1. Lipids serve important roles in organisms as metabolic fuels, components of cell membranes, and insulators. Cholesterol is present in plasma as esters and acts as a precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids. Triacylglycerols and phospholipids are important energy sources and structural components of cell membranes.
2. Fatty acids exist as essential and non-essential forms, occurring in plasma as esters or in free form. They are stored as triacylglycerols in fat tissue and released during lipolysis to act as an energy source for liver, heart and muscles.
3. Disorders of lipid metabolism include both primary causes like genetic familial hypercholesterolemia and secondary causes
This document discusses abetalipoproteinemia, a rare genetic disorder characterized by the lack of apolipoprotein B, which is necessary for the formation of chylomicrons, VLDLs, and LDLs. This leads to an inability to absorb and transport dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Patients with abetalipoproteinemia experience fat accumulation in intestinal and liver cells, malabsorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin E, and associated neurological and vision complications. The underlying genetic defect is mutations in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene, which is essential for producing beta-lipoproteins needed for fat absorption and transport.
This document discusses hyperlipidemia and various plant constituents that can help treat it. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and listing some common causes. It then discusses the lipid regulation pathway and how various conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and alcohol use can disrupt this pathway and cause hyperlipidemia. The document focuses on various polyphenolic compounds found in plants that have been shown to help treat hyperlipidemia by modulating the AMPK pathway and SREBP transcription factor to lower cholesterol synthesis and increase excretion. Specific polyphenols discussed include catechins, EGCG, and the Bergamot Polyphenol Fraction.
Coronary heart disease due to atherosclerotic process is the major cause of death.Lipids have been implicated for enhanced atherosclerosis. The major lipids involved are triacy glycerol and cholesterol which are transported in the plasma by lipoproteins. So a better understanding of lipid transport and its abnormalities is essential for medical and health professional students.
This document provides an overview of lipoproteins and their metabolism. It defines the main types of lipoproteins, including their composition and functions. Specifically, it discusses chylomicrons, which transport dietary lipids from the intestine to tissues; very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which transport endogenous triglycerides from the liver; and high density lipoproteins (HDL), which transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver. The document also examines the role of lipoprotein lipase and apolipoproteins in lipoprotein metabolism, and how imbalances can lead to diseases like obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
This document discusses lipoproteins, which transport lipids through the bloodstream. It defines the major lipoprotein types (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL), their compositions, functions, and roles in lipid metabolism. Specifically, it describes how chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine, VLDL transports lipids from the liver, and how their triglycerides are broken down by lipoprotein lipase in peripheral tissues. Imbalances in lipoprotein metabolism can lead to diseases like obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular conditions.
Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids through the bloodstream. There are four main types of plasma lipoproteins - chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL - which differ in size, density, and lipid/protein composition. Chylomicrons carry dietary lipids from the intestine to other tissues, VLDL transports endogenous lipids from the liver, LDL carries cholesterol, and HDL transports cholesterol from tissues to the liver for processing or excretion. The metabolism and interactions between these lipoproteins, such as the transfer of lipids between them, are tightly regulated and essential for maintaining lipid homeostasis.
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in the body and transported through the bloodstream within lipoproteins. It is produced in the liver and intestines and used to form cell membranes, produce hormones and vitamin D. High levels of cholesterol, especially LDL cholesterol, can lead to atherosclerosis and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Risk factors include diabetes, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure and genetic disorders affecting lipoprotein metabolism. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medications to lower cholesterol levels.
This document discusses abetalipoproteinemia, a rare genetic disorder characterized by the lack of apolipoprotein B, which is necessary for the formation of chylomicrons, VLDLs, and LDLs. This leads to an inability to absorb and transport dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Patients with abetalipoproteinemia experience fat accumulation in intestinal and liver cells, malabsorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin E, and associated neurological and vision complications. The underlying genetic defect is mutations in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene, which is essential for producing beta-lipoproteins needed for fat absorption and transport.
This document discusses hyperlipidemia and various plant constituents that can help treat it. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and listing some common causes. It then discusses the lipid regulation pathway and how various conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and alcohol use can disrupt this pathway and cause hyperlipidemia. The document focuses on various polyphenolic compounds found in plants that have been shown to help treat hyperlipidemia by modulating the AMPK pathway and SREBP transcription factor to lower cholesterol synthesis and increase excretion. Specific polyphenols discussed include catechins, EGCG, and the Bergamot Polyphenol Fraction.
Coronary heart disease due to atherosclerotic process is the major cause of death.Lipids have been implicated for enhanced atherosclerosis. The major lipids involved are triacy glycerol and cholesterol which are transported in the plasma by lipoproteins. So a better understanding of lipid transport and its abnormalities is essential for medical and health professional students.
This document provides an overview of lipoproteins and their metabolism. It defines the main types of lipoproteins, including their composition and functions. Specifically, it discusses chylomicrons, which transport dietary lipids from the intestine to tissues; very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which transport endogenous triglycerides from the liver; and high density lipoproteins (HDL), which transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver. The document also examines the role of lipoprotein lipase and apolipoproteins in lipoprotein metabolism, and how imbalances can lead to diseases like obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
This document discusses lipoproteins, which transport lipids through the bloodstream. It defines the major lipoprotein types (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL), their compositions, functions, and roles in lipid metabolism. Specifically, it describes how chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine, VLDL transports lipids from the liver, and how their triglycerides are broken down by lipoprotein lipase in peripheral tissues. Imbalances in lipoprotein metabolism can lead to diseases like obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular conditions.
Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids through the bloodstream. There are four main types of plasma lipoproteins - chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL - which differ in size, density, and lipid/protein composition. Chylomicrons carry dietary lipids from the intestine to other tissues, VLDL transports endogenous lipids from the liver, LDL carries cholesterol, and HDL transports cholesterol from tissues to the liver for processing or excretion. The metabolism and interactions between these lipoproteins, such as the transfer of lipids between them, are tightly regulated and essential for maintaining lipid homeostasis.
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in the body and transported through the bloodstream within lipoproteins. It is produced in the liver and intestines and used to form cell membranes, produce hormones and vitamin D. High levels of cholesterol, especially LDL cholesterol, can lead to atherosclerosis and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Risk factors include diabetes, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure and genetic disorders affecting lipoprotein metabolism. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medications to lower cholesterol levels.
Lipoproteins are complexes of protein and lipids that transport lipids in the bloodstream. There are four main types of lipoproteins: chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Each type has a specific function in lipid transport and metabolism. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine to other tissues, VLDL transports endogenous lipids from the liver, LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues, and HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver. The apolipoproteins associated with each lipoprotein complex help determine its structure and function in lipid transport and metabolism.
Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. It is caused by disorders involving elevations of lipoproteins such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides. This puts one at risk for complications like atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. Treatment involves medications that lower LDL and triglyceride levels such as statins, resins, fibrates, and nicotinic acid. Each work by different mechanisms but commonly decrease lipid synthesis or increase lipid clearance to normalize lipid profiles and reduce cardiovascular risk. Side effects depend on the specific drug but may include gastrointestinal issues or myopathy.
This document discusses lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Key points include:
1) Cholesterol is synthesized in tissues and absorbed from the diet, while triglycerides are absorbed after dietary fat is broken down.
2) Lipoproteins like LDL and HDL transport lipids in the blood and are composed of a lipid core surrounded by proteins and phospholipids.
3) The liver plays a central role in lipid homeostasis, regulating cholesterol synthesis and bile acid production.
4) Derangements in lipid metabolism can occur in conditions like metabolic syndrome and increase disease risk. Reverse cholesterol transport via HDL is an important protective process.
This document discusses hypolipidemic drugs, which lower lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood. It describes the mechanisms of lipid transport through lipoproteins like chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and how different drugs like statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants work to lower lipid levels. Statins competitively inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol synthesis. Fibrates activate lipoprotein lipase and lower triglyceride levels. Bile acid sequestrants bind bile acids in the gut to increase their excretion. The document provides details on the classification, mechanism of action, synthesis, structure-activity relationships and uses of these major
Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in blood plasma. There are five major classes of lipoproteins - chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and free fatty acid-albumin. They differ in their lipid and protein composition and function to transport lipids between tissues and the liver. Genetic defects in lipoprotein metabolism can result in various hyperlipoproteinemias or hypolipoproteinemias.
Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream. There are five major classes of lipoproteins - chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and free fatty acid-albumin. Each class transports different lipids and has distinct roles, sizes, and protein components. Disorders can arise from defects in lipoprotein metabolism, leading to abnormal lipid levels and increased disease risk.
Hyperlipidemia is a common disorder caused by abnormalities in lipid metabolism or transport. It results in high levels of lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Hyperlipidemia is classified based on the abnormal lipid levels and is primarily treated through lifestyle changes and medications that lower lipid levels. Common drug classes used to treat hyperlipidemia work by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, breaking down fats, or blocking lipid absorption.
Lipoprotein introduction, their general characteristics, exogenous and endogenous metabolism focusing on chylomicron and vldl metabolism, ldl metabolism and HDL metabolism , reverse cholesterol transport.
This document discusses lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. It covers cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis and absorption, the roles of various apolipoproteins and enzymes, reverse cholesterol transport, and how derangements can lead to conditions like metabolic syndrome. Key lipoproteins like LDL, HDL, VLDL, and lipoprotein(a) are examined, as well as their roles in health and disease.
This document discusses lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. It covers cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis and absorption, the roles of various apolipoproteins and enzymes, reverse cholesterol transport, and derangements associated with metabolic syndrome. Key lipoproteins like LDL, HDL, VLDL and their metabolic pathways are explained in detail.
This document discusses lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. It covers cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis and absorption, the roles of various apolipoproteins and enzymes, reverse cholesterol transport, and derangements associated with metabolic syndrome. Key lipoproteins like LDL, HDL, VLDL and their metabolic pathways are explained in detail.
Hyperlipidemia is a condition marked by abnormally high levels of lipids in the blood. It can be caused by primary genetic disorders affecting lipid metabolism or secondary factors like hypothyroidism, obesity, and certain medications. Clinical manifestations include fatty deposits in the skin called xanthomas and cholesterol deposits in the eyes seen on fundoscopy. Long-term complications arise from atherosclerosis driven by chronically elevated cholesterol, increasing risks of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Diagnosis involves lipid profile blood tests to classify lipid abnormalities and their underlying causes.
Lipoprotein metabolism and disorders
The document discusses lipoprotein metabolism and related disorders. It describes how lipoproteins transport lipids in the bloodstream, including their classification based on density and composition. The metabolism of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins is summarized, including the roles of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein lipase. Disorders involving abnormal high or low levels of lipoproteins are described, such as familial hypercholesterolemia and Tangier disease. Fatty liver and impaired lipoprotein synthesis can also disrupt lipid transport.
This document provides an overview of lipid metabolism and hypolipidemic drugs. It discusses lipids, lipoproteins, lipoprotein classification, lipid metabolism pathways including exogenous and endogenous pathways, atherogenesis, and drug therapy. The endogenous pathway can be separated into the atherogenic apo-B100 lipoprotein system and the antiatherogenic apo-A1 lipoprotein system. The document provides details on the structure and function of lipoproteins, their classification based on density and electrophoretic mobility, and the roles of apolipoproteins.
The document discusses lipid transport and the major classes of lipoproteins in the bloodstream:
1. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine.
2. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) transport lipids from the liver.
3. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are formed from VLDL and transport cholesterol to tissues.
4. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
Lipoproteins are protein-lipid complexes that transport lipids between tissues. They have an outer surface containing proteins and phospholipids and an inner hydrophobic core containing triglycerides and cholesterol esters. The main classes of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine to tissues. VLDL is produced in the liver and transports triglycerides. Through the action of lipoprotein lipase, VLDL loses triglycerides to become IDL and LDL, which transports cholesterol. HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained through hepatic
This document discusses lipids and their classification and functions. It describes the main categories of lipids including fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, and saccharolipids. Key points include that fatty acids are the basic building blocks of lipids and can be saturated or unsaturated. Glycerolipids like triglycerides function in energy storage. Glycerophospholipids make up the lipid bilayer of cells. Sphingolipids contain sphingoid bases and include cerebrosides and gangliosides. Cholesterol is an important sterol lipid that structures membranes. Imbalances in lipid metabolism can lead to
This document provides an outline for a lecture on lipids and lipoproteins. It begins by defining key terms related to lipids and lipoproteins and describing the different classes of lipids and lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. It then discusses apolipoproteins and their functions. The document outlines the laboratory procedures for determining lipid and lipoprotein levels and interpreting the results. It also discusses the significance of lipids and lipoproteins in conditions like atherosclerosis.
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause serious health issues. It is associated with liver disorders when consumed at more than 20-30g per day. While small amounts may provide some benefits, most of the ingested ethanol is metabolized in the liver to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis over time as the toxic byproducts damage liver cells. It also increases risks of certain cancers and causes nutritional deficiencies. Currently, heavy drinking affects millions of Americans and accounts for over 200,000 deaths annually mainly due to liver disease and cancer.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Lipoproteins are complexes of protein and lipids that transport lipids in the bloodstream. There are four main types of lipoproteins: chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Each type has a specific function in lipid transport and metabolism. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine to other tissues, VLDL transports endogenous lipids from the liver, LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues, and HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver. The apolipoproteins associated with each lipoprotein complex help determine its structure and function in lipid transport and metabolism.
Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. It is caused by disorders involving elevations of lipoproteins such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides. This puts one at risk for complications like atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. Treatment involves medications that lower LDL and triglyceride levels such as statins, resins, fibrates, and nicotinic acid. Each work by different mechanisms but commonly decrease lipid synthesis or increase lipid clearance to normalize lipid profiles and reduce cardiovascular risk. Side effects depend on the specific drug but may include gastrointestinal issues or myopathy.
This document discusses lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Key points include:
1) Cholesterol is synthesized in tissues and absorbed from the diet, while triglycerides are absorbed after dietary fat is broken down.
2) Lipoproteins like LDL and HDL transport lipids in the blood and are composed of a lipid core surrounded by proteins and phospholipids.
3) The liver plays a central role in lipid homeostasis, regulating cholesterol synthesis and bile acid production.
4) Derangements in lipid metabolism can occur in conditions like metabolic syndrome and increase disease risk. Reverse cholesterol transport via HDL is an important protective process.
This document discusses hypolipidemic drugs, which lower lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood. It describes the mechanisms of lipid transport through lipoproteins like chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and how different drugs like statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants work to lower lipid levels. Statins competitively inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol synthesis. Fibrates activate lipoprotein lipase and lower triglyceride levels. Bile acid sequestrants bind bile acids in the gut to increase their excretion. The document provides details on the classification, mechanism of action, synthesis, structure-activity relationships and uses of these major
Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in blood plasma. There are five major classes of lipoproteins - chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and free fatty acid-albumin. They differ in their lipid and protein composition and function to transport lipids between tissues and the liver. Genetic defects in lipoprotein metabolism can result in various hyperlipoproteinemias or hypolipoproteinemias.
Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream. There are five major classes of lipoproteins - chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and free fatty acid-albumin. Each class transports different lipids and has distinct roles, sizes, and protein components. Disorders can arise from defects in lipoprotein metabolism, leading to abnormal lipid levels and increased disease risk.
Hyperlipidemia is a common disorder caused by abnormalities in lipid metabolism or transport. It results in high levels of lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Hyperlipidemia is classified based on the abnormal lipid levels and is primarily treated through lifestyle changes and medications that lower lipid levels. Common drug classes used to treat hyperlipidemia work by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, breaking down fats, or blocking lipid absorption.
Lipoprotein introduction, their general characteristics, exogenous and endogenous metabolism focusing on chylomicron and vldl metabolism, ldl metabolism and HDL metabolism , reverse cholesterol transport.
This document discusses lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. It covers cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis and absorption, the roles of various apolipoproteins and enzymes, reverse cholesterol transport, and how derangements can lead to conditions like metabolic syndrome. Key lipoproteins like LDL, HDL, VLDL, and lipoprotein(a) are examined, as well as their roles in health and disease.
This document discusses lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. It covers cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis and absorption, the roles of various apolipoproteins and enzymes, reverse cholesterol transport, and derangements associated with metabolic syndrome. Key lipoproteins like LDL, HDL, VLDL and their metabolic pathways are explained in detail.
This document discusses lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. It covers cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis and absorption, the roles of various apolipoproteins and enzymes, reverse cholesterol transport, and derangements associated with metabolic syndrome. Key lipoproteins like LDL, HDL, VLDL and their metabolic pathways are explained in detail.
Hyperlipidemia is a condition marked by abnormally high levels of lipids in the blood. It can be caused by primary genetic disorders affecting lipid metabolism or secondary factors like hypothyroidism, obesity, and certain medications. Clinical manifestations include fatty deposits in the skin called xanthomas and cholesterol deposits in the eyes seen on fundoscopy. Long-term complications arise from atherosclerosis driven by chronically elevated cholesterol, increasing risks of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Diagnosis involves lipid profile blood tests to classify lipid abnormalities and their underlying causes.
Lipoprotein metabolism and disorders
The document discusses lipoprotein metabolism and related disorders. It describes how lipoproteins transport lipids in the bloodstream, including their classification based on density and composition. The metabolism of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins is summarized, including the roles of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein lipase. Disorders involving abnormal high or low levels of lipoproteins are described, such as familial hypercholesterolemia and Tangier disease. Fatty liver and impaired lipoprotein synthesis can also disrupt lipid transport.
This document provides an overview of lipid metabolism and hypolipidemic drugs. It discusses lipids, lipoproteins, lipoprotein classification, lipid metabolism pathways including exogenous and endogenous pathways, atherogenesis, and drug therapy. The endogenous pathway can be separated into the atherogenic apo-B100 lipoprotein system and the antiatherogenic apo-A1 lipoprotein system. The document provides details on the structure and function of lipoproteins, their classification based on density and electrophoretic mobility, and the roles of apolipoproteins.
The document discusses lipid transport and the major classes of lipoproteins in the bloodstream:
1. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine.
2. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) transport lipids from the liver.
3. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are formed from VLDL and transport cholesterol to tissues.
4. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
Lipoproteins are protein-lipid complexes that transport lipids between tissues. They have an outer surface containing proteins and phospholipids and an inner hydrophobic core containing triglycerides and cholesterol esters. The main classes of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine to tissues. VLDL is produced in the liver and transports triglycerides. Through the action of lipoprotein lipase, VLDL loses triglycerides to become IDL and LDL, which transports cholesterol. HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained through hepatic
This document discusses lipids and their classification and functions. It describes the main categories of lipids including fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, and saccharolipids. Key points include that fatty acids are the basic building blocks of lipids and can be saturated or unsaturated. Glycerolipids like triglycerides function in energy storage. Glycerophospholipids make up the lipid bilayer of cells. Sphingolipids contain sphingoid bases and include cerebrosides and gangliosides. Cholesterol is an important sterol lipid that structures membranes. Imbalances in lipid metabolism can lead to
This document provides an outline for a lecture on lipids and lipoproteins. It begins by defining key terms related to lipids and lipoproteins and describing the different classes of lipids and lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. It then discusses apolipoproteins and their functions. The document outlines the laboratory procedures for determining lipid and lipoprotein levels and interpreting the results. It also discusses the significance of lipids and lipoproteins in conditions like atherosclerosis.
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause serious health issues. It is associated with liver disorders when consumed at more than 20-30g per day. While small amounts may provide some benefits, most of the ingested ethanol is metabolized in the liver to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis over time as the toxic byproducts damage liver cells. It also increases risks of certain cancers and causes nutritional deficiencies. Currently, heavy drinking affects millions of Americans and accounts for over 200,000 deaths annually mainly due to liver disease and cancer.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Lipids and cardiac markers.pdf
1. 1
Importance of lipids in organism
Importance of lipids in organism
‹Lipids serve as metabolic fuels alternative
to glucose
‹Lipids are a component of cell membranes
‹They are very good insulators
(subcutaneous fat, tunics of nerve
conductions)
2. 2
Cholesterol
Cholesterol:
‹ it is generally present in the plasma as esters
with linoleic acid and linolenic acid
‹ intracellular (depot pool of cholesterol): esters of
cholesterol with oleic acid and palmitic acid
‹ free cholesterol is a component of cell membranes
‹ a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones
and bile acids
3. 3
‹ The most important
source of energy
‹ Short halftime
in plasma - 12 h
‹ Intake by food,
synthesis in liver,
fat tissue and small
intestine
Triacylglycerols and ph
Triacylglycerols and phospholipids
ospholipids:
‹ phosphatidylcholine
takes part in structure
of biomembranes
‹ sphingomyelin is
present in central
nervous system
and myelinic sheaths
of peripheral nerves
4. 4
Fatty acids:
Fatty acids:
‹ Essential FA = linoleic acid, linolenic acid,
arachidonic acid
‹ They occur in plasma either as esters or in a free
form
‹ Depot pool in fat tissue in a form of TAG
‹ After lipolysis they are transported into liver,
heart and muscles as a powerful source of energy
‹ The major part is esterified again under formation
of TAG and phospholipids
6. 6
Determination of lipoproteins:
Determination of lipoproteins:
‹ An ultracentrifugation (to distinguish various
classes according to the hydrated density):
VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL
‹ Electrophoretically: α-lipoproteins,
pre-β-lipoproteins,
β-lipoproteins,
chylomicrons
‹ Immunochemical methods:
Apo A, Apo B, Apo C, Apo D, Apo E, ...
7. 7
Chylomicrons:
Chylomicrons:
‹They are formed in enterocytes
‹
‹ Apo B
Apo B-
-48,
48, apo A, apo C, apo E are dominant
apolipoproteins
‹TAG are principal components ( halftime
5 min, TAG are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein
lipase to form FFA and monoacylglycerols)
‹Chylomicron remnants are removed by liver
8. 8
VLDL:
VLDL:
‹
‹ Apo B100
Apo B100, apo C (handed on HDL), apo E, apo D
are dominant apolipoproteins
‹ TAG in the core
‹ phospholipids and cholesterol on the surface
‹ VLDL
Ö arise on structures of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
complex in hepatocytes and enterocytes
Ö pass by means of exocytosis into blood
‹ Lipoprotein lipase
9. 9
LDL:
LDL:
‹
‹ Apo B100
Apo B100 is one of the principal apolipoproteins
(always one molecule only)
‹ Esterified cholesterol a phospholipids
‹ The LDL particle is internalized and broken down
after binding on a membrane receptor
‹ Released free cholesterol inhibits the activity
of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- CoA reductase
(key enzyme in synthesis de novo in cell)
10. 10
HDL:
HDL:
‹
‹ Apo AI, apo AII
Apo AI, apo AII, apo C and apo E are dominant
apolipoproteins
‹ They are sythesized in hepatocytes and enterocytes
‹ Nascent HDL
Ö contains apolipoproteins and a bilayer of phospholipids
Ö has a discoidal shape
Ö admits free cholesterol from the surface of different tissues cell
membranes and from other blood lipoproteins
‹ Esterification of cholesterol by means of LCAT
(lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)
‹ HDL2 (larger), HDL3 – spherical shape
‹ CETP (cholesterol-ester-transfer-protein)
‹ An exchange of cholesterol and TAG among HDL, VLDL and
chylomicrons
‹ Lipoprotein lipase
13. 13
Primary hypercholesterolemias
Primary hypercholesterolemias
„ Familial hypercholesterolemia
‹a disorder of LDL receptors
‹cholesterol:
† heterozygotes 7-15 mmol/l (ICD 30-50 years)
† homozygotes 15-30 mmol/l (MI to 20 years)
‹increased concentration of LDL cholesterol
and Apo B
14. 14
‹ Familial defective
Apo B100
‹ a point mutation and
a replacement of one
amino acid
in the position 3500
on the huge Apo B100
molecule
‹ cholesterol: 7-10
mmol/l
‹ Polygenic
hypercholesterolemia
‹ a combination
of adverse genetic
and external factors
‹ cholesterol: 8 mmol/l
approximately
Primary hypercholesterolemias
Primary hypercholesterolemias
15. 15
Combined hyperlipidemias
Combined hyperlipidemias
„ Familial combined
hyperlipidemia
‹ an intensive Apo B synthesis
in liver with a concomitant
increased production of VLDL
and LDL (high atherogenic
particles)
‹ a frequent cause of ICD and MI
to 60 years
‹ cholesterol 10 - 15 mmol/l
TAG 2.3 - 5.7 mmol/l
„ Familial
dysbetalipoproteinemia
‹ a defective gene for ApoE -
pathological lipoprotein β-VLDL
‹ cholesterol 7.5 - 25 mmol/l
TAG 2 - 10(20) mmol/l
16. 16
Primary hypertriacylglycerolemias
Primary hypertriacylglycerolemias
„ Familial
hyperlipoproteinemia
type V
‹ rather uncommon disorder
‹ more frequently in adults, obese,
with DM and with hyperuricemia
‹ an inductive factor: alcohol, drugs
containing estrogens, renal
insufficiency
‹ increased in ELPHO:
pre-β-lipoproteins
and chylomicrons
‹ cholesterol 7 - 13 mmol/l
TAG 10 - 20 mmol/l
„ Familial
hyperchylomicronemia
‹ a deficit of lipoprotein lipase
or Apo CII
‹ TAG 20 - 120 mmol/l
‹ Treatment: fats containing FA
with medium chains
17. 17
„ Familial hypertriacylglycerolemia
‹ autosomal dominant transfer of disorder
‹ increased concentration of VLDL
‹ decreased concentration of HDL
‹ non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus adds
at seniors
‹ cholesterol normal
‹ TAG to 6 mmol/l
Primary hyperlipoproteinemias
Primary hyperlipoproteinemias
19. 19
Hypolipoproteinemias
Hypolipoproteinemias
„ Familial
hypo-β-lipoproteinemia
‹ a longevity
‹ low values of LDL cholesterol
‹ a normal catabolism of LDL
‹ a reduced production of apo B
„ A-β-lipoproteinemia
‹ a rare autosomal recessive
disorder
‹ heterozygotes have descreased
LDL cholesterol
‹ other lipids are in norm
‹ homozygotes have a total
deficit of lipoprotein particles
containing apo B
(malabsorption of fat,
steatorrhea, retard grow,
progressive degeneration
of CNS, reduced visual
sharpness, hemeralopia)
20. 20
„ Hypo-α-lipoproteinemia
‹ lower HDL levels
‹ a defective apo A-I (according
to the location of the discribed
case – Apo-A-I-Milano)
‹ HDL cannot be produced
without apo A-I
‹ Apo C-II cannot be transported
back into liver – relative
deficiency of apo C-II
‹ an increased level of VLDL
„ An-α-lipoproteinemia
(Tangier disease)
‹ absence of HDL in plasma
‹ extremely low levels of apo A-I
and apo A-II
‹ abnormally fast catabolism
of HDL and apo A-I
Hypolipoproteinemias
Hypolipoproteinemias
21. 21
Cholesterol storage disorders
Cholesterol storage disorders
„ Wolman´s disease
‹ deficit of lysosomal acid lipase
‹ storage of cholesteryl esters and TAG into cells of liver,
kidneys, suprarenal glands, hematopoietic system and small
intestine
‹ a fatal progress
„ Cholesteryl ester storage disease
‹ a milder form of previous disorder
„ Familial deficiency of lecithin cholesterol
acyltransferase
‹ cholesteryl esters are missing
‹ TAG are increased, but cholesterol is variable
22. 22
Secondary hyperlipoproteinemias
Secondary hyperlipoproteinemias
n Diabetes mellitus type I
‹ insulin is an activator of lipoprotein lipase
‹ if DM is decompensated
Ö ketoacidosis, hypertriglyceridemia and sometimes
increased cholesterol as well
o Diabetes mellitus type II
‹ a more intensive synthesis of VLDL in liver,
insulin resistance, HDL reduction, TAG rise
‹ if DM is decompensated
Ö glycosylation of apo B
23. 23
p Hypothyreoidism
‹ thyroxine increases the biosynthesis of LDL
receptors in liver and an activity of lipoprotein
lipase in adipocytes (by action of cAMP) as well
q Nephrotic syndrome
‹ hypoalbuminemia
‹ a stimulation of lipoprotein synthesis.
‹ increased cholesterol and TAG
Secondary hyperlipoproteinemias
Secondary hyperlipoproteinemias
24. 24
r Chronic renal failure
‹ an inhibition of lipoprotein lipase in the plasma of uremic
patients
‹ elevated TAG
s Primary biliary cirrhosis
‹ hypercholesterolemia
t Obesity - TAG
u Alcoholism - TAG
v Treatment with hormones and diuretic drugs
w Mental anorexia
Secondary hyperlipoproteinemias
Secondary hyperlipoproteinemias
26. 26
Atherosclerosis
1. a damage of endothelial cells
• monocytes and T-lymphocytes are adhered on them
2. endothelial cells diffuse into intima
3. endothelial cells turn into macrophages
• principal cells of atherosclerotic process
4. lipoprotein particles are absorbed into macrophages
y β-VLDL, LDL
y LDL absorption is accelerated by lipoperoxidation:
a number of
a number of scavenger receptor
scavenger receptors on the cell surface isn
s on the cell surface isn´
´t regulated
t regulated
according to its cholesterol requirement
according to its cholesterol requirement
Ö
Ö a
a mas
mass
siv
ive
e accumulation of
accumulation of lipoprotein
lipoprotein particles inside
particles inside
macrophages
macrophages Ö
Ö transformation into
transformation into foam
foam cells
cells
27. 27
Risk factors
Atherogenic indexes
Total Chol – HDL Chol Upper limit: females < 3.0
HDL Chol males < 4.2
LDL Chol Upper limit: females to 2.3
HDL Chol males to 2.8
Total Chol Upper limit: females to 4.0
HDL Chol males to 4.8
Positive risk factors
‹ males > 45 years, females > 55 years
‹ an incidence of early ICD in familial history
‹ smoking
‹ hypertension 140/90 mm Hg
‹ HDL cholesterol < 0.9 mmol/l
‹ diabetes mellitus
Negative risk factor ‹ HDL Chol > 1.6 mmol/l
28. 28
Description
Description
of optimal cardiac marker
of optimal cardiac marker
‹sensitivity assumes:
• high concentration in the myocardium
• rapid release for an early diagnosis
• extended halftime in blood for a late diagnosis
‹specificity assumes:
• absence of marker in the other tissues except the
myocardium
• a marker cannot be proved in blood of individuals
with intact myocardium
29. 29
Recent recommendation of biochemical markers to AMI diagnosis
myoglobin and troponins
myoglobin and troponins
Î
Îmyoglobin
myoglobin – an early marker
9 high sensitivity
9 low specificity
9 recommended 0 - 4 h after the onset of pain
9 diagnostic window 2 - 12 h after the onset of symptoms
• the double value after 2 h
• the peak after 4 h
• the application is limited to 8 – 12 h
‹ two decision thresholds ? ACS vs. AMI
• precision of the measurement is derived from biological variability
(CV = 6 %)
30. 30
Definitive markers
Definitive markers cTnT
cTnT and
and cTnI
cTnI
‹ high specificity and sensitivity
‹ intervals of bleeding
• at admission and 4, 8, 12 h after admission
• diagnostic window from 4 h to 7 days
‹ required precision of measurement - consensually
CV = 10 %
31. 31
cTnT
cTnT versus cTnI
cTnI
‹
‹cTnT
cTnT
9 one manufacturer
9 elevated within 6 - 10days
9 POCT qualitative
9 10 - 20 percents of results
are positive in renal failure
‹
‹cTnI
cTnI
9 a lot of manufacturers
ƒ up to fifteen-fold differences
among results
9 elevated within 4 – 7 days
9 POCT qualitative
quantitative
9 5 - 8 percents of results are
positive in renal failure
32. 32
IFCC
Recent recommendation of biochemical markers
for diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome
‹diagnostics of acute coronary syndrome (ACS),
not AMI only
‹it is essential in asymptomatic myocardial
damages (without an ST-segment elevation of
ECG)
‹it is beneficial but not inevitable in symptomatic
AMI with an ST-segment elevation