This document discusses different types of lighting used in photography and film. There are two main types - hard lighting and soft lighting. Hard lighting uses a small light source to create sharp shadows, while soft lighting uses a larger or diffused light source to reduce shadows. Common lighting fixtures that create these effects are Fresnel lights, ellipsoidal spot lights, and scoop lights. The document also provides examples of how the author will apply different lighting techniques in their own coursework projects.

1. LIGHTING RESEARCH
GRACE ARNELL

2. TYPES OF LIGHTING
• THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF LIGHTING – HARD AND SOFT

3. HARD LIGHTING
• HARD LIGHTING IS KNOWN TO BE HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL, CREATING A
RELATIVELY SHARP, STRAIGHT SHADOW (DRAMATIC)
• LIGHTS THAT CREATE THIS EFFECT ARE: FRESNEL ON SPOT, SPOTLIGHT,
BARE BULB
• IT IS CREATED WHEN THE LIGHT SOURCE IS SMALLER COMPARED TO
THE OBJECT

4. SOFT LIGHTING
• SOFTING LIGHTING IS KNOWN TO FILL SHADOWS AND LOWER
CONTRAST
• THE LIGHT IS KNOWN TO WRAP AROUND THE CONTOURS OF
A SUBJECT AND SO CREATE SOFT OUTLINES.
• LIGHTS WHICH CREATE THIS EFFECT ARE: SCOOP OR A
FLOODED FRESNEL
• IT IS CREATED WHEN THE LIGHT IS LARGER COMPARED TO
THE OBJECT.

5. HARD LIGHTING VS SOFT LIGHTING
• HARD LIGHTING : NEEDS TO BE SMALL LIKE A BARE LIGHT BULB
• SOFT LIGHTING : SOME DIFFUSION OR SOFTENING MATERIAL
FIXTURES
• THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF LIGHT FIXTURES:
• FRESNEL
• ELLIPSOIDAL SPOT
• SCOOP

6. FRESNEL
• FRESNEL LENS CAN BE ADJUSTED TO SPREAD OUT (FLOOD) OR
CONCENTRATE (SPOT) THE LIGHTS BEAM.
• FLOOD : SPOT LIGHT
• SPOT : HARD LIGHT

7. ELLIPSOIDAL
• THE ELLIPSOIDAL SPOT LIGHT PRODUCED A HARD, FOCUSED BEAM
OF LIGHT ON TO AN OBJECT

8. SCOOP
• SCOOP LIGHTING PRODUCES A SOFTER LIGHT THAN FRESNELS AND
USED AS FILL LIGHTING.

9. EXTRA INFO
• BARN DOORS – ADJUSTABLE BLACK METAL FLAPS, THE MASK OFD
UNWANTED LIGHT AND KEEP IT DIRECTED TO ONE AREA.
• FLAGS – ANY OPAQUE MATERIAL THAT CAN BLOCK AND DEFINE
EDGES OF THE LIGHT SOURCE.
• GELS – CHANGE THE LIGHTING COLOUR
• FILL CARDS/REFLECTORS – SOFTEN LIGHT INDOORS, MADE FROM
HIGHLY REFLECTIVE SHEETS OR TIN FOIL BOARDS.
• UMBRELLA – OPEN SIDE FACES OBJECT (LIGHT SHINES INTO IT)
• DIFFUSION – SOFTENS LIGHT SOURCE BY MAKING LESS FOCUSED.

10. MY COURSEWORK
• IN RELATION TO MY COURSEWORK I SHALL USE A SPOT LIGHT, SHOT
FROM BEHIND THE ARTIST ALONG WITH A DIFFUSION TO SOFTEN
THE ARTISTS FACE.
• THIS IS BECAUSE I WANT TO CREATE SOFT IMAGES AND A DREAM
LIGHT EFFECT TO HIGHLIGHT HE IS LOOKING BACK ON MEMORIES.
• I SHALL ALSO USE THE UMBRELLA WHEN TAKING MY STUDIO SHOTS
IN ORDER TO USE THESE FOR THE MAGAZINE POSTER AND DIGIPAK.