lincoln's second inaugural address
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Abraham Lincoln delivered his Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865, less than a month before his assassination. In the address, Lincoln suggested that the Civil War was God's punishment for slavery and called for national reconciliation and healing. He used many biblical references and expressed his vision that reconstruction and reunification of the states was critical after the intense divisions of the war. Lincoln's deep Christian faith is evident throughout the address.
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John Locke published The Second Treatise on Government in 1689 anonymously to justify the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the new monarchs William and Mary. He argues that when a government becomes corrupt and fails to protect natural rights, the people can dissolve it and establish a new system of government. Locke believed people consent to government in exchange for protection of rights, and if a government violates that social contract, citizens have a right to rebellion and revolution. His ideas influenced democratic revolutions by emphasizing civil government and people's inherent rights.
Political Assassinations
The document discusses political assassinations and violence in American history from the colonial era to the 1960s-1980s. It provides details on numerous assassination attempts and successes against US presidents and other political figures. Some key events summarized include the first presidential assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, and the murders of civil rights leaders Malcolm X, Medgar Evers, and Martin Luther King Jr. during the 1960s.
The Iron Curtian
Winston Churchill gave the famous "Iron Curtain" speech in 1946 after losing the 1945 UK election. In the speech, he coined the term "Iron Curtain" to describe how Soviet control now separated Eastern and Western Europe. The Soviet Union had installed a physical and mental barrier across Central and Eastern Europe from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic. Major cities like Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, and Budapest now lay behind the Iron Curtain and were subject to increasing Soviet influence and control from Moscow. Churchill warned that the Iron Curtain was designed to keep people and information confined within the Soviet sphere of influence.
The Klansman’S Manual
The Klansman's Manual outlines the structure and purpose of the Ku Klux Klan in the early 20th century. It establishes a military-style hierarchy with the Imperial Wizard as the leader. The Klan's stated values are white supremacy, protecting America, and brotherhood among members. However, the manual avoids directly stating the Klan's true goal of racial violence. It aims to recruit members by appealing to patriotism while establishing a secretive dictatorship.
Final Woodrow Wilson.
Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. During World War I, Wilson outlined his 14 Points speech in 1918, which proposed terms for a post-war peace settlement. The 14 Points called for open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, and the establishment of an organization, later known as the League of Nations, to uphold these principles and keep peace between nations. While some of the 14 Points were included in the eventual Treaty of Versailles, opposition from allies and Wilson's inability to get the treaty ratified in the US weakened its impact and allowed Germany to resume imperialism.
Obama Presentation
Barack Obama became the first African American president of the United States in 2008. His inaugural address focused on unity and moving the country forward together to face challenges like the economy, healthcare, and environment. He emphasized how far the country has come in overcoming past difficulties and that the time has passed for inaction. The nation must start anew to remake America through hard work and difficult decisions.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The United Nations formed a commission after World War II to draft a document outlining fundamental human rights. Eleanor Roosevelt chaired the commission which included 18 members from various countries. Rene Cassin, a French lawyer and former diplomat, was the primary author of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The UDHR was adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948 and outlined 30 basic rights for all humans. It was the first international document to recognize broad and fundamental human rights that should be universally protected.
FDR Four Freedoms
Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his 1941 State of the Union address discussing America's role in World War 2 and outlining his vision of four essential human freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. He asked Congress to provide military aid to countries fighting against aggression and help America prepare its own defense, while maintaining civil liberties and economic security for citizens. Roosevelt's four freedoms later inspired Norman Rockwell's paintings and became a guiding principle of the Atlantic Charter between the US and UK on international cooperation after the war.
Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points
Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. During World War I, Wilson outlined his 14 Points speech in 1918, which proposed terms for a post-war peace settlement. The 14 Points called for open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, and the establishment of an organization, later known as the League of Nations, to uphold these principles and keep peace between nations. While some of the 14 Points were included in the eventual Treaty of Versailles, opposition from allies and Wilson's inability to get the treaty ratified in the US weakened its impact and allowed Germany to resume imperialism.
The Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States, drafted in 1777 by John Dickinson to create a framework for governance. However, it had several critical flaws: it gave the central government no enforcement powers; states did not pay taxes and ignored Congress; and states made their own diplomatic agreements. As a result, Congress could not pay debts or maintain the army, leading to embarrassment and foreign encroachment. These issues prompted the drafting of a new constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was written primarily by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It announced the separation and independence of the 13 American colonies from British rule. The document outlines the grievances against King George III and the British Parliament, including 18 charges against the King. It establishes the rights of the people and that governments are instituted to secure those rights, and if a government fails to do so, the people have a right to abolish or alter it. The Declaration marked a pivotal moment in American history and set the colonies on a path towards democracy rather than remaining under British monarchy.
Brown V Board Of Ed
Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, overturning the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision that allowed "separate but equal" facilities. Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the unanimous Court found that segregation had detrimental effects and was inherently unequal, violating the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause. The ruling marked a major step toward dismantling racial segregation and stimulated the civil rights movement, though implementation faced resistance from states trying to maintain segregation.
Abraham Lincolns Speech at Peoria
The document summarizes Abraham Lincoln's life and political career, focusing on his 1854 speech in Peoria criticizing the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It outlines that Lincoln refuted the Act, saying it was wrong to allow slavery to spread, and that no man has the right to govern another without consent. The summary also notes Lincoln debated Stephen Douglas on these issues leading up to his election as President in 1860.
Vietnam Declaration of Independence
Ho Chi Minh was born in 1890 in Vietnam. He became a schoolteacher and sailor, traveling around the French Empire. He settled in Paris in 1917 and was influenced by communist writers. He helped form the French Communist Party and returned to Vietnam to fight for independence. During World War II, he allied with the Soviet Union and U.S. to fight the Japanese occupation. After the war, he declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam but France sought to reestablish control, leading to war between the Vietnamese and French. The country was later divided along the 17th parallel after negotiations.
Doctrine of Fascism
Mussolini rose to power in 1922 in Italy and established a fascist government, becoming Italy's dictator. He published the Doctrine of Fascism in 1932, outlining his vision for a militaristic and authoritarian Italian state. The Fascist Decalogue further emphasized fascist principles like putting the state and military above all else. Mussolini led Italy into World War 2 as allies with Nazi Germany. His death in 1943 ended fascism in Italy and the country switched sides to the Allies.
Letter From A Birmingham Jail
Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia and became a Baptist minister like his father and grandfather before him. In 1963, King led protests in Birmingham, Alabama against racial segregation which resulted in his arrest. While in jail, King wrote his famous "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" responding to criticism from white religious leaders. In the letter, King discusses the importance of just laws over unjust laws, critiques the lack of support from churches on civil rights issues, and warns that future violence may occur if racial inequalities are not addressed. The "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" came to be seen as a pivotal document in the civil rights movement.
Nelson Mandela Nobel Peace Speach
Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in South Africa and experienced apartheid firsthand, inspiring him to join the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for black rights. He co-founded the military wing of the ANC and was imprisoned for sabotage from 1962-1990. After his release, Mandela negotiated an end to apartheid and became South Africa's first black president in 1994. In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with South African President de Klerk for their roles in ending apartheid and establishing democracy in South Africa. In his acceptance speech, Mandela paid tribute to the anti-apartheid movement and called for continued progress toward equality and justice.
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