Issue 10, Page No 202-213.
The Historical Lack of Capital Accumulation in Iran's Agricultural PartIOSR Journals
The increasing amount of income due to the discovery of oil in Iran has caused a gap between the production and need of agricultural products, causing the increase in the import of agricultural products in Iran's economy. The existing gap caused a drastic increase in the prices, and since the growth of agricultural products needed Infrastructure investment, it has been tried to control the increase in the prices with an increase in the import rate. So capital accumulation has not been done to the required rate and the production in agriculture has not increased to the expected rate. The share of workers in the agricultural sector of Iran has faced a decrease since 1980. This is while in the international level, agriculture for the growth of economy, decrease of poverty, food security, and the stability of environment is of high importance. A general investment can reduce risks in the agriculture and increase efficiency in private sectors, so the motives of farmers for investment will be increased.
Addressing Social, Health, Nutrition, and Political Shocks2020resilience
The Democratic Republic of the Congo faces an ongoing humanitarian crisis due to protracted conflict and political instability. While there was optimism during the 2003-2006 political transition, the eastern region remains unstable with ongoing violence and displacement of people. Agriculture and food security are largely neglected by the government despite high rates of malnutrition. Food imports have increased substantially while export crops receive little support. Building resilience among communities will be challenging given reliance on emergency aid and weak government institutions.
This document discusses the performance of agro-based industries in India. It notes that agro-based industries are dependent on agriculture for raw materials and can play an important role in solving problems like poverty, unemployment, and inequality. The document provides statistics on the number and size of agro-based industries in India and examines their production growth rates between 2009-2014. It also analyzes India's exports of major agro-based products such as rice, spices, sugar, and coffee. The summary concludes that agro-based industries have significantly impacted income levels in rural areas of India.
The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.
Boosting the financing of agriculture in nigeria the capital market optionAlexander Decker
This document discusses boosting financing for agriculture in Nigeria through capital markets. It notes that while agriculture was previously a major economic driver, its decline has made Nigeria a net importer of food. The government has implemented various policies to support agriculture, but financing remains a challenge as modern agriculture requires long-term capital. The author proposes that capital markets could provide this long-term financing from state and local governments to accelerate agricultural development. Capital markets may be a viable option for financing agriculture given its need for sustained funding over long periods.
This document discusses agricultural transformation and rural development. It begins by quoting several experts emphasizing the importance of agriculture for economic development. It then provides statistics on rural populations in developing regions. Key challenges discussed include stagnating productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa, unequal land distribution in Latin America, and land fragmentation in Asia. The document categorizes world agriculture systems and discusses traditional peasant agriculture patterns in different regions. It emphasizes the need for government policies to address market failures and ensure the poor benefit from agricultural growth.
The document discusses agricultural labor in India. It notes that around 58% of India's population depends on agriculture and that the number of cultivators has declined from 50% in 1951 to 24% in 2011. It outlines the classification, characteristics, laws, and welfare measures regarding agricultural laborers. Some key challenges faced by agricultural laborers are excess supply, seasonal employment, small land holdings, limited other occupations, indebtedness, and regional variations in issues. Solutions proposed include cooperatives, irrigation development, improved marketing/distribution, and agricultural insurance.
India faces famine and food shortages due to several factors:
1) Population increase strains food resources as India's population exceeds 1 billion and is projected to grow further.
2) Droughts due to monsoon failures every few years destroy crops and farmland, impacting hundreds of millions.
3) Urbanization and conversion of farmland reduces food production capacity as demand rises.
Time for action: RBF Jakarta 2017 Outcome Statements and Recommendations Global Initiatives
Every year, the world population grows by 70 million, which means 70 million more people to feed by an agriculture sector beset by the challenges of shrinking cultivatable farmland and over-stretched water supplies. These challenges will be compounded by climate change.
Presented by IWMI's Karen G. Villholth (Principal Researcher and sub-Theme Leader) at the 2016 Water for Food Global Conference at Nebraska Innovation Campus in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, held on April 24-26 , 2016.
Presented by Guillaume Lacombe at the Regional Conference on Risks and Solutions: Adaptation Frameworks for Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in South Asia, on July 12, 2016, at Hilton, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Presented by IWMI's David Wiberg (Theme Leader – Water Futures) at the launch workshop of the project on "Implementing open-source mobile weather stations to reduce flood damages and increase the preparedness of communities in Sri Lanka", held at IWMI-Headquarters in Sri Lanka on May 3, 2016
This document provides an overview of the potential for Moringa oleifera trees to address malnutrition in Haiti. It begins with background on Haiti's challenges with malnutrition and food insecurity. It then discusses the moringa tree's nutrition profile and interventions using moringa in other countries. The document argues that promoting home gardens with moringa trees could help address malnutrition through a food-based approach, and that a multisectoral social marketing strategy could promote adoption of moringa cultivation and consumption in Haiti.
Stn2503 Major Crop journal review fatin nurizdian bm18200017fnurizdian
This document provides a summary of factors influencing young people's engagement in the agriculture sector in Malaysia. It discusses the current landscape of agriculture, challenges such as climate change and lack of interest from young generations. Key factors found to influence youth participation include age, education level, land size, gender, household size, economic status and year. The perceptions of youth and approaches taken in other countries to encourage their involvement are also examined.
This article talks about the Union Budget 2009-2010 and gives details whether it fits together with the vision 2020. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research.
This document discusses opportunities for resilient agricultural growth in sub-Saharan Africa. It recommends focusing on building resilient markets, agriculture, and people. Specifically, it suggests reducing food price volatility, facilitating private investment, enabling climate-smart and sustainable intensification, scaling up nutrition programs, and empowering women and youth. Achieving agricultural growth with resilience could significantly improve food security and economic development across Africa.
Mafm the case for investing in agriculture (2010)Joanna T.
This document discusses the case for investing in agriculture. It notes that global population is growing and demand for food, feed, and fuel is increasing, while arable land and water resources are diminishing due to factors like urbanization and climate change. Supply is not keeping up with rising demand. Agricultural assets provide portfolio diversification benefits. Direct investment in farmland and farming operations provides the most exposure to the agricultural sector, while listed stocks and futures contracts offer more liquidity but are more correlated to other markets. Agricultural investments face risks from weather, pests, and commodity price volatility, but risks can be mitigated through diversification and good management practices.
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
Article 4 IMPACT OF INDIAN BANKING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR – WITH REFERE...Dr UMA K
UMA .K
Assistatn Professor in Commerce
Reference: UMA. K & Dr. RECHANNA (2018) “IMPACT OF INDIAN BANKING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR - WITH REFERENCE TO ORGANIC FARMING”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), JETIRG006025, www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162), Volume 5, Issue 10, Page No 202-213.
The Historical Lack of Capital Accumulation in Iran's Agricultural PartIOSR Journals
The increasing amount of income due to the discovery of oil in Iran has caused a gap between the production and need of agricultural products, causing the increase in the import of agricultural products in Iran's economy. The existing gap caused a drastic increase in the prices, and since the growth of agricultural products needed Infrastructure investment, it has been tried to control the increase in the prices with an increase in the import rate. So capital accumulation has not been done to the required rate and the production in agriculture has not increased to the expected rate. The share of workers in the agricultural sector of Iran has faced a decrease since 1980. This is while in the international level, agriculture for the growth of economy, decrease of poverty, food security, and the stability of environment is of high importance. A general investment can reduce risks in the agriculture and increase efficiency in private sectors, so the motives of farmers for investment will be increased.
Addressing Social, Health, Nutrition, and Political Shocks2020resilience
The Democratic Republic of the Congo faces an ongoing humanitarian crisis due to protracted conflict and political instability. While there was optimism during the 2003-2006 political transition, the eastern region remains unstable with ongoing violence and displacement of people. Agriculture and food security are largely neglected by the government despite high rates of malnutrition. Food imports have increased substantially while export crops receive little support. Building resilience among communities will be challenging given reliance on emergency aid and weak government institutions.
This document discusses the performance of agro-based industries in India. It notes that agro-based industries are dependent on agriculture for raw materials and can play an important role in solving problems like poverty, unemployment, and inequality. The document provides statistics on the number and size of agro-based industries in India and examines their production growth rates between 2009-2014. It also analyzes India's exports of major agro-based products such as rice, spices, sugar, and coffee. The summary concludes that agro-based industries have significantly impacted income levels in rural areas of India.
The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.
Boosting the financing of agriculture in nigeria the capital market optionAlexander Decker
This document discusses boosting financing for agriculture in Nigeria through capital markets. It notes that while agriculture was previously a major economic driver, its decline has made Nigeria a net importer of food. The government has implemented various policies to support agriculture, but financing remains a challenge as modern agriculture requires long-term capital. The author proposes that capital markets could provide this long-term financing from state and local governments to accelerate agricultural development. Capital markets may be a viable option for financing agriculture given its need for sustained funding over long periods.
This document discusses agricultural transformation and rural development. It begins by quoting several experts emphasizing the importance of agriculture for economic development. It then provides statistics on rural populations in developing regions. Key challenges discussed include stagnating productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa, unequal land distribution in Latin America, and land fragmentation in Asia. The document categorizes world agriculture systems and discusses traditional peasant agriculture patterns in different regions. It emphasizes the need for government policies to address market failures and ensure the poor benefit from agricultural growth.
The document discusses agricultural labor in India. It notes that around 58% of India's population depends on agriculture and that the number of cultivators has declined from 50% in 1951 to 24% in 2011. It outlines the classification, characteristics, laws, and welfare measures regarding agricultural laborers. Some key challenges faced by agricultural laborers are excess supply, seasonal employment, small land holdings, limited other occupations, indebtedness, and regional variations in issues. Solutions proposed include cooperatives, irrigation development, improved marketing/distribution, and agricultural insurance.
India faces famine and food shortages due to several factors:
1) Population increase strains food resources as India's population exceeds 1 billion and is projected to grow further.
2) Droughts due to monsoon failures every few years destroy crops and farmland, impacting hundreds of millions.
3) Urbanization and conversion of farmland reduces food production capacity as demand rises.
Time for action: RBF Jakarta 2017 Outcome Statements and Recommendations Global Initiatives
Every year, the world population grows by 70 million, which means 70 million more people to feed by an agriculture sector beset by the challenges of shrinking cultivatable farmland and over-stretched water supplies. These challenges will be compounded by climate change.
Presented by IWMI's Karen G. Villholth (Principal Researcher and sub-Theme Leader) at the 2016 Water for Food Global Conference at Nebraska Innovation Campus in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, held on April 24-26 , 2016.
Presented by Guillaume Lacombe at the Regional Conference on Risks and Solutions: Adaptation Frameworks for Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in South Asia, on July 12, 2016, at Hilton, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Presented by IWMI's David Wiberg (Theme Leader – Water Futures) at the launch workshop of the project on "Implementing open-source mobile weather stations to reduce flood damages and increase the preparedness of communities in Sri Lanka", held at IWMI-Headquarters in Sri Lanka on May 3, 2016
Presented by IWMI's Alan Nicol at the International Conference on Climate and Environment Change Impacts on the Indus Basin Waters held in Kathmandu, Nepal, on February 17.
Presented by IWMI's Peter McCornick at the World Water Day dialogue titled “Water, jobs and prosperity in Sri Lanka: Partnerships for sustainability”, held in IWMI Headquarters in Colombo Sri Lanka, on March 23, 2016.
Linking structural challenges with best practice in water governance: Understanding cultural norms in institutionalized corruption
Presented by Diana Suhardiman at the 2016 Stockholm World Water Week, in Stockholm, Sweden, on August 31, 2016.
Seminar: Good water governance for inclusive growth and poverty reduction: Session 2 on successful case studies of good water governance
Presented by IWMI Soumya Balasubramanya (Researcher – Environmental Economics) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
Presented by Presented by Jeremy Bird, Director General - IWMI, (on behalf of IWMI researcher Paul Pavelic) at the 8th Global Environment Facility (GEF) Biennial International Waters Conference (IWC-8) held in Negombo, Sri Lanka, on May 9-13, 2016.
Presented by Vladimir Smakhtin at the National Workshop on “Use of Space Based Information for Disaster Management” Colombo, Sri Lanka, November 17, 2014.
This document summarizes research on Water Users' Associations (WUAs) and Branch Canal Water Users' Associations (BCWUAs) in the Meet Yazid area of Egypt. The research team assessed the functioning of WUAs at pumping stations and conducted a comparative survey of 15 BCWUAs. Key findings include: 1) WUAs are not functioning as originally planned and few are formally active; 2) BCWUAs have no legal recognition, resources, or records; and 3) BCWUAs play a limited role in operation and maintenance due to weak links with WUAs and lack of authority. The document concludes that BCWUAs require a law to strengthen their legitimacy and responsibilities, or the idea of
Presented by IWMI's Alan Nicol at the International Conference on Climate and Environment Change Impacts on the Indus Basin Waters held in Kathmandu, Nepal, on February 17.
This document discusses approaches to improving irrigation performance and water use in agriculture. It provides context on the importance of irrigation performance given population growth, changing diets, and water constraints. Key innovations that can improve performance are discussed for the farm/field level and system operations level, including laser land leveling, sprinkler systems, and use of new technologies. The document emphasizes that improving performance requires strengthening links between irrigation systems and farms, as well as leadership to set clear objectives, provide resources, and reward performance. Overall, better irrigation performance can reduce water diversions while enabling food security if it also increases farmers' livelihoods.
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Presented by IWMI's Fraser Sugden at the 2016 Stockholm World Water Week, Stockholm, Sweden, on August 29, 2016.
Session: Migration and water management: Lessons for policy and practice
A review of the Ethiopian context
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Weather index-based crop insurance is a new risk management tool for rural farmers in developing countries. It addresses issues with traditional crop insurance such as adverse selection, moral hazard, and high costs. Payments are triggered based on an index like rainfall levels rather than individual losses. This reduces information problems and administrative costs compared to traditional insurance. Some developing countries have implemented weather index insurance successfully. For example, programs in India and Mexico have provided coverage to hundreds of thousands of farmers. However, proper preparation of indices, premium rates, and involvement of public and private partners is needed for effective implementation in new areas.
The document discusses five major economic problems facing Bangladesh: 1) population growth, 2) natural disasters and environmental degradation, 3) political instability, 4) inequality, and 5) corruption. It provides details on the challenges posed by each problem, including their impacts on the economy, and potential solutions that have been proposed or implemented, such as increasing access to education and family planning to address high population growth, building flood defenses and developing disaster-resistant crops to mitigate natural disasters, and reforming political systems and constitutions to reduce instability.
Impact of climate change on rural householdsM S Siddiqui
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Socio-economic factors influencing uptake of agriculture insurance by smallho...Premier Publishers
Despite a limited uptake by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe, agriculture insurance is considered an effective tool for risk management in agriculture. The study used the Logit regression model to determine the factors that influence the uptake of agricultural insurance by smallholder farmer households in Goromonzi district of Zimbabwe using a random sample of 187 maize contracted farmers. The determinants that were of statistical significant and positively influence the uptake of agricultural insurance were age of head of household, source of extension information coming from non-governmental organisation, and farmer receiving advice on agricultural insurance. On the other hand, the determinants that significantly and negatively influence uptake of agricultural insurance are number of extension visits per month by AGRITEX and other governments departments, number of extension visits by other farmers, total income of households in a year and number of years a household head is in a farmer group. Based on the findings it is clear that the Government of Zimbabwe is not being supportive of agricultural insurance, despite having the largest number of extension staff at smallholder farmer’s exposure. It is therefore recommended that the Government of Zimbabwe through the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Mechanisation must have a policy framework on agricultural insurance training and awareness at smallholder farmer level.
1. The document discusses weather-based crop insurance and describes various risks faced by farmers like droughts and floods. It also discusses different formal and informal risk management strategies.
2. Formal insurance programs are described, including a weather index insurance product offered by ICICI Lombard and BASIX to insure farmers against deficient rainfall. The program divides the monsoon season into growth phases and provides payouts if rainfall is below a trigger level.
3. Challenges in developing weather index insurance are also outlined, such as basis risk. But the product is seen as well-suited for catastrophe risks with simple design and low costs.
- IDDRR 2023 key message
Poverty, inequality and discrimination are causes and consequences of growing disaster risk.
Inequality creates the conditions that render people exposed and vulnerable to disasters. Disasters also disproportionately impact the poorest and most at risk people, thus worsening inequality. Reducing vulnerability to disasters requires addressing these dimensions
By 2030, with current climate projections, the world will face some 560 disasters per year. An additional estimated 37.6 million people will be living in conditions of extreme poverty due to the impacts of climate change and disasters by 2030. A “worst case” scenario of climate change and disasters will push an additional 100.7 million into poverty by 2030.
We can curb the destructive power of hazards—in other words, stop them from turning into disasters—through careful and coordinated planning that is designed to reduce people’s exposure and vulnerability to harm.
Greater investments are needed in the collection and use of disaggregated data, both to better understand disproportionate disaster impacts and exposure, and to inform resilience-building plans.
A glance at innovative flood risk management solutions through the provision of index-based insurance, which uses inundation models and remote sensing data, aimed at helping farmers increase their resilience.
This document provides an overview of crop insurance in India, including the various approaches, concepts, types of crop insurance schemes, and the evolution of crop insurance in India. It discusses the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme and its key challenges, as well as the Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme. It also briefly covers livestock insurance schemes in India.
This document discusses the socioeconomic issues facing farmers in rural India. It notes that farmers face multiple risks like poor crop yields, low prices, and lack of access to credit. This has led to a crisis in the agricultural sector as seen by the increasing rate of farmer suicides. The document then analyzes data showing the low monthly per capita income and consumption among farmers. It discusses some risk mitigation strategies like crop insurance and weather insurance that can help provide farmers stability during times of poor harvests or low rainfall. The conclusion is that such insurance policies can benefit farmers by providing them income even in bad years to support their families and invest in their children's education.
Agriculture production and farm incomes in India are frequently affected by natural disasters like flood, drought and earthquake etc.
Agricultural insurance is considered an important mechanism to effectively address the risk to output and income resulting from various natural and manmade events.
This document discusses the role of agriculture insurance in protecting farmers in Asia and Africa from extreme weather events caused by climate change. It finds that the agriculture sector absorbs a large portion of losses from natural disasters in developing countries, with crops being the most impacted sub-sector. While agricultural insurance programs exist in over 100 countries, penetration rates remain very low in Africa and Asia compared to developed countries that provide substantial government support. Closing the adaptation finance gap, which is currently large and growing, will be important to meet rising costs of adapting agriculture to climate impacts.
Ministry Responsible
Atomic Energy Regulatory
Board
- Nature and magnitude of the disaster
- Financial capability of the State Government
- Recommendations of the High Powered Committee on Disaster Management
The document discusses disaster management from a development perspective in India. It notes that past Five Year Plans did not adequately consider disaster mitigation and focused primarily on relief efforts. Major disasters can significantly set back economic and development progress. The document outlines India's vulnerabilities to different natural disasters. While efforts have been made, more needs to be done to mitigate the impacts of disasters and incorporate prevention/mitigation strategies into development planning given the frequent disasters and losses faced. The global and Indian experience with recent major
Agriculture sustainability and food security is important to ensure future development and meet the needs of a growing global population expected to reach 11 billion by 2050. Sustainable agriculture aims to increase production without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs by considering factors like water and soil management, energy and wildlife conservation, and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. Achieving sustainable agriculture requires efforts across the entire food system from producers to consumers and changes to policies, institutions, and social values.
Agriculture sustainability and food security is our insurance policy for futu...Howard Barmil
This is an academic lecture and discussion which was done at the University of Jordan in college of agriculture; this lecture was made for the PHD candidates.
Sustainable agriculture is the system of farming (cultivating land, harvesting and selling farm products), while enhancing wise rural land development in concert with community interests and environmental protection. We must meet the needs of the present without jeopardizing or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Understanding sustainability.
We must envision the broadest sense; it starts at the individual farm, and ends at the consumer’s table going through the full cycle of the ecosystem (farmers, farmworkers, consumers, policymakers and others). An emphasis on this ecosystem circle allows a larger and more thorough view of the consequences of farming practices on both human communities and the environment. A systematic approach gives us the tools to explore the interconnections between all agents in this ecosystem cycle.
This document discusses weather risk management in India and the potential role of weather derivatives. It notes that over 70% of Indian agriculture is dependent on monsoons, making the sector highly vulnerable to weather fluctuations. Other industries like energy and manufacturing also face revenue losses due to weather. The document examines how weather derivatives could help mitigate these risks by allowing entities to hedge their weather exposures. It provides context on India's weather insurance market and outlines some challenges to further development, such as limited weather data infrastructure and high premium rates. Overall, the document analyzes the rationale for a weather derivatives market in India to strengthen the country's management of weather risk.
The document discusses a project in Rajasthan, India that aimed to empower vulnerable farmers through education and organization. Over 75% of the workforce in Rajasthan depends on agriculture for livelihood. Farmers were often exploited by suppliers and buyers. The project partnered local farmers' groups with an NGO to provide training in business, administration, and finance. Empowered groups negotiated better prices for supplies and crop yields. Additional benefits included access to credit, savings, and sustainable farming techniques. Initial surveys show the farmers are more self-sufficient and able to better cope with environmental challenges.
This document discusses problems faced by farmers in India. It notes that over 58% of rural households depend on agriculture as their primary livelihood. Some key challenges include small land holdings, lack of technical knowledge, weather-dependent farming, low incomes, underdeveloped infrastructure, and inefficient bureaucracy. Farmers also face issues with seeds, fertilizers, irrigation and undeveloped infrastructure policies that slow agricultural growth. Addressing these problems could help improve conditions for farmers and support continued development of India's agricultural sector.
Indo-American Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences appears to be a reputable journal that values both the speed of publication and the quality of research in the fields of agriculture and veterinary sciences. Researchers interested in submitting their work to this journal of the journal research paper.
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Literature review on “weather index insurance for agriculture in bangladesh significance of implementation and some challenges”
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.14, 2013
74
Literature Review on “Weather Index Insurance for Agriculture
in Bangladesh: Significance of Implementation and Some
Challenges”
Debashis Sarker
European Microfinance Program, Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, University Libre de
Brussels, Belgium and Team Leader, BRAC Microfinance Programme, BRAC, Bangladesh.
Contact Address: C/0: Dr. Sukumar Sarker, 89, Nawmahal Bucherpul, Mymensingh-2200, Bangladesh. Email:
deb_sarkar30333@yahoo.com (This paper is dedicated to my lovely parents: Prahlad Chandra Sarker and
Jothsna Rani Sarker)
Abstract
In most developing countries like Bangladesh, farmers are very poor and vulnerable. They face a number of
natural disasters and challenges during their production time. The affect of unavoidable negative weather could
reduce the capacity of production, make farmers unproductive and put them into poverty. To face these
challenges, weather index insurance could take a significant role. All stakeholders from insurance companies to
government to donor agencies should come forward to protect the source of food, living as well as economy by
implementing weather index insurance for farmers though it’s challenging. This paper would focus on the
present studies of weather index insurance mainly some basic issues, advantages, relationship with production,
role of institutional support, challenges of implementation etc.
Keywords: Weather Index Insurance, Bangladesh, Agriculture, Insurance
1. Introduction
Bangladesh is mainly an agricultural country where agriculture is the greatest contributor in the economy. Most
of the Bangladeshis are living on agriculture. About 85% of the total population is living in the rural areas. They
are directly or indirectly related with agricultural production (Rabbani,M., et al, p.17). On the other hand, a
significant component of the national GDP is the rural economy. Agriculture (including crops, livestock,
fisheries and forestry) has a contribution of 21 percent to national GDP. Besides that, non farm sector is also
directed initially by agriculture, for another 33 percent. In Bangladesh, poverty is in the rural and remote areas,
accounting 53 percent of its rural population is identified as poor, totaling 85 percent of the country’s poor.
However, the realities of economy and institutions, demographic and geographic characteristics as well as
vulnerability to natural disaster, creates a challenging environment in Bangladesh. The other challenge is to
maintain pressure on the land. As population is increasing at a rate of 1.6 percent per year, demographic
pressures as well as urbanization have caused cultivated area to reduce at a rate of 1 percent per year.
Bangladesh is a country of rivers. It is a terminal flood plain delta of three large rivers like Brahmaputra, Ganges
and Meghna. This country is experiencing and suffering from flood and flood is affected 20 to 30 percent in
every year even every few years about 40 percent of the country. This is one of the main causes of damages to
infrastructure, crops and the entire economy (The World Bank). Climate change drastically affecting agricultural
sector in Bangladesh. Over the years, farmers are losing their expected production as well as becoming reluctant
to cultivate their land. Thus production is becoming less which is an alarming sign for survival of the economy
and people. The deficit of the production could create severe problems in the normal life of the mass people.
Agriculture is only sector to provide basic food to Bangladeshi people. For saving a huge agricultural production,
weather index insurance could play a significant role. Due to high damage of the production, farmer faces
extreme poverty. Besides that farmers don’t want to take risk for producing products for the changing nature of
the climate. From protecting the multiple problems, index insurance could be a useful tool. Though there are
some challenges to implement this insurance but there is no way to escape from the opportunity of implementing
too. Different financial institutions, insurance companies or other stakeholders should come out with innovative
strategies to implement this index insurance. Bangladesh government has a major role to provide all sorts of
assistance to multiple stakeholders to implement this. Providing support is not enough but government could also
work together to bring positive win-win situation for both-insurance companies and policy holders.
2. The brief profile of Bangladesh with agriculture and insurance perspective
As an agricultural country, agricultural sector has a great contribution in the entire economic sector of
Bangladesh. For the huge contribution of this sector, this sector is known as the heart of the economy of
Bangladesh. This sector has a great importance considering the ultimate source of food, nutrition, employment
opportunities, and poverty reduction etc. of the county. (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2011, p.83) Bangladesh
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has arable land like 7.5 million hectres (18.5 million acres), according to the World Bank, every year Bangladesh
is losing almost 1 percent because of the river erosion, urbanization or increasing population. In most of the low
layer areas, farmers usually harvest once in a year. Total food crop demand in every year 23.029 million metric
ton. (BBS, 2006 and Handbook Agricultural Statistics, MoA) The basic crops of this country are rice and jute.
Besides that, wheat, maize, sugarcane, vegetables, potatoes, different fruits like bananas, jackfruit, mangoes and
pineapples are becoming important as well as tea. Fishing and forestry are other sectors which has a great
contribution in the agriculture economy in Bangladesh. The land of Bangladesh is really fertile and rice could be
produced three times in a year though it can’t be denied that natural disaster is one of the main causes of less
production. As population increases, pressure on the capacity of production is also increases. If the production
destroys, farmers and their families face extreme vulnerability as well as poverty. Especially in the coastal areas
of Bangladesh, farmers face regularly some common problems like drought, flood and salt intrusion. The
country’s agricultural production is mostly affected by natural disaster and extreme weather such as flood,
drought, cyclone, and salinity intrusion which are directly related to the climate change. This is also always
threatening to have more occurrences frequently. (Asian Development Bank) In most of the countries, crop
insurance has experienced a bitter experience in terms of viability. Insurance could be effective by the support of
the government in a form of subsidy. The only state-owned insurance company named Shadharan Bima
Corporation initiated a crop insurance product as a pilot basis in 1977, after a lot of failures it has been
withdrawn in 1995. (Islam, S., 2012) But it’s true that weather risk management is one of the innovative and
newest mechanisms which would be able to transfer financial risks. (Varangis, P., et al) The majority of the rural
population involved in agriculture, facing a lot of challenges to cover the risk of production. This is the thing that
has to be solved for the betterment of the rural poor farmers. The traditional crop insurance products are not
sufficient enough to meet the demand of the farmers or even more costly for verifying crop losses, sometimes
needs to depend on the clients’ honesty and it is obvious that riskier farmers might be more interested to buy
insurance. (Mehta, P., 2011) Agricultural production is always risky as it is highly dependent on the climate.
Farmers usually face a lot of risks like market risks as well as production risks which leads to unstable and
unpredictable income year after year. Though some risks could be managed by themselves but there are some
other risks can’t be managed by the farmers. For coping up these sorts of catastrophic risks, all stakeholders like
farmers, formal or informal financial service providers, raw material suppliers, insurance companies,
government have their own innovative mechanisms. It is really challenging to cope up with covariate risks which
could mainly affect large number of people at a time. Rural people or farmers face difficulties to face such kind
of risks. For managing these risks farmers need get outside help. (WFP and IFAD, 2010) Already government
has taken an initiative to introduce an ‘Agricultural Insurance’ scheme to provide the small and medium farmers
with crop price support in the event of crop failure due to natural disaster. (Bangladesh economic review, 2011,
p.84), But questions always exits of their effectiveness and sustainability.
3. Weather index insurance and weather risks: An overview
3.1 Basic concept of Weather Index Insurance:
Though the idea of index insurance is not new but weather index insurance is very new and innovative concept
in Bangladesh. Recently, weather index insurance (WII) became an interesting tool to insure rural farmers from
weather related risk in developing countries. The main idea of weather index insurance is simple. When a certain
determined weather index is high (flood) or below (drought) with specific predetermined threshold insurance
give indemnity payment to the policy holder. (Fuchs, A. and Wolff, H., 2010) Basically weather index insurance
is such a tool which helps to reduce risk of the production for the farmers from the climate shocks and climate
change. “Index insurance is a financial product linked to an index highly correlated to local yields. Contracts are
written against specific perils or events (example-area yield loss, drought, hurricane, flood) that are defined and
recorded at regional levels (example-at a local weather station)” (Hazel, P. et at, 2010) In these days, researchers
and development agencies have been experimenting and exploring the opportunities of using weather index
insurance to reduce the risk of poor people in the rural areas. By using this product, farmers may get indemnities
on the realization of a weather index measures a specific variables of weather for example rainfall or temperature,
measured at a specific weather station over a specified time period. But weather index insurance doesn’t cover
the actual losses experienced by the policy holder. (Barnett, B.J. and Mahul, O., p.3) World Bank has
successfully piloted some of the projects of weather index insurance in some developing countries like Malawi,
Mongolia and India. In India, weather based insurance products is implemented by one of the MFIs and stated
owned bank. (IFC)
3.2 Weather risk in Agriculture and different types
Weather risk in agriculture mostly depends on the diverse issues and the impact of climate change. It is really
difficult to make a common platform to understand this. It depends on from agricultural orientation to the
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fertility power of soil and crop, variability of water to irrigation process, poor drainage system to lack of
managerial competency. But if we talk about the types of risk, it is mainly of uncertain events like heavy rain or
windstorm or could be for events occurring for a long time like drought etc. though all these depends on the
timing and crops strengths of the particular agricultural production system.
Major Weather-Related Risks Affecting Agriculture
• Drought: Crop varieties face difficulties to adapt with mean rainfall and weather balance, it is naturally
happened annually or more times in a year, very risky for livestock.
• Excess rainfall and flood: This directly or indirectly affect agricultural production, it is in nature of
reverine, flash and coastal flood, destroy the irrigation system, drainage etc.
• High temperature: This lead to the drought, affects the product life cycle.
• Low temperature: This also affect by freezing, it may create less warm at season
• Wind: It could create cyclone and frontal windstorm or even tornado which directly destroys production.
• Hail: This is mostly localized.
Source: Agriculture and Rural Development discussion paper, 50, The World Bank, p. 6
4. Significance of Weather Index Insurance in Agricultural development
4.1 Relationship between weather and production:
Weather and production has a direct correlation between each other because agricultural production is highly
dependent on the weather. In the extreme cases when flood, windstorm or drought happens, those may cause
serious damage of the agricultural production. Form the early stage to final stage of production means products
life cycle, different natural supports are needed. Extreme weather could damage any one part of the production
phase which would ultimately destroy the production of the final product. Sometimes damages could be
measured personally but in most cases it is really difficult to make sure about the weather incidents and damage
together. Sometimes relationship between two variables could be found easily when there is regular weather
event. But some other important factors also influence the production of agriculture like pest and disease which
causes crop losses. When partial or full irrigation is happening, less strong relationship is there. In some places
where rainfall is more and seasonally less traced in that case relationship might be less easy to establish.
However, droughts are also a symbol of tropical crop production where in the same year flood and drought could
happen. So considering all these issues, making a point on realization is risky. (The World Bank, 2011)
4.2 Advantages of Weather Index Insurance to Agriculture
On the basis of damage assessment, traditional insurance could not protect farmers effectively because of the
asymmetric information as well as moral hazard between two parties like farmers and insurance companies.
(Leblois, A. et al. 2012) Poor rural farmers in developing countries like Bangladesh are vulnerable to manage,
arrange of risks associated with their production and obstacles that hamper their socio-economic development. In
particular, weather risk is very dangerous to agricultural production. This risk could destroy the future of
production as well as make farmers in trap into poverty. The aforesaid trap can hamper the improvement of
socio-economic condition of the poor farmers. Weather risks give so many shocks to farmers that make them
also not to invest in the field. (Dick, W., et al, p.11) However, Insurance can help poor people to overcome
several risks for their production. Compare to other traditional insurance products, weather index insurance has
many benefits. Here are some of these: the contract of this type of insurance is simple and straightforward which
eventually helps the entire sales mechanisms, it pays based on the realized value of the related index, calculation
of actual loss can be avoided, no need to determine policy holders considering risks, insurer has a high
knowledge on the best information which reduces the problem of adverse selection, on the other hand, it also
reduces moral hazard, cost of operation is relatively lower to avoid asymmetric information, because of the
nature of the index based insurance, there is no need to be an expert to run this insurance in the agricultural field.
(Barnett, B.J. and Mahul, O., p.5)
4.3 Role of support to agricultural development
In the developing country like Bangladesh, weather index insurance could play an important role for protecting
the rural poor farmers. When the strategy of implementing this insurance is integrates as well as market driven, it
can easily support agricultural development. Many farmers don’t want to take risk for the production due to
several bad weather experiences. If they don’t know how to cope with the extreme environment they usually
escape from the risk and they don’t want to lose their investment. This is how they are out of several productions
and putting themselves into poverty. So for creating more values in terms of helping these poor farmers out of
the risk, weather index insurance could work as a bridge among competent market, infrastructure, information,
technological opportunities as we all as financial inclusion in an effective manner. These value additions will
also help insurer to increase the uses of insurance in a sustainable manner. On the other hand, it would create
more benefits to the insurance companies who basically would work for this vulnerable group. The main feature
of this index insurance is it’s simplification and understandable to different stakeholders specially customers to
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rely on the information. Thus this insurance mechanism could be useful to reach so many poor families in the
rural areas means will enhance outreach. However, the most likely target group will be emergent and well-off
farmers, as it is suspect that the majority of poor smallholders would directly purchase insurance on a sustainable
basis (In particular, weather risk is very dangerous to agricultural production. This risk could destroy the future
of production as well as make farmers in trap into poverty. The aforesaid trap can hamper the improvement of
socio-economic condition of the poor farmers. Weather risks give so many shocks to farmers that make them
also not to invest in the field. (Dick, W., et al, p.11, 2011)
4.4 Institutional support for promoting Weather Index insurance
Multitasks and multiple stakeholders’ involvement is needed to run this insurance successfully. Depending on
the insurance companies or donors could not be the only solution of implementing this index insurance to protect
farmers in Bangladesh. Here to contribute, from local insurance company to donors, international organizations
to government support- all are needed to see this insurance effective in the real field. Awareness buildings
among staff of the organization, who will deal with this product as well as the customers’, are some of the
important tasks. International network organizations or world bodies like World Bank, International Finance
Organization, Asian Development Bank-all could play an important role as promoters in developing countries
like Bangladesh.
5. Challenges of implementing weather index insurance
In Bangladesh, there are lot of challenges could be faced for implementing weather index based insurance
because literacy of this product is very limited and people are away from insurance for its bad reputation. By the
way, one challenge would be to properly initiate the index based insurance as it is new and special expertise is
needed for research and effective product development, orient the internal organizational staff, insurance agents
and at the same time building awareness and building capacity to farmers or customers would be difficult one.
Besides that reaching to the rural areas would be another challenge as because of the shortage of the
infrastructure or local institutions or even building partnership. For doing so, operational cost could be higher
than expectation which also lead to limit the scale of the implementation of the weather index insurance products.
Meanwhile, collecting premium on timely as well as using technology to reduce cost would be other challenges.
For the insurance companies they could have needed another reinsurance support from other institutions and
managing this could be challenging. Setting the technology near to cultivate areas and protect themselves from
the theft, developing automated weather stations, satellite data for rainfall insurance, ensuring quality data and
make farmers understand the real data etc. are some of other challenges could be faced by insurers. But it is true
that without the government support nothing could be done properly. For educating the government officials and
stimulating their mindset to implement this insurance is really important. In the implementation phase primarily
government may come out with the help of subsidy to make it possible and help the vulnerable farmers from all
the possible risks of weather changes. The strategic steps of starting weather index insurance in a country like
finding stakeholders and sponsors for piloting, stress given on insuring crops and regions, gathering recent data
on weather, emphasize on including expert in the process of judging weather behavior, practices of farmers as
well as crop modeling, focusing on structuring pilot with stakeholders, initiate to lunch products as well as
reinsure the risk. (Mapfumo, S. 2007)
6. Conclusion:
In most of the rural areas of Bangladesh, natural disaster affects poor farmers in a rough manner. This often
forces farmers to drag their members of the family into poverty. To face this challenge, poor farmers lose their
valuable assets to purchase food. Not only this, it has also affect child education. Parents prefer to save fees
rather than sending their children to the school. Weather insurance can make farmers more confident to purchase
raw materials like fertilizers, seeds etc. and to protect their crops as investment. (Rockefeller Foundation, 2012)
To protect from all sorts of external risks as well as climate change, weather index insurance could play a
significant role. For improving the quality of life as well as increasing agricultural production, this index
insurance could play an important role. The proper management of risk could help farmers to access to credit
which will help to enhance the operation of farming. (ILO, 2011, p.2) With all above mentioned challenges of
implementing weather index insurance for rural farmers in Bangladesh, every stakeholder should work together
for the well being of the farmers. When farmers would be secured in terms of cultivating their land effectively,
they could be more capable of contributing in the economic growth of the country. The contribution to GDP
would be increased. Besides that, most of the people could be relived from the curse of poverty. People would be
able to enjoy their life without the tension of food security. On the other hand, Government should establish
institutions which would provide ample opportunity to policy makers to develop strategic guidelines and clear
vision on policies. (GlobalAgRisk, 2009, p. 130) Government should come out with innovative strategies to
implement this index insurance with building strategic partnership with different non- government organization.
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About the Author: The Author is now doing an advanced master program in Microfinance at University Libre
de Brussels, Belgium with full scholarship. Before joining this programme, he worked four years in BRAC
Microfinance Programme, BRAC (www.brac.net), Bangladesh. He was born in a city of Bangladesh named
Mymensingh in 1981. He did his Bachelor and Master in Business Administration from University of Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
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