Class-X Geography

1. Means of Transport
1- Land Transport –
2- Water Transport
3-Air Transport

2. Land transport
Roadways
Railways
pipelines

3. Roadways and Its features
1-India has the
largest road network
in the world with 2.3
million km.
2-Why roads
are more
feasible.
3- Cheaper
construction
rate
4- Can traverse
dissected
topography
5-On
higher
gradients
6-
Economical
7-Door to door
services
8-As feeder to
other
transports.
Road Density-
The length of
road per one
hundred squire
kilometre.

4. Types of roads in India
1-Golden quadrilateral /East-West (Silchar to Porbandar)and North south(Srinagar to
Kanyakumari)
2- National Highways-Mainland by CPWD (Sher shah suri – Kolkata to Peshawar via
Delhi, Amritsar is NH -1,NH -8 Delhi –Mumbai,NH-7 Varanasi –Kanyakumari)
3-State Highways –by PWD
4-District Highways-by Zila Parishad
5- Other/Rural roads- PMGSY
6-Border roads-North,NE,NW India.
7-Metalled –All weather(Concrete .bitumen&coal)
8-Unmetalled –Half of the total

5. Railways
1- Integrating since last 150 years,
2-It is a largest PSU in India
3-Inittiated in 1853 between Mumbai to Thane
4- Broad , Metre and Narrow gauge
5- Railway is the best for Plains ,high density, Agriculture area.
6-Difficult in mountains , deserts and landslide areas.
7-Diamond quadrilateral(High speed rail network)
8-There are 16 railway zones in India.

6. Pipelines
1-Gas /liquid/solid
2-Refineries –Barauni ,Mathura,Panipat
3-Initial cost is high and running cost is low
4-Oil(UpperAssam to Kanpur )Via Guwahati ,Barauni and
Allahabad.
5-From Salaya Gujarat to Jalandhar Punjab via
Viramgam,Mathura Delhi ,Sonipat.
6-From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur up via Vijaypur MP.

7. Waterways
1-Cheapest mode of Transport
2-Fuel efficient and environment friendly
3-95%trade in volume and 68% in value by sea
4-Coastline 7516 km (handle 95%foriegn trade)
5-Kandla (after 1947, to relieve Mumbai) as Karachi
went to Pakistan .
6-Mumbai- Biggest natural and sheltered harbour.
7-Jawaharlal Nehru port to decongest Mumbai.
8-Marmagao(Export iron from Goa)
9-New Mangalore(Karnatka ) exports iron from
Kudremukh.
10-Kochi- entrance of lagoon with natural harbour.

8. IWAI - Inland Waterways
Authority of India
CIWTC - Central Inland Water
Transport Corporation
KSINCL- Kerala State Inland
Navigation Company Limited

9. Airways
Fastest comfortable and prestigious mode of
transport.It covers very difficult terrains like
mountains,deserts,forests and ocean.
Nationalized in 1953 with the Indian airlines .Air
India provides international air services.
Pawanhansh helicopters provides services to oil and
natural gas corporation in its off-shore operations.
Countries connected by Indian airlines. USA , UK,
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar , UAE Malaysia ,Myanmar ,
Singapore and Thailand are connected with Indian airlines
in South East Asia and nations like Afghanistan
Bangladesh , Maldives , Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka in
the Indian sub-continent.

11. •Important Seaports in western
Indian coast
1-Kandla in Gujarat
2-Mumbai in Maharashtra
3-Jawahar Lal Nehru In Maharashtra
4-Marmagao in Goa
5-New Mangalore in Karnataka
6-Kochchi in Kerala

12. Important sea ports in Eastern Indian
coast
1-Kolkata in West Bengal
2- Paradwip in Oddisa
3- Vissakhapattanam in Oddisa
4- Chennai in Tamil Nadu
5-Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu

13. Airways Transports
1- Fastest ,comfortable and prestigious
mode of transport
2-Covers very difficult terrains as
mountains,deserts,forests,oceans
3- Indian airways nationalized in 1953.

14. Countries connected by Indian
Airlines-
USA,UK,Bahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,UA
E,Malaysia, Myanmar,Singapore and
Thailand are connected with Indian
Airlines in South East Asia and Nations
like Afghanistan ,Bangladesh
,Maldives,Nepal ,Pakistan and SriLanka
in the Indian sub-continent.

15. Communicaton-
-The pace of change.
-Personal communication and Mass
communication
-Indian postal network is the
largest network in the world.
-To facilitate quick delivery of mails
,six mail channels have been
introduced.

16. 1-Rajdhani Channel- It has been introduced for
transmission of mail from Delhi to six states capital and
vice versa.
2-Greenmail-It is the action of purchasing enough share
in a firm to challenge a firm’s leadership with the threat
of a hostile takeover to force the target company to buy
the purchased shares back at a premium in order to
prevent the potential takeover.
3-Bulkmail- It is a physical mail that is commercial in
nature , prepared in large volumes and mailed at
reduced postage costs consisting letters , newsletters,
pamphlets and other small products.

17. Business channel- On line shopping and quick delivery
services.
Bulk Mail Channel- clusture of mails ,goods and services .
Periodical channel- specific code delivery system.
Digital India-IT(Indian Talents)+IT(Information
Technology)=IT (India Tomorrow)
India has the largest telecom network in Asia.
STD,ISD ,MOBILE SERVICES under different network.

18. Mass Communication-radio , television,
newspaper ,magazines,books and films.All
India radio,( Akashwani) ,Doordarshan-
national tv channel of India broadcasting
various programme in different languages.

19. International trade-The exchange
of goods among people , states
and countries is referred to as
trade.
Favourable and unfavourable
trade.

20. Tourism
Tourism promotes national integration ,
supports to local handicrafts ,helps in the
development of international understanding
about our culture and heritage.

22. INDIAN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
REPORT (AUGUST, 2019)
Introduction
The Indian tourism and hospitality industry has emerged as one of the
key drivers of growth among the services sector in India. Tourism in
India has significant potential considering the rich cultural and
historical heritage, variety in ecology, terrains and places of natural
beauty spread across the country. Tourism is also a potentially large
employment generator besides being a significant source of foreign
exchange for the country. During 2018, FEEs from tourism increased
4.70 per cent* year-on-year to US$ 28.59 billion. FEEs during January
2019 was US$ 2.55 billion.

23. Government Initiatives
The Indian government has realised the country’s potential in the
tourism industry and has taken several steps to make India a global
tourism hub.
Some of the major initiatives planned by the Government of India to
give a boost to the tourism and hospitality sector of India are as
follows:
1-Statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, also known as ‘Statue of
Unity’, was inaugurated in October 2018. It is the highest standing
statue in the world at a height of 182 metre. It is expected to boost
the tourism sector in the country and put India on the world tourism
map.
2-The Government of India is working to achieve 1 per cent share in
world's international tourist arrivals by 2020 and 2 per cent share by
2025.
Under Budget 2019-20, the government allotted Rs 1,160 crore
(US$ 160.78 million) for development of tourist circuits under
Swadesh Darshan.
Under Budget 2019-20, the government allotted Rs 160.50 crore
(US$ 22.25 million) for development of tourist circuits under
Swadesh Darshan.

24. Achievements
Following are the achievements of the government during 2017-18:
During 2018-19, a total of seven projects worth Rs 384.67 crore
(US$ 54.81 million) were sanctioned under the Swadesh Darshan
scheme.
As of July 2018, 14 states had deployed tourist police. In November
2018, Nagaland also deployed a separate tourist police in the state.

25. Introduction
India’s rich cultural, historical, religious and natural heritage provides a
huge potential for development of tourism and job creation in the
country. There is a great scope and need to develop tourist circuits on
specific themes to attract the tourists having special interest in visiting
such places. This can be achieved only through an integrated approach
by providing engaging experiences for distinct categories of tourists i.e.
Domestic and International. Various themes which are unique and
specific to the area can include beaches, culture, heritage, wildlife etc.
Such theme based tourist circuits should be developed in a manner that
supports communities, provides employment and fosters social
integration without comprising upon the environmental concerns and
provides unique experiences to the tourists.
In due recognition to this the Government of India, Ministry of Tourism
(MoT) launched the Swadesh Darshan Scheme (Central Sector
Scheme)– for integrated development of theme based tourist circuits in
the country in 2014-15.

27. Theme Based Circuits
Sufi
Sufi Circuit in India aims at celebrating the age old Sufi tradition of the country. Teaching the path of unity in diversity, communal
harmony and developing their own unique music, art and culture the Sufi Tradition and Sufi saints are still revered till date.
rnrn
Attracting massive footfalls across the golden triangle, Maharashtra, Bihar and other locations, sufi circuit is one of the key
development thrusts of the Ministry of Tourism.