The document discusses lightning arresters, including their working principle, types, and advantages/disadvantages. Lightning arresters protect electrical equipment by diverting high voltage surges from lightning strikes or nearby objects to ground. They break down at a preset voltage to provide a path of least resistance to ground. Common types include rod gap, sphere gap, horn gap, and metal oxide arresters. Lightning arresters help reduce property damage and protect outdoor substation equipment and power lines from damage from lightning strikes. However, they require more space and have a higher installation cost than some alternatives.

1. Lightning Arrester
Working Principle
&
Types

2. Lightning generates voltage surges in different ways and they
directly hit on your house. It can strike wiring of the circuit
within the walls of the house.
Lightning can hit an object close to your home to cause a surge
like the ground or a tree. So it plays an essential role to protect
the electrical devices and traction installation from surges.
The proper protection for this device is very necessary to check
the normal Power Supply of rolling stock for smooth running in
electrified sections

3. Definition: The circuit which is protected from the strokes of
lightning with the help of a Protection Device is known as
lightning arrester. Here the lightning strokes are nothing but
surges with high transient voltage, arcs of isolation, spark, and
surge currents because of lightning, etc.
These devices are used to defend the power systems by forwarding the
high voltage surges in the direction of the ground. And these power
systems and over headlines can also be protected by using ground wire
or the earthing from the direct strikes of lightning. The lightning
arrester diagram is shown below. The arrangement of these devices
can be done on the towers, transmission poles and buildings to give a
secure lane to the voltage & discharging current. Here these can be
occurred during the strokes of lightning toward the ground to defend
the system from the induced problems of lightning.

4. In other words, lightning arrester diverts the abnormals high voltage to
the ground without affecting the continuity of supply. It is connected
between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be
protected at the substation.
The following are the damages that are caused by the travelling wave on the
substation equipment:
1.The high peak or crest voltage of the surge may cause flash-over in the
internal winding thereby spoil the winding insulation.
2.The steep wave fronts of the surges may cause external flashover between
the terminal of the transformer.
3.The highest peak voltage of the surge may cause external flashover,
between the terminal of the electrical equipment which may result in
damage to the insulator.

5. Working Principle
Lightning arrestor working principle is, once the voltage surge
travels throughout the conductor then it reaches the location of
the arrestor where it is installed. So it will break down the
insulation of the lightning arrestor for a moment, so voltage
surge can be discharged toward the ground.
Once the voltage of the system falls under the fixed value, then
the insulation will be restored among the ground & conductor.
Further, the current flow toward the ground will be stopped.

6. When a travelling wave reaches the arrestor, its sparks over at a certain
prefixed voltage as shown in the figure below. The arrestor provides a
conducting path to the waves of relatively low impedance between the line
and the ground. The surge impedance of the line
restricts the amplitude of current flowing to ground.
The lightning arrester provides a path of low
impedance only when the travelling surge reaches
the surge diverter, neither before it nor after it.
The insulation of the equipment can be protected if
the shape of the voltage and current at the diverter
terminal is similar to the shape shown below.

7. An ideal lightning arrester should have the following characteristics;
1.It should not draw any current during normal operating condition, i.e., it sparks-
over voltage must be above the normal or abnormal power frequency that may
occur in the system.
2.Any transient abnormal voltage above the breakdown value must cause it to
break down as quickly as possible so that it may provide a conducting path to
ground.
3.When the breakdown has taken place, it should be capable of carrying the
resulting discharge current without getting damaged itself and without the voltage
across it exceeding the breakdown value.
4.The power frequency current following the breakdown must be interrupted as
soon as the transient voltage has fallen below the breakdown value.
There are many types of lightning arrester which are used to protect the power
system. The choices of the lightning arrester depend on the factor like, voltage and
frequency of the line, cost, weather condition and reliability.

8. Location of Lightning Arrester
The lightning arrester is located close to the equipment that is to be
protected. They are usually connected between phase and ground in
an AC system and pole and ground in case of the DC system.
In an AC system, separate arrester is provided for each phase.
In an extra-high voltage AC system the surge diverter is used to
protect the generators, transformers, bus bars, lines, circuit breakers,
etc. In HVDC system the arrester is used to protect the buses, valves
converter units reactors, filter, etc.

9. Difference between Lightning Arrester and Surge Arrester
The difference between these two includes the following.
Lightning Arrester Surge Arrester
The installation of a lightning arrestor can be done outside of the
panel board.
The installation of surge arrestors can be done within the panel
board.
The main function of this arrester is to protect the apparatus from
the outer surface.
The main function of this arrester is to protect the apparatus
from inside
This arrester is mostly used for lightning strikes as well as linked
surges.
This arrester defends the system from switching, lightning,
surges, transients voltage & electrical faults.
This kind of arrester redirects the flow of current to the ground
throughout the arrester device to the ground.
This kind of arrester interrupts the surges transmits surplus
energy toward the ground wire.
The types of lightning arresters are rod, sphere, horn, multi gap,
electrolyte, and metal oxide.
The types of surge arrestors are distribution, low-voltage,
station, DC, neutral protection, fiber tube, signal, network, etc.
This arrester cannot be used as a surge arrestor This arrester can be used as a surge arrester.

10. Types of Lightning Arresters
The lightning arrester protects the electrical equipment from lightning. It is
placed very near to the equipment and when the lightning occurs the arrester
diverts the high voltage wave of lightning to the ground. The selection of
arrester depends on the various factors like voltage, current, reliability, etc.
The lightning arrestor is mainly classified into twelve types. These types
are;
* Road Gap Arrester *Sphere Gap Arrester
* Horn Gap Arrester *Multiple-Gap Arrester
* Impulse Protective Gap *Electrolytic Arrester
* Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester *Valve Type Lightning Arresters
* Thyrite Lightning Arrester *Auto valve Arrester
* Oxide Film Arrester *Metal Oxide Lightning Arresters

11. Rod Gap Arrester
It is one of the simplest forms of the arrester. In such type of arrester, there is
an air gap between the ends of two rods. The one end of the arrester is
connected to the line and the second end of the rod is connected to the
ground. The gap setting of the arrester should be such that it should break
before the damage. When the high voltage occurs on the line, the gap sparks
and the fault current passes to the earth. Hence the equipment is protected
from damage.
The difficulty with the rod arrester is that once the spark having
taken place it may continue for some time even at low voltages.
To avoid it a current limiting reactor in series with the rod is used.
The resistance limits the current to such an extent that it is
sufficient to maintain the arc. Another difficulty with the road gap
is that the rod gap is liable to be damaged due to the high
temperature of the arc which may cause the rod to melt.

12. Sphere Gap Arrester
In such type of devices, the air gap is provided between two different
spheres. One of the spheres is connected to the line, and the other sphere is
connected to the ground. The spacing between the two spheres is very
small. A choking coil is inserted between the phase winding of the
transformer and spheres is connected to the line.
The air gap between the arrester is set in such a way so that the discharge
must not take place at normal operating condition.The arc will travel up the
sphere as the heated air near the arc tend
to rise upward and lengthening till it is
interrupted automatically.

13. Horn Gap Arrester
It consists of two horns shaded piece of metal separated by a small air gap
and connected in shunt between each conductor and earth. The distance
between the two electrodes is such that the normal voltage between the line
and earth is insufficient to jump the gap.
But the abnormal high voltage will break the
gap and so find a path to earth.

14. Multiple- Gap Arrester
The multiple gap arrester consists a series of small metal cylinder
insulated from one another and separated by an air gap.
The first and the last of the series is connected to ground. The number of
gaps required depends on the line voltage.

15. Impulse Protective Gap
The protective impulse gap is designed to have a low voltage impulse ratio,
even less than one and to extinguish the arc. Their working principle is very
simple as shown in the figure below. It consists of two sphere electrode
S1 and S2 which are connected respectively to the line and the arrester.
The auxiliary needle is placed between the mid of two sphere S1 and S2. At normal
frequency, the impedance of the capacitance C1 is quite large as compared to the
impedance of resistor R. If C1 and C2 are equal the potential of the auxiliary electrode will
be midway between those of the S1 and S2 and the electrode has no effect on the flash over
between them.
When the transient occurs the impedance of capacitor
C1 and C2 decrease and the impedance of the resistor now
become effective. Due to this, the whole of the voltage is
concentrated across the gap between E and S1. The gap at
once breakdown, the rest of the length between E and S2
immediately follow.

16. Electrolyte Arrester
In such type of arrester have high a large discharge capacity. It operates on
the fact that the thin film of aluminium hydroxide deposits on the
aluminium plates immersed in the electrolyte. The plate acts as a high
resistance to a low value but a low resistance to a voltage above a critical
value.
Voltage more than 400 volts causes a puncture and a free
flow of current to earth.
When the voltage remains its normal value of 440 volts,
the arrester again offers a high resistance in the path and
leakage stops.

17. Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester
Expulsion type arrester is an improvement over the rod gap in that it seals
the flow of power frequency follows the current. This arrester consists of a
tube made up of fibre which is very effective, isolating spark gap and an
interrupting spark gap inside the fibre tube.
During operation, the arc due to the impulse
spark over inside the fibrous tube causes
some fibrous material of the tube to volatile
in the form of the gas, which is expelled
through a vent from the bottom of the tube.
Thus, extinguishing the arc just like in
circuit breakers.

18. Valve Type Lightning Arrester
Such type of resistor is called nonlinear diverter. It essentially
consists a divided spark gap in series with a resistance
element having the nonlinear characteristic.
The divided spark gap consists of some identical elements
coupled in series. Each of them consists two electrodes with
the pre-ionization device. Between each element, a grading
resistor of high ohmic value is connected in parallel.
During the slow voltage variations, there is no sparks-over across
the gap. But when the rapid change in voltage occurs, the potential
is no longer evenly graded across the series gap. The influence of
unbalancing capacitance between the sparks gaps and the ground
prevails over the grounded resistance. The impulse voltage is mainly
concentrated on the upper spark gap which in spark over cause the
complete arrester to spark over to.

19. Thyrite Lightning Arrester
Such type of arrester is most commonly used for the protection against
dangerous high voltage. It consists the thyrite which is an inorganic
compound of ceramic material. The resistance of such material decreases
rapidly from high value to low value and for current from a low value to
high value.
It consists a disc whose both the side is sprayed so as to give the electric
contact between the consecutive disc. The disc is assembled inside the
glazed porcelain container.
It is used in conjunction with the container. When the lightning
takes place, the voltage is raised, & breakdowns of the
gaps occur, the resistance falls to a very low value, and
the wave is discharged to earth. After the surge has passed the
thyrite again come back to its original position.

20. Autovalve Arrester
Such type of arrester consists some flat discs of a porous material stacked
one above the other and separated by the thin mica rings.
The disc material is not homogenous and conducting material also have
been added. Therefore the glow discharge occurs in the capillaries of the
material and voltage drop to about 350 volts per unit.
The discs are arranged in such
a way that normal voltage may
not cause a discharge to occur.

21. Oxide Film Arrester
It consists of pellets of lead peroxide with a thin, porous coating of litharge
arranged in a column and enclosed in a tube of diameter. Out of the two
lead, the upper is connected to the line, while the lower is connected to the
earth. The tube contains a series spark gap.
When an overvoltage occurs an arc passes through the series
spark gap and an additional voltage is applied to the pellet
column and a discharge takes place. After the discharge,
the resistance of the pellet gun increases till only very small
current flow through it.
This small current is finally interrupted by the series spark
gaps.

22. Metal Oxide Lightning Arrester
Such Types of diverter are also known as gapless surge diverters, or Zinc oxide
diverter. The base material used for manufacturing metal oxide resistor is zinc
oxide. It is a semiconducting N-type material. The material is doped by adding
some fine power of insulating oxides. The powder is treated with some processes
and then it is compressed into a disc-shaped. The disc is then enclosed in a
porcelain housing filled with nitrogen gas or SF6.
This arrester consists a potential barrier at the
boundaries of each disc of ZNO. This potential barrier
controls the flow of current. At normal operating
condition, the potential barrier does not allow the
current to flow. When an overvoltage occurs, the barrier
collapse and sharp transition from insulating to
conducting take place. The current start flowing and the
surge is diverted to ground.

23. Advantages
The advantages of lightning arrestor are
•Property damage can be reduced from strokes of lighting.
•Outdoor equipment of the substation can be protected
•Avoid damage in lines
•Outlet surges can be avoided
•Electromagnetic interference
•Simple to use
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of lightning arrestor are
•It occupies more space
•The installation cost is high.