The document discusses various features that can be extracted from lidar data including bare earth terrain, vegetation, buildings, power lines, hydrological features, contours, roads, bridges, railways, and mobile lidar mapping. It provides descriptions and examples of how these features can be classified and digitized from lidar point clouds and derivatives.
Modelling of Land Mobile Satellite Channel to Counter Channel Outage ijdpsjournal
A Land mobile satellite service (LMSS) is an arm of mobile satellite system (MSS), in which a number of
services are its subset. To ensure network availability, high quality of service (QoS), and reduce outage on
the channel as a result of channel interferences during propagation, it is important to understand channel
behaviour in various transmission environments. Vast literature has been published on the subject of
channel models that attempted to improve on impairments in communication links: a large number has
focused on narrowband channels than wideband. Due to advances in recent technology wideband
modelling of satellite channels becomes necessary, which this research study is focused, particularly
model for Land Mobile Satellite (LMS) channel. This study models the complete behaviour of LMS
Channel based on the Lutz’s (1989) two-state statistical model but modified with two-state Markov chain
for two different transmission environments, namely: shadowing (line-of-sight) and un- shadowing (nonline-of-sight)
conditions. In order to reduce the effect of channel outages, satellite diversity approach was
employed in addition to the 2-state Markov chain. Simulations of these conditions were performed using
MATLAB programming language. The study concludes that satellite diversity reduces outage on the
channel, and when mobile terminals have access to two geostationary satellites simultaneously network
availability is assured compared to when it has only one satellite link
MODELLING OF LAND MOBILE SATELLITE CHANNEL TO COUNTER CHANNEL OUTAGE ijdpsjournal
A Land mobile satellite service (LMSS) is an arm of mobile satellite system (MSS), in which a number of
services are its subset. To ensure network availability, high quality of service (QoS), and reduce outage on
the channel as a result of channel interferences during propagation, it is important to understand channel
behaviour in various transmission environments. Vast literature has been published on the subject of
channel models that attempted to improve on impairments in communication links: a large number has
focused on narrowband channels than wideband. Due to advances in recent technology wideband
modelling of satellite channels becomes necessary, which this research study is focused, particularly
model for Land Mobile Satellite (LMS) channel. This study models the complete behaviour of LMS
Channel based on the Lutz’s (1989) two-state statistical model but modified with two-state Markov chain
for two different transmission environments, namely: shadowing (line-of-sight) and un- shadowing (nonline-of-sight)
conditions. In order to reduce the effect of channel outages, satellite diversity approach was
employed in addition to the 2-state Markov chain. Simulations of these conditions were performed using
MATLAB programming language. The study concludes that satellite diversity reduces outage on the
channel, and when mobile terminals have access to two geostationary satellites simultaneously network
availability is assured compared to when it has only one satellite link.
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Modelling of Land Mobile Satellite Channel to Counter Channel Outage ijdpsjournal
A Land mobile satellite service (LMSS) is an arm of mobile satellite system (MSS), in which a number of
services are its subset. To ensure network availability, high quality of service (QoS), and reduce outage on
the channel as a result of channel interferences during propagation, it is important to understand channel
behaviour in various transmission environments. Vast literature has been published on the subject of
channel models that attempted to improve on impairments in communication links: a large number has
focused on narrowband channels than wideband. Due to advances in recent technology wideband
modelling of satellite channels becomes necessary, which this research study is focused, particularly
model for Land Mobile Satellite (LMS) channel. This study models the complete behaviour of LMS
Channel based on the Lutz’s (1989) two-state statistical model but modified with two-state Markov chain
for two different transmission environments, namely: shadowing (line-of-sight) and un- shadowing (nonline-of-sight)
conditions. In order to reduce the effect of channel outages, satellite diversity approach was
employed in addition to the 2-state Markov chain. Simulations of these conditions were performed using
MATLAB programming language. The study concludes that satellite diversity reduces outage on the
channel, and when mobile terminals have access to two geostationary satellites simultaneously network
availability is assured compared to when it has only one satellite link
MODELLING OF LAND MOBILE SATELLITE CHANNEL TO COUNTER CHANNEL OUTAGE ijdpsjournal
A Land mobile satellite service (LMSS) is an arm of mobile satellite system (MSS), in which a number of
services are its subset. To ensure network availability, high quality of service (QoS), and reduce outage on
the channel as a result of channel interferences during propagation, it is important to understand channel
behaviour in various transmission environments. Vast literature has been published on the subject of
channel models that attempted to improve on impairments in communication links: a large number has
focused on narrowband channels than wideband. Due to advances in recent technology wideband
modelling of satellite channels becomes necessary, which this research study is focused, particularly
model for Land Mobile Satellite (LMS) channel. This study models the complete behaviour of LMS
Channel based on the Lutz’s (1989) two-state statistical model but modified with two-state Markov chain
for two different transmission environments, namely: shadowing (line-of-sight) and un- shadowing (nonline-of-sight)
conditions. In order to reduce the effect of channel outages, satellite diversity approach was
employed in addition to the 2-state Markov chain. Simulations of these conditions were performed using
MATLAB programming language. The study concludes that satellite diversity reduces outage on the
channel, and when mobile terminals have access to two geostationary satellites simultaneously network
availability is assured compared to when it has only one satellite link.
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
A Cooperative Approach to Extend Cellular Coverage via D2D Architecture based...IJCNCJournal
The access part of all cellular network’s generation suffers from common concerns related to dead spots (zones that are not covered by the network) and hot spots (zones where the number of users is higher compared to network resources). During the last decade, lots of research proposals have tried to overcome cellular problems through multi-hop D2D architecture, which is a new paradigm allowing the direct communication between devices in cellular network to enhance network performances and improve user QoS. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop D2D architecture based on the OLSR protocol to extend cellular coverage. Cell-OLSR, which is the proposed adaptation of OLSR for our architecture, allows the exchange of cellular parameters between nodes to choose the best proxy device to forward data to the cellular base station (BS).
Use of Satellite Data for Feasibility Study And Preliminary Design Project Re...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the developing countries like India, need of infrastructure is very high as compared to the available resources. The various organizations put their demands to state and center government for sanction of their project, government depends upon its various department to provide an approximate cost so that priorities can be assigned. The conventional procedure depends upon the land surveying, collection of data from various departments resulting in delay in necessary decision making or some time shelving due to unreasonable cost estimate due to field data being very old. Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization single handily taking this responsibility thus up gradation of data is far behind the actual development. From the satellite data, which is available in the form of images and terrains (even in 3d LiDAR points for some areas) is very useful for Feasibility Study, and Preliminary Project Report. In the present study natural drain named „Chai Nala‟ meanders through the prime property of Greater Mohali Area Development Authority (GMADA) thus making a big chunk of commercial land inoperative. It was proposed to straighten and channelize to reclaim the land from drain regime. Being the precious land department wanted the most economical and technically sound design without taking any risk. It was decided to counter check the hydraulic data, ground profile, acquired from the Punjab Irrigation Department with the satellite data and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The data from the Google Earth was acquired using Cad Earth software and water shed analysis was carried out using Autodesk Civil 3D software. Comparison of results shows that this technique is quite useful and can be for preliminary feasibility and project preparation. Thus saving huge money and time.
Surveying for Civil engineering is a
particular type of surveying known as "land surveying", it is the
detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through
observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or
research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of
planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries.
Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping
and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys,
precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and
volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and
the analysis and utilization of land survey data. Surveyors use
various tools to do their work successfully and accurately, such
as total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, prisms, 3D
scanners, radio communicators, handheld tablets, digital levels,
and surveying software.
Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital
data collection systems on survey instruments. When data is
captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured
with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this
could not only influence how information will be interpreted but
also the cost of data captured.
In this paper GIS maps were developed depending on the
field surveying data made for a two traverses. First one has ribs
less than 50m length and the other larger than 50m. Each
traverse is holding five times using five equipments and
instruments: Tape, Level, Digital level, Digital theodolite and
Laser tape. Also those maps were drawn by using both of ACAD
and ArcView softwares. Then a detail surveying map was
produced. The precision was computed for both traverses in each
method. Its value is range from 1/140 to 1/10000.
Changes in dam break hydrodynamic modelling practice - Suter et alStephen Flood
Abstract: Today, many organisations rely on hydrodynamic modelling to assess the consequences of dam break failure on downstream populations and infrastructure. The availability of finite volume shock-capturing schemes and flexible mesh schematisations in widely used software platforms imply that dam break modelling projects will be carried out differently in the future: Finite volume based platforms allow widespread application of shock-capturing methods and flexible mesh platforms can represent features in the study area more realistically and are more flexible thanks to varying mesh resolutions. Furthermore, the recent adoption of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) technology in mainstream scientific and engineering computing will also significantly decrease computation times at relatively low cost.
This paper examines the application of finite volume, flexible mesh and GPU technologies to dam break modelling. One-dimensional (1D) modelling results are compared to those from two-dimensional (2D) finite difference and finite volume approaches. The results demonstrate that there are differences between modelling approaches and that the computational speeds of 2D simulations can be significantly reduced by the use of GPU processors.
802.11g Signal Strength Evaluation in an Industrial Environment (Elsevier Int...Dalton Valadares
This paper was submitted to the Elsevier Internet of Things Journal (ISSN: 2542-6605) and is an extension of the AINA2019 paper: "Towards 802.11g Signal Strength Estimation in an Industrial Environment: A Practical Study".
Abstract: While designing a cellular network, the main issue for the network planning is to achieve maximum
capacity while maintaining an acceptable grade of service and good speech quality. Planning an immature
network does not allow future growth and expansion. Wise & calculative re-use of site location in the future
network structure will save money for the operator. For this reason, digital maps are one of the most essential
elements to the network engineers while they have to think about expanding their business. However, the digital
maps cost a lot of money. This problem can be mitigated if Google Earth is used.
In this paper, the procedure of how to design a cellular digitized map on Google Earth is shown. By
calculating the cell radius, implementing the single cell site, forming the 7-cell cluster and all the cells a low
cost digitized map is designed. It is necessary to have a digitized map in mobile communication because
ultimate goal includes efficient usage of RF wave, frequency reuse, total use of BW and last but not the least
cost reduction.
Keywords: Cellular digitized map, Cell radius, Google Earth.
A presentation to fellow colleagues and Dr. H. M. Alhassan (Course Lecturer) on general Concept, hierarachy, Design, Characteristics, Accessibility, Analysis, and Operation/monitoring of ROAD NETWORK.
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite ma...UVision
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite maintenance intervention
Pavements for roads in cities and highways are degraded with potholes, cracking, and rutting distresses. There is a strong need to identify these locations and sections with undesired longitudinal roughness quickly and accurately every year. Traditionally, expensive standalone survey vehicles for roughness measurements and more expensive multi-function vehicles are employed by highway agencies or through contract services, which most cities and local agencies can’t afford. The primary objective of this study is to describe a low cost method to collect essential pavement condition data and share real time to expedite maintenance intervention needs. This facilitates rapid identification of pavement sections with undesired longitudinal roughness and local defects. This paper discusses the impact of social media, crowd sourcing, and advances in cheaper accurate motion sensors and cloud server data processing. These tools make it possible to develop easy-to-use low cost methods, which are affordable by city public work and smaller road agencies.
Bit error rate analysis of wimax physical layer under sui and awgn channel mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Requirement of portable, mobile and high speed connectivity for internet access is increasing day by day. WiMAX will be playing an important role in the Broadband Wireless Technology (BWT) sector, since it is more cost-effective and easy to install technology. It is a fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system based on the IEEE 802.16 standards and will be used to provide “last mile” access to the broadband and Internet access services. The WiMAX technology is based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air Interface Standard and is rapidly proving itself as a technology that will play a significant role in fixed broadband wireless metropolitan area networks. It is based on the concept of orthogonal frequency division multiple access technique in wireless communication. This paper investigates the performance of WiMAX network under AWGN and SUI Channel Model by varying physical layer parameter such as higher M-ary modulation, coding scheme and cyclic prefix. Keywords: BWA, BWT, WiMAX, OFDM, CP, WLAN
Bit error rate analysis of wimax physical layer under sui and awgn channel mo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An In depth Review on Bridge Crack Detection Approachesijtsrd
Bridges are mega structures that have been utilized and built for millennia. These structures are highly effective in achieving transportation and commute between two highly inaccessible destinations easily. Bridges are also highly effective in reducing traffic was by allowing the use of an alternate path for the traffic flow to be resumed. This makes them highly versatile and extremely effective in various scenarios. But as with any constructed structures, these bridges need to be evaluated for their structural integrity and surveyed for any flaws or cracks that have been emerged over time. This is usually done manually by a civil engineer which is a time consuming process and can also introduce human error. Therefore to improve this procedure and number of related works have been analyzed extensively to achieve bridge crack detection through image processing methodologies. An effective approach has been envisioned through the use of convolutional neural networks and decision tree techniques to achieve bridge crack detection which will be further elaborated in the next edition of this research article. Ketan Ovhal | Ruturaj Lokhande | Omkar Kamble | Prathamesh Nanaware | Samarsingh Jadhav "An In-depth Review on Bridge Crack Detection Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42401.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/computer-engineering/42401/an-indepth-review-on-bridge-crack-detection-approaches/ketan-ovhal
A Cooperative Approach to Extend Cellular Coverage via D2D Architecture based...IJCNCJournal
The access part of all cellular network’s generation suffers from common concerns related to dead spots (zones that are not covered by the network) and hot spots (zones where the number of users is higher compared to network resources). During the last decade, lots of research proposals have tried to overcome cellular problems through multi-hop D2D architecture, which is a new paradigm allowing the direct communication between devices in cellular network to enhance network performances and improve user QoS. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop D2D architecture based on the OLSR protocol to extend cellular coverage. Cell-OLSR, which is the proposed adaptation of OLSR for our architecture, allows the exchange of cellular parameters between nodes to choose the best proxy device to forward data to the cellular base station (BS).
Use of Satellite Data for Feasibility Study And Preliminary Design Project Re...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the developing countries like India, need of infrastructure is very high as compared to the available resources. The various organizations put their demands to state and center government for sanction of their project, government depends upon its various department to provide an approximate cost so that priorities can be assigned. The conventional procedure depends upon the land surveying, collection of data from various departments resulting in delay in necessary decision making or some time shelving due to unreasonable cost estimate due to field data being very old. Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization single handily taking this responsibility thus up gradation of data is far behind the actual development. From the satellite data, which is available in the form of images and terrains (even in 3d LiDAR points for some areas) is very useful for Feasibility Study, and Preliminary Project Report. In the present study natural drain named „Chai Nala‟ meanders through the prime property of Greater Mohali Area Development Authority (GMADA) thus making a big chunk of commercial land inoperative. It was proposed to straighten and channelize to reclaim the land from drain regime. Being the precious land department wanted the most economical and technically sound design without taking any risk. It was decided to counter check the hydraulic data, ground profile, acquired from the Punjab Irrigation Department with the satellite data and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The data from the Google Earth was acquired using Cad Earth software and water shed analysis was carried out using Autodesk Civil 3D software. Comparison of results shows that this technique is quite useful and can be for preliminary feasibility and project preparation. Thus saving huge money and time.
Surveying for Civil engineering is a
particular type of surveying known as "land surveying", it is the
detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through
observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or
research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of
planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries.
Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping
and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys,
precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and
volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and
the analysis and utilization of land survey data. Surveyors use
various tools to do their work successfully and accurately, such
as total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, prisms, 3D
scanners, radio communicators, handheld tablets, digital levels,
and surveying software.
Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital
data collection systems on survey instruments. When data is
captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured
with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this
could not only influence how information will be interpreted but
also the cost of data captured.
In this paper GIS maps were developed depending on the
field surveying data made for a two traverses. First one has ribs
less than 50m length and the other larger than 50m. Each
traverse is holding five times using five equipments and
instruments: Tape, Level, Digital level, Digital theodolite and
Laser tape. Also those maps were drawn by using both of ACAD
and ArcView softwares. Then a detail surveying map was
produced. The precision was computed for both traverses in each
method. Its value is range from 1/140 to 1/10000.
Changes in dam break hydrodynamic modelling practice - Suter et alStephen Flood
Abstract: Today, many organisations rely on hydrodynamic modelling to assess the consequences of dam break failure on downstream populations and infrastructure. The availability of finite volume shock-capturing schemes and flexible mesh schematisations in widely used software platforms imply that dam break modelling projects will be carried out differently in the future: Finite volume based platforms allow widespread application of shock-capturing methods and flexible mesh platforms can represent features in the study area more realistically and are more flexible thanks to varying mesh resolutions. Furthermore, the recent adoption of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) technology in mainstream scientific and engineering computing will also significantly decrease computation times at relatively low cost.
This paper examines the application of finite volume, flexible mesh and GPU technologies to dam break modelling. One-dimensional (1D) modelling results are compared to those from two-dimensional (2D) finite difference and finite volume approaches. The results demonstrate that there are differences between modelling approaches and that the computational speeds of 2D simulations can be significantly reduced by the use of GPU processors.
802.11g Signal Strength Evaluation in an Industrial Environment (Elsevier Int...Dalton Valadares
This paper was submitted to the Elsevier Internet of Things Journal (ISSN: 2542-6605) and is an extension of the AINA2019 paper: "Towards 802.11g Signal Strength Estimation in an Industrial Environment: A Practical Study".
Abstract: While designing a cellular network, the main issue for the network planning is to achieve maximum
capacity while maintaining an acceptable grade of service and good speech quality. Planning an immature
network does not allow future growth and expansion. Wise & calculative re-use of site location in the future
network structure will save money for the operator. For this reason, digital maps are one of the most essential
elements to the network engineers while they have to think about expanding their business. However, the digital
maps cost a lot of money. This problem can be mitigated if Google Earth is used.
In this paper, the procedure of how to design a cellular digitized map on Google Earth is shown. By
calculating the cell radius, implementing the single cell site, forming the 7-cell cluster and all the cells a low
cost digitized map is designed. It is necessary to have a digitized map in mobile communication because
ultimate goal includes efficient usage of RF wave, frequency reuse, total use of BW and last but not the least
cost reduction.
Keywords: Cellular digitized map, Cell radius, Google Earth.
A presentation to fellow colleagues and Dr. H. M. Alhassan (Course Lecturer) on general Concept, hierarachy, Design, Characteristics, Accessibility, Analysis, and Operation/monitoring of ROAD NETWORK.
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite ma...UVision
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite maintenance intervention
Pavements for roads in cities and highways are degraded with potholes, cracking, and rutting distresses. There is a strong need to identify these locations and sections with undesired longitudinal roughness quickly and accurately every year. Traditionally, expensive standalone survey vehicles for roughness measurements and more expensive multi-function vehicles are employed by highway agencies or through contract services, which most cities and local agencies can’t afford. The primary objective of this study is to describe a low cost method to collect essential pavement condition data and share real time to expedite maintenance intervention needs. This facilitates rapid identification of pavement sections with undesired longitudinal roughness and local defects. This paper discusses the impact of social media, crowd sourcing, and advances in cheaper accurate motion sensors and cloud server data processing. These tools make it possible to develop easy-to-use low cost methods, which are affordable by city public work and smaller road agencies.
Bit error rate analysis of wimax physical layer under sui and awgn channel mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Requirement of portable, mobile and high speed connectivity for internet access is increasing day by day. WiMAX will be playing an important role in the Broadband Wireless Technology (BWT) sector, since it is more cost-effective and easy to install technology. It is a fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system based on the IEEE 802.16 standards and will be used to provide “last mile” access to the broadband and Internet access services. The WiMAX technology is based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air Interface Standard and is rapidly proving itself as a technology that will play a significant role in fixed broadband wireless metropolitan area networks. It is based on the concept of orthogonal frequency division multiple access technique in wireless communication. This paper investigates the performance of WiMAX network under AWGN and SUI Channel Model by varying physical layer parameter such as higher M-ary modulation, coding scheme and cyclic prefix. Keywords: BWA, BWT, WiMAX, OFDM, CP, WLAN
Bit error rate analysis of wimax physical layer under sui and awgn channel mo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An In depth Review on Bridge Crack Detection Approachesijtsrd
Bridges are mega structures that have been utilized and built for millennia. These structures are highly effective in achieving transportation and commute between two highly inaccessible destinations easily. Bridges are also highly effective in reducing traffic was by allowing the use of an alternate path for the traffic flow to be resumed. This makes them highly versatile and extremely effective in various scenarios. But as with any constructed structures, these bridges need to be evaluated for their structural integrity and surveyed for any flaws or cracks that have been emerged over time. This is usually done manually by a civil engineer which is a time consuming process and can also introduce human error. Therefore to improve this procedure and number of related works have been analyzed extensively to achieve bridge crack detection through image processing methodologies. An effective approach has been envisioned through the use of convolutional neural networks and decision tree techniques to achieve bridge crack detection which will be further elaborated in the next edition of this research article. Ketan Ovhal | Ruturaj Lokhande | Omkar Kamble | Prathamesh Nanaware | Samarsingh Jadhav "An In-depth Review on Bridge Crack Detection Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42401.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/computer-engineering/42401/an-indepth-review-on-bridge-crack-detection-approaches/ketan-ovhal
1. 1.Fig_01
Bare Earth, Cliffs and Over hangings. Lidar point filters that separate vegetation
points from bar earth terrain surfaces typically operate along vectors aligned with
either the lidar shot direction or with the vertical. Classification of lidar point clouds to
separate bare earth from vegetation is a common application in lidar mapping and
many lidar point filters have been developed for this purpose. These filters typically
operate along a vector aligned with the lidar shot direction or with respect to a
vertical vector.
2. 2. Fig_02
Buildings, Medium Vegetation, Higher Vegetation respective parameters In recent
years it has been suggestedthat integrationof vegetationwithin the building envelope is a
sustainable design strategyfor the built environment. One of the expectedcontributions of
vegetation in terms of sustainabilityis the improved thermal behavior of buildings when
coveredwith vegetationlayers. While greenroof implementationis becomingmore
prevalent, and the researchfor greenroofs’energyefficiencyaccumulates into asignificant
body of knowledge, the implementationand researchof vertical vegetationtechnologies is
still sparse. In addition, vertical vegetation systems are typicallyvery expensive (e.g. living
wall panel systems) or very slowto mature (e.g. climbingvines on trellises) or both.
Therefore, when vertical vegetation project is considered, it is beneficial to be able to make
informative design decisions at an earlystage.
3. 3.Fig_03
Digitizationof Power Lines Features & Classification(Towers, Crossing Cables,
Tower Cross, Isolated antenna, Cable and Tower Lift).
After the data conversion ,the converted data is be checked for compliance
of specification, completeness of conversion and accuracy of converted
data. This check is carried outwith a check list and any discrepancies if
found is marked and corrected. After that an independent quality check is
carried outto eliminate chances of human error and to ensure that quality
of the data conversion is as per specifation.
4.Fig_04
4. Digitizationof Hydro Features & Classification(Ponds, Rivers, Lakes, Coast), The
48 contiguous contain at least 2.6 x 106small water bodies (>600-900 m2),
and possibly as many as 9 x 106(>25 m2) (Smith et al. 2002). These water
bodies are termed ‘small’ not only because of their size distributions, but also
to emphasize the distinction between the water bodies discussed here and the
much smaller number (a few percent of the total at most) of relatively well-
documented lakes,reservoirs,and large impoundments found in the available
USdatabases of water bodies.
5.Fig_05
Contours The contour can be open or closed. Closed contours correspond to
region boundaries, and the pixels in the region may be found by a filling
algorithm. An open contour may be part of a region boundary. Gaps can occur
in a region boundary because the contrast between regions may not be enough
to allow the edges along the boundary to be found by an edge detector. The edge
detection threshold may have been set too high, or the contrast along some
portion of the boundary may be so weak relative to other areasof the image that
no single threshold works everywhere in the image. Open contours also occur
when line fragments are linked together-for example, when line fragments are
5. linked along a stroke in a drawing or sample of handwriting. A contour may be
represented as an ordered list of edges or by a curve. A curve is a mathematical
model for a contour. Examples of curves include line segments and cubic
splines.
6.Fig_06
Roads ( Paint Lines, Curb, Gutter, Man Holes, Basin) POLICY.
Road and bridge construction shall be performed according to the
standards set forth in this policy.
2. PURPOSE.
The purpose of this policy is to
provide for the publication of a book
prescribing the Standard Specifications
for Road and Bridge Construction
.3. GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION.
The book outlines the general
requirements and covenants applicable to all highway construction
improvements as well as provisions relating to materials, equipment, and
construction requirements for individual it
ems of work (as defined in the book) on
road and bridge construction projects awarded by the department.
The book provides detailed requirements on such subjects as:
a. General Requirements and Covenants
b. Earthwork, Landscaping, Erosion Control
c. Subgrades, Subbases, and Base Courses
d. Surface Courses, Pavement
6. s, Rehabilitation, and Shoulders
e. Structures
f. Incidental Construction
g. Work Zone Traffic Control and Prot
ection, Signing, and Pavement Marking
h. Electrical Requirements
i. Materials
j. Equipment
4. RESPONSIBILITIES.
The Division of Highways and its Regional Offices shall
implement the standards published in t
he book accompanying this policy.
5. ACCESSIBILITY.
Electronic versions of this
policy and the specifications book
are located at the Policy & Resear
ch Center site on InsideIDOT, the
department’s internal website. Printed
copies of this policy may be obtained by
contacting the Bureau of Design and En
vironment. Printed versions of the
specifications book may be
obtained from the Bureau of Business Services’
Policy Distribution Office.
7. 7.Fig_07
Sign boards, Fences, Railgarding
Sign/Signboard Any letter, word, numerical, pictorial presentation, illustration,
declaration, emblem, logo, device, symbol or trademark, banner or pennant,
whether illuminated or not, electronic, static or dynamic, or any figure or similar
character that is attached to,painted on, or in a manner represented on a building or
structure used to announce, direct attention toor advertise and visible to the public.
A fence is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors, and is usually
constructed from posts that are connected by boards, wire, rails or netting. A fence
differs from a wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole
length.[Alternatives to fencing include a ditch (sometimes filled with water,
forming a moat). A device attached to the front of a locomotiveon each side for
clearing the rail of obstructions a guard rail.
8. 8.Fig_08
Bridges, Sign boards “Bridges, Sign board” means any object, device, line or
mark on the road whose object is to convey to road users, or any specified
class of road user, restrictions, prohibitions, warnings or information, of any
description. The term Traffic Sign therefore includes not only signs on posts,
but also road markings, delineators, road studs, traffic light signals and other
traffic control devices.
9.Fig_09- Mobile Road Lidar Mapping :
Bridges, Sign boards, Railgarding “Bridges, Sign board” means any object,
device, line or mark on the road whose object is to convey to road users, or
any specified class of road user, restrictions, prohibitions, warnings or
information, of any description. The term Traffic Sign therefore includes not
only signs on posts, but also road markings, delineators, road studs, traffic
light signals and other traffic control devices. Terrestriallaserscanning
(TLS) is frequently used to provide high quality 3D models of cultural
heritage sites and historicalbuildings. Basedon the run-time of reflectedlight
pulses, these sensorsystems allow for the fast,reliable and area covering
9. measurement of millions of 3D points. However, data collectionfrom multiple
viewpoints, which is usually required for the complete coverageofspatially
complex urban environments, canresult in a considerable effort. Thus, 3D
data capturing by so-calledstatic TLS is usually restrictedto smallerareas,
which can be coveredby a limited number of viewpoints. However, cultural
heritage applications, which are aiming at architecturaldocumentation can
require data collectionfor complete places or historic parts of a town. In such
scenarios,dynamic TLS from a moving platform is advantageous.
10. 10.Fig_10- Mobile Rail Lidar Mapping
Rail roads, Rail top and bottom slopes Rail terminology is a form of technical
terminology. The difference between the American term railroad and
the international term railway (used by the International Union of
Railways and English-speaking countries outside the US) is the most
significant difference in rail terminology. There are also others, due to
the parallel development of rail transport systems in different parts of the
world.Various terms are presented here; where a term has multiple
names, this is indicated. The abbreviation "UIC" refers to standard terms
adopted by the International Union of Railways in its official
publications and thesaurus.