Bipolar disorder is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania or depression separated by periods that seem symptom-free but are not fully so. It has two major types, bipolar 1 and 2, differentiated by the length and severity of manic episodes. The lifetime prevalence in the US is about 2.6% of the population. Treatment involves pharmacological interventions like mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants as well as therapy. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help minimize the impact of this severe condition, but it remains a challenging illness due to its fluid nature and lifelong duration.
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic and disabling mental disorder with a varying course. It is characterised by a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of typical emotional responses. It is a clinical syndrome
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic and disabling mental disorder with a varying course. It is characterised by a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of typical emotional responses. It is a clinical syndrome
A Psychiatric emergency is a disturbance in thought, mood or action which causes sudden stress to the individual or sudden disability, thus requiring immediate management.
Pandangan Ilmu Kedokteran Jiwa pada KESURUPAN Andri Andri
Kasus Kesurupan di Indonesia banyak dikaitkan dengan budaya. Presentasi ini mencoba melihat masalah kesurupan lebih kepada sudut pandang ilmiah. Presentasi ini disampaikan di Fakultas Psikologi Univ Mercubuana pada tanggal 23 Mei 2015
Running head BIPOLAR DISORDERBIPOLAR DISORDER9Page numb.docxsusanschei
Running head: BIPOLAR DISORDER
BIPOLAR DISORDER 9
Page number on page one?
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a term that is used to describe a mental illness, which has many dDysthymica effects on the mind and the body of its victims. The condition is also known as the manic-depressive disorder. Research that has been conducted shows that the condition is mostly found in young adults and since recently in children as well. Studies have also shown that in the United States alone the condition affects close to 4 million people and is slowly being considered as one of the most common disabilities amongst Americans. Women in their mid-forties are also at a high chance of developing the mental disorder. After developing the mental disease, a typical patient may experience up to ten episodes of other mental disorders in the course of their condition. For women who suffer rapid-cycling, they may experience more manic episodes and depressive episodes that happen after each other without leaving space for remission (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, UK, 2006). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: How do you know all of these things? Recall from week one course announcements and discussion feedback that a citation is needed every single time you refer to the work of another. Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: This is not a scholarly source.
The conditionBipolar disorder is characterized by two specific mood swings, namely mania, and depression. These mood swings that almost constantly affect bipolar people can further be divided into three subcategories, namely bipolar I disorder (BD-I), bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and cCylothymia. This The purpose of this paper seeks is to discuss the bipolar disorder in general, as well as summarizeing a short history of the condition, the subcategories of the condition, the symptoms, causes, and treatments of the disease (Miklowitz & Alloy, 2009). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: ? What is your source on this? Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: The disorder is divided into three categories not the mood swings. Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: What about your case study?
The existence of the bipolar disorder was discovered during the ancient Greek era. The Greeks took it that this type of manic depression disorder was a condition of the blood, choler, phlegm, and black bile. The condition was thought to be associated with human body fluids because these fluids are responsible for homeostatic imbalances within the human body. According to the Greek academics, ensuring that the body was in a homeostatic equilibrium would cause humans to develop a need to purge themselves or release into the blood stream specific amounts and quantities of these fluids. Plato, the scholar, was strongly founded on the belief that the disorder was caused by inspirations such as God, love, and writings. Other scholars slightly agreed with Plato but imagined that the disorder was as a result of environmental factor ...
Efficacy of Psychopharmacological Interventions for Bipolar Disorders (Lithi...SaefullahMaye
Bipolar disorders are mental disorder that causes dramatic changes in the mood, individuals with bipolar have experiences high and low moods, that known as mania and depressive episodes. The fifth American Psychiatric Association 2013 (DSM-5) describes three types of bipolar disorder: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. Bipolar disorders is common, the particular prevalence of bipolar disorder depends on the concept of the classification between bipolar I and II disorders, This scientific report includes various aspects of bipolar disorders in aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment options. In this scientific report, you will see the effect of the three medications on bipolar patients, which include lithium, carbamazepine and valproic acid, so that each of them has a big effect in the treatment of bipolar disorders. In this scientific report we used different meta-analysis and RCT studies for every medication, in all the studies the effect of psychopharmacological interventions for bipolar disorders was apparent.
Teen Depression Essay
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A Psychiatric emergency is a disturbance in thought, mood or action which causes sudden stress to the individual or sudden disability, thus requiring immediate management.
Pandangan Ilmu Kedokteran Jiwa pada KESURUPAN Andri Andri
Kasus Kesurupan di Indonesia banyak dikaitkan dengan budaya. Presentasi ini mencoba melihat masalah kesurupan lebih kepada sudut pandang ilmiah. Presentasi ini disampaikan di Fakultas Psikologi Univ Mercubuana pada tanggal 23 Mei 2015
Running head BIPOLAR DISORDERBIPOLAR DISORDER9Page numb.docxsusanschei
Running head: BIPOLAR DISORDER
BIPOLAR DISORDER 9
Page number on page one?
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a term that is used to describe a mental illness, which has many dDysthymica effects on the mind and the body of its victims. The condition is also known as the manic-depressive disorder. Research that has been conducted shows that the condition is mostly found in young adults and since recently in children as well. Studies have also shown that in the United States alone the condition affects close to 4 million people and is slowly being considered as one of the most common disabilities amongst Americans. Women in their mid-forties are also at a high chance of developing the mental disorder. After developing the mental disease, a typical patient may experience up to ten episodes of other mental disorders in the course of their condition. For women who suffer rapid-cycling, they may experience more manic episodes and depressive episodes that happen after each other without leaving space for remission (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, UK, 2006). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: How do you know all of these things? Recall from week one course announcements and discussion feedback that a citation is needed every single time you refer to the work of another. Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: This is not a scholarly source.
The conditionBipolar disorder is characterized by two specific mood swings, namely mania, and depression. These mood swings that almost constantly affect bipolar people can further be divided into three subcategories, namely bipolar I disorder (BD-I), bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and cCylothymia. This The purpose of this paper seeks is to discuss the bipolar disorder in general, as well as summarizeing a short history of the condition, the subcategories of the condition, the symptoms, causes, and treatments of the disease (Miklowitz & Alloy, 2009). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: ? What is your source on this? Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: The disorder is divided into three categories not the mood swings. Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: What about your case study?
The existence of the bipolar disorder was discovered during the ancient Greek era. The Greeks took it that this type of manic depression disorder was a condition of the blood, choler, phlegm, and black bile. The condition was thought to be associated with human body fluids because these fluids are responsible for homeostatic imbalances within the human body. According to the Greek academics, ensuring that the body was in a homeostatic equilibrium would cause humans to develop a need to purge themselves or release into the blood stream specific amounts and quantities of these fluids. Plato, the scholar, was strongly founded on the belief that the disorder was caused by inspirations such as God, love, and writings. Other scholars slightly agreed with Plato but imagined that the disorder was as a result of environmental factor ...
Efficacy of Psychopharmacological Interventions for Bipolar Disorders (Lithi...SaefullahMaye
Bipolar disorders are mental disorder that causes dramatic changes in the mood, individuals with bipolar have experiences high and low moods, that known as mania and depressive episodes. The fifth American Psychiatric Association 2013 (DSM-5) describes three types of bipolar disorder: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. Bipolar disorders is common, the particular prevalence of bipolar disorder depends on the concept of the classification between bipolar I and II disorders, This scientific report includes various aspects of bipolar disorders in aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment options. In this scientific report, you will see the effect of the three medications on bipolar patients, which include lithium, carbamazepine and valproic acid, so that each of them has a big effect in the treatment of bipolar disorders. In this scientific report we used different meta-analysis and RCT studies for every medication, in all the studies the effect of psychopharmacological interventions for bipolar disorders was apparent.
Teen Depression Essay
Major Depressive Disorder Essay
Essay on Depressive Disorders
Psychology and Depression Essay
Essay on Depression
Depression and Mental Health Essay
Abstract On Depression
Depression Research Papers
Essay on Depression
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Reflection On Depression
Depression and Anxiety Essay example
Healthcare practitioners may better assist their patients by determining the best course of therapy after learning the specific types of depression being experienced. Knowing more about the particular condition will help those who have been diagnosed with depression.
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3. Abstract
Bipolar disorder is described as chronic, relapsing illness that is characterized by
recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. This is intervened by periods that seem
almost symptom free, but not fully. It is a serious brain disorder. It is also called manic-
depressive illness. It is a tough disorder to manage as it is a dynamic and constantly fluctuating
disease. Symptoms usually onset during adolescents or early adulthood and continue over a
lifetime. This is truly a harsh diagnosis as it very much effect a person’s quality of Life, overall
health status and functioning. It is not the same as the regular ups and down one may think of.
The symptoms are more sever then that and can make it hard to go to school or work or even
keep healthy relationships. Bipolar disorder has two major types, Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2. There
are differentiated by the length of mania symptoms. Typically as these symptoms present
themselves as depression and mania/hypomania. These symptoms cycle on and off and can last
anywhere from two to six months if left untreated. Anyone can develop this disorder and as
stated usually last a lifetime. The cause are not always simple and clear, genetics is a factor but
also abnormal brain structure and function play a role. The worst of this illness is that it is hard
to diagnose right away. Many people present with several different problems so it is not always
clear if they are separate or part of a bigger picture. Treatment includes medications in which
there are different types that can possibly help depending on the symptoms. Therapy is also
available to help and this takes place in many forms.
4. History of the Disorder
In 1852 a French Scientist named Falret developed a theory he called “folie
circular” which meant circular madness. He defined this as manic and melancholic episodes
separated by symptom free intervals. A few yearslatertwo more scientistnoticedthe same type of
cyclingepisodes. Theirprognosisforsuchsymptomswasstatedas “incurable,andterrible”.Thiswas
describedbyasa circularillnessandrecurrentconditionandbecame the prototype behindperiodic
melancholiaandperiodiccyclicdisorder. (Angst,J.,&Sellaro,R.(2000). Natural history:Historical
perspectivesandnatural historyof bipolardisorder. BiologicalPsychiatry, 48445-457.
doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00909-4).
Bipolardisorderhasa huge economicimpactonthe healthcare system.In2009 the estimated
total cost for thisdisorder,whichincludedinpatient,outpatientcost,pharmaceuticalsandcommunity
care, reached $30.7 billiondollars(DilsaverSC.Anestimate of the minimumeconomicburdenof bipolar
I and IIdisordersinthe UnitedStates:2009. J AffectDisord.2011;129:79-83). I we thinkaboutthat inan
overall sense thatincludesthe personwiththe illnessandthe lossof work,lossof productivity,sick
leave,anduncompensatedcare itreachesupto $120 billionannually(Jann,M.W.(2014). Diagnosisand
Treatmentof BipolarDisordersinAdults:A Review of the Evidence onPharmacologicTreatments.
American Health & Drug Benefits,7(9),489-498.).
Disorder Characteristics
Bipolardisorderhasmany characteristics because itinvolvesmanymoodepisodes. There are
manicepisodes,depressiveepisodes,ormixedepisodeswhichhave bothmanicanddepressive
5. symptoms.Duringthese episodesthe symptomslastall dayandcan be for a weekor manyevenlonger.
Theyare intense andstrongfeelingsandhappenwithextremechange inbehaviororlevelsof energy.
Duringa manicepisode peoplemayexperience feelingsof feelingveryhigh,orjumpy.Theytalkreally
fastabout manydifferentthings,jumpingformone subjecttoanother.Theymanyexperience feelings
of irritability,theyhave trouble sleeping,andalsoinvolve themselvesinmanydifferentthingsatonce
evenif theycan possiblyfinishthem.Theycanalsodo riskythingslike spendalotof moneyorhave
recklesssexual encounters.If theyare experiencingadepressiveepisode thentheyexperiencethings
such as feelingdown,worriedalot, feelings of emptiness.Theycanforgetthingsalot or lose interestin
whattheyusedto like.Theycanfeel tiredbuthave trouble sleeping.Thoughtsof deathandsuicide can
occur (BipolarDisorder(Easy toRead).(n.d.).RetrievedApril 16,2015, from
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml#pub5).
As statedbefore thisdisorderhastwotypes,Bipolar1 andBipolarII.Bipolar1 isdefinedbythe
presence of maniawithepisodesof depression,the moodsswingbetweenmaniaanddepressionand
are bothequallysever.Depressionreachesstagesof major depressive andmaniaisconsideredtrue
mania.BipolarIIis characterizedbyepisodesof depressionandhypomanicepisodes,whereasthe up
phase onlyreacheshypomaniabutthe downphase still reacheslevelsof majordepressions (Donnelly,
2001). The difference betweenthe twoisbasicallythe difference inthe mania’sseverityandintensity.
Mania symptomsare impairing,theyare severe andcancause symptomsof psychosis.Whereas
hypomaniaisnotas severandlast forshorterperiodsof time.Itusuallydoesnotcause social or
occupational impairment(AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.DiagnosticandStatistical Manual of Mental
Disorders.DSM-5.5th ed.Arlington,VA:AmericanPsychiatricPublishing;2013).
6. Disorder Prevalence
The life time prevalence of Bipolardisorderinadultsisthe UnitedStatesof Americahasbeen
reportedtobe 2.6%. of the population.Of that82.9% isclassifiedassevere(National Institutesof
Health.National Institute of Mental Health.Statistics.
www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/bipolar-disorder-among-adults.shtml.Accessed April
14, 2015). Bipolarpatientswhoare hospitalizedspendabout20% of theirlifetime fromonsetin
episodes.Fiftypercentof those episodeslast2-7month.The intervalsbetweenthe firstfewepisodes
tentto be shorterbut latertheyreturnirregular,onlyabout0.4 per yearbasis(Angst,2000). Generally
individualswithBipolardisorderare predisposedtoother comorbid psychiatricdisorderthenthose with
otherpsychiatricdisorders.Othercomorbiditieswhichare quite commoninclude anxietyandalcohol
dependency.Notonlydoesthishave major consequences fortreatmentbutitcan increase the time of
episodes.Thiscanincrease the risk of druginteractions since more thanlikelytheywill be prescribed
othermedication.Possibilityof poorcompliance andsuicidalityare high(GrantBF, StinsonFS,HasinDS,
et al.Prevalence,correlates,andcomorbidityof bipolarIdisorderandaxisIand II disorders:results
fromthe National EpidemiologicSurveyonAlcohol andRelatedConditions.JClinPsychiatry.
2005;66:1205-1215.Medical Aspect).
Medical Aspect
IndividualswithBipolardisorderhave ahighaspectfor medical comorbidity.These morbidities
include cardiovasculardisease,diabetes,obesityandHepatitisCvirus.Manyreasoncan account for
these issues.Individualscanuse substanceswithanotherindividualsandleadtoHVC.Diabetesand
obesitycanoccur as side effectsformtreatmentandmedications (Jann,2014).
7. Treatment MethodologiesandEfficacy
1. Screeningindividualsforahistoryof mania,hypomaniaonthe firstpresentationof
depressionisaproactive steptowardthe recognitionof Bipolarandthe firststepof
treatment. PharmacologictreatmentforBipolardisorderinclude treatmentwithMood
stabilizers,anti-psychotics,andanti-depressants.Asfaras moodstabilizersgo lithiumhas
beenthe foundationtreatmentformore than60 years.The issueswiththismedicationare
it isnot rapidly effectiveforacute maniaandit cannot treatthe depression(Jann,2014).
Mania isbesttreatedwithan atypical antipsychotic.There isnumerousamountsof
evidence pointingthiswith.Onlyone thoughisproventobe quite effective for
monotherapyand thatis Seroquel andSeroquel XR,whichhasthe highestefficacy(DerryS,
Moore RA.Atypical antipsychoticsinbipolardisorder:systematicreview of randomized
trials.BMC Psychiatry.2007;7:40). Antidepressantsare anothertype of medicationthat
doctorsuse to treatBipolardisorder.Thisare usedtotreat the depression.The issues
thoughisthat whenon an antidepressantabipolarindividualmayundergoaextreme rapid
switchto mania.Theyare not FDA approvedforuse to treatBipolarbut theyare frequently
prescribed(Jann,2014). Therapyis alsousedintreatment.Talktherapyisone whichcan
helpanindividual change theirbehaviorstobettermanage theirlives,helpthemwithsocial
connectednessandhowtocope and getalongbetterwithfriends andfamily(National
Institutes of Health. National Institute of Mental Health. Statistics.
www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/bipolar-disorder-among-
adults.shtml. Accessed April 14, 2015).
8. Discussion
This is a challenging illness. It’s so fluid and dynamic and to last a lifetime can
make it hard to deal. Diagnosis is important to catch early and the longer untreated to
worse it can get. The healthcare cost alone is an extreme amount for most individuals.
Medication cost and doctor visits. The mainstay treatment is pharmacological. So it’s on
the doctors to diagnose right and put clients on the correct medications, as we
discussed earlier mood stabilizers were the go to but because of issues with mania
treatment and the availability of antipsychotics that have shown efficacy in treating the
mania, and depression the choices have increased drastically. This aspect alone can help
minimize the impact of this sever condition.
9. References
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders. DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013
3. Angst,J.,& Sellaro,R.(2000). Natural history:Historical perspectivesandnatural historyof
bipolardisorder. BiologicalPsychiatry, 48445-457. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00909-4
4. Derry S, Moore RA. Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar disorder: systematic review of
randomized trials. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:40
5. Dilsaver SC. An estimate of the minimum economic burden of bipolar I and II
disorders in the United States: 2009. J Affect Disord. 2011;129:79-83
6. Donnelly,J.,Kittleson,M.,&Eburne,N. (2001). Mental Health Dimensionsod Self-Esteem
and Emotion Well-Being. NeedhamHeights,Massachusetts:A pearsonEducationCompany.
7. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Hasin DS, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of
bipolar I disorder and axis I and II disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic
Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:1205-
1215.Medical Aspect
8. Jann,M. W. (2014). DiagnosisandTreatmentof BipolarDisordersinAdults:A Review of the
Evidence onPharmacologicTreatments. American Health & Drug Benefits,7(9), 489-498.
9. BipolarDisorder(EasytoRead).(n.d.).RetrievedApril 16,2015, from
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-easy-to-
read/index.shtml#pub5
10. 10. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Mental Health. Statistics.
www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/bipolar-disorder-among-
adults.shtml. Accessed April 14, 2015).