perception in motor development

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Carl P. Gabbard
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by
Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio

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Perception
• Gathering, monitoring, and interpreting sensory
information
Sensation
◦ Stimulation of sensory receptors
 Vision plays a major role in most skill performance.
To better understand this role, we need to examine
age-related changes in visual sensation and visual
perception

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Visual acuity refers to clearness of vision
Static visual acuity
Newborn: 20/200 to 20/600 (Snellen)
3 months = Focus
6 months = 20/100
12 months = Adult-like
Dynamic visual acuity
Ability to perceive detail
in a moving object
Figure 6.3
Acuity is sharpness of sight.

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Approximately 80% of all sensory
information is derived via the visual system.
People depend heavily on visual perception in the
performance of most skills.
• 1. Perception of Space
• 2. Perception of Objects
• a. Figure-and –ground perception
• b. Whole-and-part perception
• c. Size constancy
• d. Shape constancy
• e. Habituation
• f. Spatial orientation
3. Perception of Motion

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 One of the fundamental perceptions is that of
three-dimensional space. Almost all
movements-reaching and grasping, locomotion,
and complex skills such as driving a car or
piloting a plane-depend on a perception of
three-dimensional space.

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 Among the important attributes of objects are
size, shape, and motion. The concept of "object"
is relative. An airplane pilot might consider a
runway to be an object, whereas a person
standing on the runway considers it a surface.

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 ability to see an object of interest as distinct
from the background.

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 ability to discriminate parts of a picture or an
object from the whole, yet integrate the parts
into the whole, perceiving them simultaneously

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 perception of actual object size despite the size
of its image as projected on our retina.

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 perception of actual object size despite the size
of its image as projected on our retina.

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 the state of having adapted to a stimulus

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 the orientation or position of objects as they are
located in space or in a two dimensional
drawing.

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*Some neurological mechanisms are dedicated to detecting
motion.
*Infants perceive motion.
*Perception of direction and velocity of motion improves during
infancy

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Kinesthesis arises from proprioceptors
The kinesthetic system might be described
as the system that gives us "body sense."
•The relative position of the body parts to each
other,
• The position of the body in space,
• The body's movements, and
•The nature of objects that the body comes into
contact with.

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Awareness of movement and body position
• “To move” and “sensation”
• Somatosensory system
• Cutaneous / proprioceptors
Receptors
• Vestibular apparatus
• Muscle spindle receptors
• Joint receptors
• Golgi tendon organs

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Kinesthetic (discrimination) Acuity
 Refers to the ability to detect differences
and match quantities (8 years)
Kinesthetic Memory
 Involves reproduction of movements (12
years)

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Body awareness
Spatial awareness
• Objective
• Egocentric
Directional awareness
• Laterality
• Directionality
Vestibular awareness
 Postural
 Static
 Dynamic
Rhythmic (temporal) awareness
 Coincident timing
 Rhythmic basic function 5 to 7
years

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 Ability to detect, discriminate, associate, and interpret
auditory stimuli
◦ Hearing present before birth
◦ Refinement from birth to 6 months—almost as sensitive
as adults
◦ Ability to localize occurs by age 3
◦ Significant improvement occurs into early teens

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◦ Refers to the ability to detect and interpret sensory
information cutaneously (of or on the skin)
 First responses to touch are on the facial area (fetus –
newborn).
 Well developed by 5 to 8 years
 After the age of four, visual dominance is present

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Intrasensory (individual sensory system)
Intersensory (perceptual integration)
• Simultaneous use of more than one sensory system

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• Ability to translate (perceive) information from one modality to
another
• Recognition of a stimulus as an equivalent (match) when they
are presented to two different modalities
Visual–Kinesthetic
• 2 to 3 weeks (imitate) 5 years, recognition of objects touched
Visual–Auditory
• By 4 months infants can link VA information
Auditory-Kinesthetic (limited)
• Child selects tactually by name, adult-like by 11 to 12 years

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Visual Perception
◦ Acuity  40 >
◦ Sensitivity to light 
◦ Depth (little change)
◦ Visual information processing 
◦ Perception of movement 
Kinesthetic Perception
◦ Touch sensitivity 
◦ Sense of body position (little change)
◦ Weight discrimination 
◦ Balance  70 >

27. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 6.4