life process hemostatic mechanism

1. Life process,hemostatic
mechanism,biological and
psychosocial dynamic of disease
L. Suneetha,
M. Sc. (N), Ist Year,
SPGCON, Tirupathi

2. INTRODUCTION
LIFE PROCESS
• Various functions are going inside in our body
inside the body of all living organisms these
functions are necessary to maintain the living
being.

3. functions comprise the life processes
nutrition
excretion
reproduction
Growth and
development
respiration

4. • NUTRITION: - nutrition is the process of
getting energy from outside sources. Next
process of nutrition is to break down these
sources to release energy. Process of getting
nutrition from organism to organism and is
affected by the external environment.
Based on mode of getting food organism can
be classified as follows
• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs

5. • Autotrophs: makes their own food .all green
plants are autotrophs .
• you must we aware that green leafs contain a
pigment called chlorophyll,which makes them
green.
• Apart from the coloring purpose chlorophyll plays
a more important role of converting the sun’s
photo energy to chemical energy .
• the process of food preparation in plant is called
photosynthesis .
• it involves making of glucose with the help of co2
and H2O in the presence of sunlight.

6. • Photosynthesis can be expressed by following
chemical reaction:
• 6CO2+ H2O…………..C6H12O6+6O2,
• Carbon dioxide + water = Glucose + Oxygen
• Glucose thus forms is used by the plant to
satisfied its energy needs .the excess amount
is stored as starch in various parts of plant.

7. • Heterotrophs: those organisms which are
depending on other organism for their food
are called heterotrophs.
• Some animals, like humans have complex
digestive system to break the food to basic
constituents to make them fit for oxidation.

8. • Human digestive system-Human digestive system
is a complex and elaborates system. The digestive
system carries out the following function:
1. Intake of food
2.Digestion of food
3.Assimilation of food
4. Expulsion of waste material
• Movement of the food in the Alimentary canal :-
Alimentary canal constricts and in rhythmic fashion.
This pushes food particles forward through the
alimentary canal .At every junction there are
valve like structure which prevent back flow of
the food. Some time these valves malfunction
which can cause regurgitation of food.

9. RESPIRATION
• Breaking down of nutrient to release energy is
called respiration
• Internal respiration
• External respiration
• Internal respiration-it is the gases exchange
between blood and tissues.
• External respiration-it is exchange of gases
between lungs and blood.

10. • Hemoglobin: - RBC in the blood carries
hemoglobin which carries oxygen to the cell and
carbondiaoxide away from the cell.
• Arteries: - arteries carry oxygenated blood from
the heart to the different part of the body.
• Veins: - veins carry deoxygenated blood from
different part of the body to the heart.
• Heart: - heart function like a pump and helps
pumping the deoxygenated blood to lungs for
purification and oxygenated blood to different
parts of body.
• Lungs: - it helps in sucking in oxygen from air and
pumping out co2 in the air.

11. EXCRETION
• Expulsion of the harmful substances, which
are byproduct of life process, is called
excretion.
• In human body many organs helps in
excretion of harmful substances .for example
lungs expel out co2 ,skin expel out through
sweating , mouth expel through spit , and
rectum expel through faces the main
excretory organ is kidney .
• They filter harmful substances from blood
and expel them through urine.

12. GROWTH AND REPAIR
• Cellular healing: - the reparative process begins at
approximately the same time as the injury and is
interwoven with inflammation. Healing proceeds after
the inflammatory debris has been removed. Healing
may occur by regeneration in which the gradual repair
of the defect occurs by proliferation of cells of the
same type as those destroyed or by replacement.
• skin growth:-In most area of the body ,the epidermis
has four layers. In the lowest, the basal layer , new cells
are produced. As the new cells move to the surface,
they change to form intermediate layers of prickle cells
and granular cells. The cells reach the surface in 1-2
month. The layers at the surface consists of dead ,flat
cells, which are continuously shed.

13. • SKIN REPAIR:-When the skin is injured,it
responds by repairing the damagedtissue and
replacing lost tissue with the new cells.During
the process of repair ,dead or damaged tissue
is initially supplanted by scar remains.

14. REPRODUCTION
• Ovulation : at puberty (usually between ages
12 to 14 ) the begin to mature . during a
period known as follicular phase , an ovum is
enlarges as a type of cyst called a grafian
follicle until it reaches the surface of the ovary
, where transport occurs . the ovum is
discharged into the peritoneal cavity . This
periodic discharge of mature ovum is referred
to as ovulation.

15. • The menstrual cycle:- menstrual cycle is a
complex process involving the reproductive and
endocrine systems. The ovaries produce the
steroid hormones predominantly estrogens and
progesterone . the secretion of ovarian hormones
follows a cycle pattern that results in changes in
uterine endometrial and in menstruation this
cycle is typically 28 days in length ,but there are
many normal variations (21 to 42 days ) .
• In the proliferation phase at the beginning of the
cycle (just after menstruation) FHS output
increases, stimulation estrogen secretion. This
causes the endometrial to thicken and become
more vascular.

16. • In the secretory phase near the middle
portion of the cycle, LH output increases,
stimulating ovulation. Under the combined
stimulus of estrogen and progesterone, the
endometrium reaches to the peak of its
thickening and vascularization .
• The luteal phase begins after ovulation and is
characterized by the secretion of progesterone
from the corpus luteum

17. HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM
• The tendency of a system, especially the
physiological system of higher animals, to
maintain internal stability, owing to the
coordinated response of its parts to any
situation or stimulus tending to disturb its
normal condition or function.

18. • Control mechanisms: - when the receptor
sense a stimulus, it sends information to a
control centre determines an appropriate
response to the stimulus. In most homeostatic
mechanisms the control centre is the brain.
• The control centre then send signals to
effectors which can be muscles, organs or
other structures that receives signals from the
control centre. After receiving the signal, a
change occurs to correct the deviation by
either enhancing it with positive feedback or
depressing it with negative feedback.

19. • Homeostatic imbalance: - many diseases are a
result of disturbances of homeostatic, a
condition known as Homeostatic imbalance.
As it ages, every organism will lose efficiency
in its control system. The inefficiency gradually
results in an unstable internal environment
that increases the risk for illness.

20. BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL
DYNAMIC IN CAUSATION OF DISEASE
• HEALTH-“Health is a
state of complete
physical, mental and
social well being and
merely the absence of
diseases or infirmity”.

21. Risk
factor
Genetic and
physiological factors
environment
Life style
Age

22. ETIOLOGY
Hereditary
Congenital
Inflammatory Degeneration
Infection
Deficiency Metabolic
Neoplastic
Traumatic

23. STRESS AND ADAPTATION
• Stress is a state produce by change in the
environment that perceived as threatening,
damaging and challenging to a person.
• Adaptation: is a constant ongoing process that
requires a change in the structure, function or
behavior so that person better suited to the
environment

24. • STRESS- THREAT TO THE STEADY:-
• Types of stressor: a stressor can upset the
equilibrium. A stressor may be defined as
internal or external event or situation that
creates the potential for physical, emotional,
cognitive, behavior of change in individual.
• Stressor may be physical like pain and fatigue
or psychosocial like fear of fail in examination,
loss of job.

25. Response to stress
1.Psychological response to the stressor
2.Appraisal of a stressful situation
3.Copying with the stressful event
4.Physiological response to stress:

26. Body Coping mechanism with stress
• General adaptive syndrome model
• i)Alarm stage:-
• It is the first stage, which is divided into two
phases: the shock phase and the antishock
phase.
• Shock phase: During this phase, the body can
endure changes such as hypovolemia,
hypoosmolarity, hyponatremia, hypochloremia,
hypoglycemia—the stressor effect. The
organism's resistance to the stressor drops
temporarily below the normal range and some
level of shock (e.g. circulatory shock) may be
experienced.

27. • Antishock phase: When the threat or stressor
is identified or realized, the body starts to
respond and is in a state of alarm. During this
stage, the sympathetic nervous system is
activated and catecholamine’s such as
adrenaline are being produced, hence the
fight-or-flight response. The result is:
increased muscular tone, increased blood
pressure due to peripheral vasoconstriction
and tachycardia, and increased glucose in
blood.

28. • Stage 1: Alarm
– Upon encountering a stressor, body reacts with
“fight-or-flight” response and sympathetic
nervous system is activated.
– Hormones such as cortisol and adrenalin released
into the bloodstream to meet the threat or
danger.
– The body’s resources now mobilized
• Example.-
• Increased heart rate
• Increased RBC production
• Increased breathing

29. • Ii)Resistance stage:- It is the second stage and
increased secretion of glucocorticoids play a
major role, intensifying the systemic
response—they have lypolytic, catabolic and
antianabolic effects: increased glucose, fat and
aminoacid/protein concentration in blood.
• Moreover, they cause lymphocytopenia,
eosinopenia, neutrophilia and polycythemia.
In high doses, cortisol begins to act as a
mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) and brings the
body to a state similar to hyperaldosteronism.

30. • iii)Exhaustion or recovery stage:-
• Recovery stage follows when the system's
compensation mechanisms have successfully
overcome the stressor effect (or have
completely eliminated the factor which
caused the stress). The high glucose, fat and
aminoacid levels in blood prove useful for
anabolic reactions, restoration of homeostasis
and regeneration of cells.

31. • Exhaustion is the alternative third stage in the
GAS model. At this point, all of the body's
resources are eventually depleted and the body is
unable to maintain normal function. The initial
autonomic nervous system symptoms may
reappear (sweating, raised heart rate, etc.). If
stage three is extended, long-term damage may
result (prolonged vasoconstriction results in
ischemia which in turn leads to cell necrosis), as
the body's immune system becomes exhausted,
and bodily functions become impaired, resulting
in decompensation.

32. B)Psychological Responses
• The term stress has been used to describe a variety of
negative feelings and reactions that accompany
threatening or challenging situations. However, not
all stress reactions are negative. A certain amount of
stress is actually necessary for survival.
• For example, birth is one of the most stressful
experiences of life. The high level of hormones
released during birth, which are also involved in the
stress response, are believed to prepare the newborn
infant for adaptation to the challenges of life outside
the womb.
• These biological responses to stress make the
newborn more alert promoting the bonding process
and, by extension, the child's physical survival.

33. • Ego Defense Mechanisms_
• These mechanisms were first described by
Sigmund Freud , are unconscious behaviours
that offer psychological protection from a
stressful event. They are used by everyone
and help protect against feelings of
worthlessness and anxiety.

34. Planning
• The formulation of nursing diagnoses initiates the
formation of a care plan. The care plan is
individualized to the client perception of the
stressor and response to stress. The general goals
for clients who require stress management
include the following-
• Reduction in frequency of stress inducing
situations.
• Decreased physiological response to stress.
• Improved behavioural and emotional responses
to stress.

35. • Examples of NANDA Nursing diagnoses for
stress
• Anxiety related to:
• Change in health status
• Maturational or situational crisis
• Altered growth and development related to:
• Situational crisis( unplanned pregnancy)
• Caregiver role strain related to:
• Adjustment to medical diagnosis

36. Implementation
• The nurse is responsible for implementation
thoughtful interventions that are carried out
in several nursing domains.

37. Health promotion
• Before specific stress management techniques
are taught to the client, the nurse must
establish a helping role.
• Creation of a trusting caring environment
• When helping the client to reduce stress, the
nurse stress free situations, decrease the
physiological response to stress, and improve
the behavioural and emotional response to
stress.

38. Stress management
Stress management involves the use of coping
strategies in response to stressful situations.
• S-Set priorities of stress to decrease stress
• T- Tackle stressor according to priority
• R- Recognize your strength and weakness
• E- Establish yourself, put resources strength in
practice
• S- Smile in difficulties
• S- Seek help from others and feel free to take
help

39. • M- Make best use of time,money and resources
• A-Accept challenges and truth
• N- Nurture positive attitude, strength and
qualities
• A-Attempt again and again to succeed
• G-Get hold of problem and try to solve it
• E- Establish good relationship
• M- Mode(role model) get inspire from role model
• E-Evaluate your failure and achievement
• N-Nourish yourself( Nutrition)
• T-Thank god for solving problems

40. Adaptive coping stratigies for
management of stress.
Environment
modification
relaxation
music laugh
meditation
nutrition awareness
pets
Think
positively

41. compromise Good cry
Avoid self
medication
Take care of
your body

42. SUMMRIZATION
• Life process
• Hemostatic mechanism
• Health
• Risk factor of health
• Stress and adaptation
• Stress management