LINGUAL THYROID NODULE.pptx
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A lingual thyroid is a specific type of ectopic thyroid and results from the lack of normal caudal migration of the thyroid gland.
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This document provides information on tumors of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands, classification of salivary gland tumors, and specifics on certain tumor types including pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Warthin's tumor commonly occurs bilaterally in the parotid glands of older smoking males. The document covers epidemiology, etiology, histogenesis, clinical features, investigation, pathology and treatment of various salivary gland tumors.
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Parotid tumors
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Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the parotid gland. It consists of both epithelial cells and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells within an abundant mucoid matrix. On pathology, it displays well-differentiated epithelial cells and spindle/stellate cells in a pleomorphic stroma with mucoid material. The tumor presents as a slow-growing, painless swelling of the parotid gland and is diagnosed by FNAC. The treatment is complete surgical excision via superficial parotidectomy while preserving the facial nerve. Recurrence is possible if there are pseudopods left behind or inadequate margins. Malignant transformation may occur in long-standing tumors.
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Ranula
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Parotid tumors
The parotid gland is located below and in front of the ear. It has two lobes and is drained by Stenson's duct which opens into the mouth. The gland has a capsule and structures like arteries pass through it. It is supplied by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Common tumors include pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are malignant tumors that can occur. Surgical excision is the main treatment for tumors but radiotherapy may also be used for malignant ones. Complications after parotidectomy include facial nerve injury and salivary fistula.
Branchial cyst and thyroglossal cyst
This document discusses second branchial cleft anomalies, which present as a sinus, cyst, or fistula in the neck anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Symptoms include a skin pit or palpable cord that can express milky discharge. Treatment involves complete surgical excision to avoid infection. Remnants of the thyroglossal duct are also discussed, presenting as midline neck swellings that move with swallowing and can become infected. Ultrasound and nuclear scans help differentiate these from other neck masses. Surgical excision is treatment.
Midline swellings of the neck
This document discusses various causes of midline neck swellings, including congenital, infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic etiologies. It provides details on specific conditions such as thyroglossal duct cyst, laryngocele, Ludwig's angina, sublingual dermoid cyst, reactive lymphadenopathy, thyroid disorders, and laryngeal malignancy. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, incision and drainage, surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of therapies.
Salivary gland Tumors
Salivary gland tumors can be benign or malignant. The majority are benign and arise most commonly in the parotid gland. Histologically, tumors are best classified based on their patterns. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the tumor, with more aggressive surgery and radiation used for malignant tumors. Prognosis varies significantly depending on the specific tumor type.
Inverted papilloma
1. Inverted papilloma is a benign epithelial tumor originating from the Schneiderian membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
2. It most commonly affects males ages 30-50 and presents as a unilateral nasal mass, obstruction, and bleeding.
3. Treatment involves surgical resection, typically an endoscopic medial maxillectomy to remove the entire lateral nasal wall and clear the tumor attachment site.
Branchial Remnants and Branchial Cyst
This document discusses various branchial remnants and their characteristics. It describes:
- First branchial cleft cysts which can be parallel to the external auditory canal or connect to the malleus or incus.
- Second branchial cleft cysts, the most common type, which present as painless neck masses behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- Preauricular pits and sinuses which can lead to interconnected cysts in front of the tragus.
- Skin tags which are usually benign but may be associated with other conditions.
- Branchial fistulas which have openings in the tonsillar fossa.
- Surgical excision is usually required to treat infected or
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Differential diagnosis of nasal mass
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of nasal masses. It begins by listing common symptoms that may indicate a nasal mass such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, congestion, and hyposmia. Physical examination findings related to different locations and extensions of masses are described. Nasal masses are then categorized anatomically as normal variants, congenital/developmental, inflammatory/infectious, and neoplasms. Specific conditions are discussed in detail, providing information on symptoms, appearance, relevant test findings, and other characteristics. Incidence data from one study on common nasal masses is presented. The document concludes with a brief overview of malignant nasal masses.
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1. Granulomatous diseases of the nose are classified as infective, inflammatory, or neoplastic. Common infective causes include tuberculosis, leprosy, and syphilis.
2. Tuberculosis can cause nasal obstruction, discharge, pain, and septal perforation. Leprosy may result in atrophic rhinitis and saddle nose deformity. Syphilis can cause gummatous lesions and saddle nose.
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This document provides information about parotidectomy, which is the surgical removal of the parotid gland. It discusses the different types of parotidectomy including superficial and total parotidectomy. Superficial parotidectomy involves removing the superficial lobe of the parotid gland while preserving the facial nerve. The procedure is described in detail, including identifying landmarks to locate the facial nerve and carefully dissecting the gland superficial to the nerve. Complications involving the facial nerve are also addressed.
Ludwigs angina
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Swellings of the jaw
This document summarizes different types of jaw swellings and their characteristics. It begins by classifying jaw swellings based on their origin, such as from tooth germs, mucoperiosteum, or being osseous, inflammatory, or malignant. Specific types of swellings arising from these origins are then described in more detail such as epulis, odontogenic tumors, fibrous dysplasia, Paget's disease, and osteomyelitis. Clinical features, radiographic findings, histological characteristics, and treatment approaches are provided for many of these conditions. In particular, ameloblastoma, a benign odontogenic tumor, is discussed in depth covering its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, classification, management,
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A 15-year-old male presented with a swelling in his neck for 2 months. Clinical examination revealed a fluctuant, transilluminant swelling over the submental and left submandibular region that was not fixed to underlying structures. An MRI scan was performed. The plan was to excise the ranula and sublingual gland through a trans-cervical approach under general anesthesia. Post-operatively, the patient was started on IV antibiotics and analgesics. The neck drain was removed on day 3 and sutures were removed on day 4. Histopathology revealed a mucous retention cyst of the salivary gland.
Benign and malignat tumors of salivary gland
This document discusses neoplasms (tumors) of the salivary glands. It begins by describing the major and minor salivary glands. The most common benign tumors are pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin's tumor, and oncocytoma. The most common malignant tumors are mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Factors like size and location of the gland affect likelihood of malignancy. Surgery is the main treatment and complications can include facial nerve paralysis, fluid collections, and Frey's syndrome.
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Inverted papilloma
1. Inverted papilloma is a benign epithelial tumor originating from the Schneiderian membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
2. It most commonly affects males ages 30-50 and presents as a unilateral nasal mass, obstruction, and bleeding.
3. Treatment involves surgical resection, typically an endoscopic medial maxillectomy to remove the entire lateral nasal wall and clear the tumor attachment site.
Branchial Remnants and Branchial Cyst
This document discusses various branchial remnants and their characteristics. It describes:
- First branchial cleft cysts which can be parallel to the external auditory canal or connect to the malleus or incus.
- Second branchial cleft cysts, the most common type, which present as painless neck masses behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- Preauricular pits and sinuses which can lead to interconnected cysts in front of the tragus.
- Skin tags which are usually benign but may be associated with other conditions.
- Branchial fistulas which have openings in the tonsillar fossa.
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Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
The document discusses Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS). FESS is a minimally invasive procedure that uses an endoscope to access and treat the paranasal sinuses. It aims to restore sinus function by re-establishing ventilation and mucociliary clearance. Key steps in FESS include uncinectomy to remove the uncinate process, maxillary antrostomy to access the maxillary sinus, and ethmoidectomy to access the ethmoid sinuses. Proper identification of anatomical landmarks like the middle turbinate, uncinate process, and bulla ethmoidalis is important for successful FESS.
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This document discusses the differential diagnosis of nasal masses. It begins by listing common symptoms that may indicate a nasal mass such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, congestion, and hyposmia. Physical examination findings related to different locations and extensions of masses are described. Nasal masses are then categorized anatomically as normal variants, congenital/developmental, inflammatory/infectious, and neoplasms. Specific conditions are discussed in detail, providing information on symptoms, appearance, relevant test findings, and other characteristics. Incidence data from one study on common nasal masses is presented. The document concludes with a brief overview of malignant nasal masses.
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This document discusses the anatomy, etiology, clinical presentation, staging, and treatment options for carcinoma of the tongue. It notes that carcinoma of the tongue most commonly presents as a non-healing ulcer and can cause symptoms like otalgia, odynophagia, and bleeding. Treatment depends on staging and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Prognosis decreases with more advanced stage at diagnosis.
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This document provides an overview of granulomatous diseases of the nose, including their classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
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Parotidectomy
This document provides information about parotidectomy, which is the surgical removal of the parotid gland. It discusses the different types of parotidectomy including superficial and total parotidectomy. Superficial parotidectomy involves removing the superficial lobe of the parotid gland while preserving the facial nerve. The procedure is described in detail, including identifying landmarks to locate the facial nerve and carefully dissecting the gland superficial to the nerve. Complications involving the facial nerve are also addressed.
Ludwigs angina
Ludwig's angina is a serious neck infection that can compromise the airway. It involves the sublingual and submandibular spaces and spreads through connective tissue planes. The infection is usually polymicrobial, involving bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. It commonly originates from an odontogenic infection. Symptoms include neck swelling, difficulty swallowing and breathing. Immediate priorities in treatment are airway protection through intubation or tracheostomy and IV antibiotics.
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Ramsay Hunt syndrome is caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox, in the facial nerve ganglia near the ear. This causes a rash around one ear and facial paralysis on the same side. It affects cranial nerves 7 and 8, resulting in symptoms like facial weakness, hearing loss, and pain. Treatment involves antiviral drugs to treat the infection along with steroids to reduce inflammation. Prognosis is better if treatment begins within 3 days and for children compared to adults. Early diagnosis and treatment improves chances of recovery from facial paralysis.
Swellings of the jaw
This document summarizes different types of jaw swellings and their characteristics. It begins by classifying jaw swellings based on their origin, such as from tooth germs, mucoperiosteum, or being osseous, inflammatory, or malignant. Specific types of swellings arising from these origins are then described in more detail such as epulis, odontogenic tumors, fibrous dysplasia, Paget's disease, and osteomyelitis. Clinical features, radiographic findings, histological characteristics, and treatment approaches are provided for many of these conditions. In particular, ameloblastoma, a benign odontogenic tumor, is discussed in depth covering its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, classification, management,
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Tongue carcinoma
Oral cancer is the fifth most common malignancy globally, with rates as high as 40% in Asia. The tongue is the second most common site of oral cancer after the lips. Tobacco use is implicated in 90% of tongue cancer cases, while alcohol consumption increases risk 6-fold. Premalignant conditions like leukoplakia and erythroplakia are associated with higher malignant transformation risks over time. Squamous cell carcinoma comprises 95% of tongue cancers, usually presenting as an ulcerative mass on the lateral border of the tongue in men around age 60. Early detection and cessation of tobacco and alcohol use can help prevent this potentially preventable disease.
Diseases of salivary gland
This document discusses diseases of the salivary glands, including both non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders. It describes the anatomy and locations of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands. For non-neoplastic disorders, it covers mumps (viral parotitis), acute suppurative parotitis, chronic recurrent sialadenitis, sialectasis, granulomatous diseases, salivary calculi, and Sjogren's syndrome. It also discusses benign and malignant neoplasms that can occur in the salivary glands, such as pleomorphic adenoma, adenolymphoma, mucoepidermoid
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Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is defined as a cystic bag-like structure filled with desquamated squamous debris lying on a fibrous matrix, also known as "skin in the wrong place." It can be congenital or acquired. Acquired cholesteatomas are either primary, with unknown etiology, or secondary caused by acute necrotizing otitis media. Evaluation involves history, examination, audiometry and CT scan to determine extent. Surgical treatment aims to eradicate the cholesteatoma while preserving hearing, with options like canal wall up or down mastoidectomy depending on the case. Complications can include infection, bone destruction, hearing loss and facial nerve paralysis if
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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