This document discusses various linguistic concepts including: 1) Binary terms that cannot be modified like "alive/dead" and terms that can be modified like "very old". 2) Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, and other word relationships. 3) Active and passive voice and conversions between sentences. 4) Quantifiers like "all", "no", "some", and "many" and how vagueness is tolerated in language. 5) How general and specific terms are used and the direction of inference between them.

1. Created by :
Eva Rostiana Dewi & Ika Amalia

2. Binary
on off
alive dead
open shut
awake asleep
Cannot be modified :
Very much alive
Quite dead
Wide open
Slightly dirty
Non-binary
Old Young
Wide Narrow
Can be modified :
Very old
Rather young
Quite wide
Extremely narrow

3.  Synonyms
(p) Jack is a seaman.
(q) Jack is a sailor.
 Non-binary antonym
(p) Luke is rich.
(q) Luke is poor.
 Hyponym subordinate
(P) Rover is a collie.
(q) Rover is a dog.
 Binary antonym
(p) The window is open.
(q) The window is
closed.

4.  Converse pairs
20a The map is above the chalkboard.
20b The chalkboard is below the map.
 Converse Argument Predicate
22a Dad lent to me a little money.
22b I borrowed a little money from Dad.
 Converse Sentence
Active sentence Passive sentence
23a Danny broke a window. A window was broken by Danny.
23b Simon climbed the wall The wall was climbed by Simon.

5. Quantifiers like all, no, some, many, few. The
meanings of some, many (or much in
uncountable noun phrases).
Few (little in uncountable noun phrase) are
vague, and the vagueness exists by tacit
agreement of the language community.

6.  First term as subject
General - Specific Specific - General
( + ) ( - )
All dogs chase cats All collies chase cats All collies chase cats ~ All dogs chase cats
No dogs chase cats No collies chase cats No collies chase cats ~ No dogs chase cats
( - ) ( + )
Some dogs chase cats ~ Some collies chase cats Some collies chase cats Some dogs chase
cats
( - ) ( - )
Few dogs chase cats ~ Few collies chase cats Few collies chase cats ~ Few dogs chase
cats
Many dogs chase cats ~ Many collies chase cats Many collies chase cats ~ Many dogs chase
cats

7.  Second term as object
General - Specific Specific - General
( - ) ( + )
All dogs chase cats ~ All dogs chase angoras All dogs chase angoras All dogs chase cats
( + ) ( - )
No dogs chase cats No dogs chase angoras No dogs chase angoras ~ No dogs chase cats
( - ) ( + )
Some dogs chase cats ~ Some dogs chase angoras Some dogs chase angoras Some dogs chase
cats
( + ) ( - )
Few dogs chase cats Few dogs chase angoras Few dogs chase angoras ~ Few dogs chase
cats
( - ) ( + )
Many dogs chase cats ~ Many dogs chase angoras Many dogs chase angoras Many dogs chase
cats