The document outlines the four parts of a React component's lifecycle: mounting, updating, unmounting, and error handling. It describes the order of lifecycle method calls during mounting (constructor, render, componentDidMount), updating (getDerivedStateFromProps, shouldComponentUpdate, render, componentDidUpdate), and unmounting (componentWillUnmount). It also lists the error handling methods (getDerivedStateFromError, componentDidCatch) that are called when errors occur.