Levi Strauss Theory
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Levi-Strauss proposed the theory of binary opposition, which claims that humans understand the world through opposing concepts like good vs evil. He found that narratives are structured around conflicts between binaries. Some examples of films that use binary opposition are The Dark Knight, Spiderman, and Lord of the Rings, which feature conflicts between heroes and villains. Levi-Strauss argued this theory looks deeper than surface-level meanings to find philosophical interpretations, unlike Occam's Razor which takes the simplest answer. His work revolutionized media theory by showing that meanings depend on relationships between opposites rather than fixed definitions.
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Claude Levi Strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss argued that narratives can be reduced to binary oppositions such as good vs evil, white vs black, and strong vs weak. He introduced the concept of binary oppositions as a useful way to understand how meaning is constructed in narratives. Levi-Strauss believed that meaning depends on these opposing concepts, and that words derive meaning only from their relationship to other opposing ideas.
Claude levi strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a French anthropologist who developed the theory of binary oppositions. He believed that the meaning we derive from words depends not on their literal definition but on their relationship with their opposite. Binary oppositions structure how we understand concepts through paired ideas like good vs evil, light vs dark, past vs future. The document provides examples of how binary oppositions are used in film trailers to set up conflicts between protagonists and antagonists, characters with contrasting personalities, and themes of love vs war or humans vs zombies.
Narrative presentation
This document discusses several narrative theories and how they can be applied to film analysis. It explains Tzvaten Todorov's theory of equilibrium being disrupted and later resolved. Vladimir Propp is discussed for identifying character roles and narrative functions that are often present. Claude Levi-Strauss looked at binary oppositions that reveal narrative structure. Finally, Roland Barthes' semiotic theory of signs, signifiers and signifieds is examined, specifically how words can have deeper connotative meanings. An example is provided of how these theories were incorporated into analyzing a student film about an undercover police officer catching a suspected pedophile.
Narrative theory
This document discusses several narrative theories and theorists. It defines narrative as a chain of causally linked events with a beginning, middle, and end, and notes that narratives embody judgments. It outlines Vladimir Propp's idea of character archetypes and Roland Barthes' five codes that help readers make sense of narratives: action, referential, semantic, enigma, and symbolic. It also mentions Claude Levi-Strauss' concept of binary oppositions in narratives and Allan Cameron's modular narratives approach. As an example, it analyzes the Taylor Swift song "You Belong with Me" through the lenses of Todorov, Levi-Strauss, and Barthes.
Claude levi strauss[1]
Claude Levi-Strauss studied myths from around the world and discovered that humans make sense of the world through binary oppositions. He found that narratives are structured around the conflict between binary opposites such as good vs evil. Levi-Strauss believed the central climax of any narrative comes from the conflict between these opposing pairs of concepts.
Narrative Theories in Seven
This document discusses three narrative theorists and how their theories can be applied to the film Seven. It summarizes Tzvetan Todorov's theory that narratives typically involve an initial state of equilibrium that is disrupted by some event, followed by an effort to restore the original equilibrium. It notes this pattern can be seen in Seven with the initial calm disrupted by murders. It also outlines Claude Levi-Strauss's concept of binaries and myths reflected in stories, citing examples of binaries in Seven. Finally, it summarizes Roland Barthes's five narrative codes and how codes of enigma and symbolism are demonstrated in Seven through the mystery elements and religious symbols.
Methods foucault
Michel Foucault argues that the author function has changed over time and serves different purposes. In literature, the author used to be seen as existing outside the text, but is now seen as arising from the text. In science, the author was once anonymous but became more important as scientific authority was asserted. The author's name now serves to characterize a particular manner of existence of discourse and to group together certain numbers of texts.
Narrative theory
This document discusses several narrative theories and theorists. It defines narrative as a chain of causally linked events occurring over time with a beginning, middle, and end. Vladimir Propp analyzed fairytales and identified common character archetypes. Tzvetan Todorov viewed most narratives as progressing from an initial equilibrium, to a disruption, to a resolution restoring equilibrium. Roland Barthes broke down narratives into five codes: action, referential, semantic, enigma, and symbolic. Claude Levi-Strauss analyzed binaries in narratives between concepts like good/bad, domestic/savage. The document applies these theories to Taylor Swift's music video "You Belong with Me".
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Claude Levi Strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss argued that narratives can be reduced to binary oppositions such as good vs evil, white vs black, and strong vs weak. He introduced the concept of binary oppositions as a useful way to understand how meaning is constructed in narratives. Levi-Strauss believed that meaning depends on these opposing concepts, and that words derive meaning only from their relationship to other opposing ideas.
Claude levi strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a French anthropologist who developed the theory of binary oppositions. He believed that the meaning we derive from words depends not on their literal definition but on their relationship with their opposite. Binary oppositions structure how we understand concepts through paired ideas like good vs evil, light vs dark, past vs future. The document provides examples of how binary oppositions are used in film trailers to set up conflicts between protagonists and antagonists, characters with contrasting personalities, and themes of love vs war or humans vs zombies.
Narrative presentation
This document discusses several narrative theories and how they can be applied to film analysis. It explains Tzvaten Todorov's theory of equilibrium being disrupted and later resolved. Vladimir Propp is discussed for identifying character roles and narrative functions that are often present. Claude Levi-Strauss looked at binary oppositions that reveal narrative structure. Finally, Roland Barthes' semiotic theory of signs, signifiers and signifieds is examined, specifically how words can have deeper connotative meanings. An example is provided of how these theories were incorporated into analyzing a student film about an undercover police officer catching a suspected pedophile.
Narrative theory
This document discusses several narrative theories and theorists. It defines narrative as a chain of causally linked events with a beginning, middle, and end, and notes that narratives embody judgments. It outlines Vladimir Propp's idea of character archetypes and Roland Barthes' five codes that help readers make sense of narratives: action, referential, semantic, enigma, and symbolic. It also mentions Claude Levi-Strauss' concept of binary oppositions in narratives and Allan Cameron's modular narratives approach. As an example, it analyzes the Taylor Swift song "You Belong with Me" through the lenses of Todorov, Levi-Strauss, and Barthes.
Claude levi strauss[1]
Claude Levi-Strauss studied myths from around the world and discovered that humans make sense of the world through binary oppositions. He found that narratives are structured around the conflict between binary opposites such as good vs evil. Levi-Strauss believed the central climax of any narrative comes from the conflict between these opposing pairs of concepts.
Narrative Theories in Seven
This document discusses three narrative theorists and how their theories can be applied to the film Seven. It summarizes Tzvetan Todorov's theory that narratives typically involve an initial state of equilibrium that is disrupted by some event, followed by an effort to restore the original equilibrium. It notes this pattern can be seen in Seven with the initial calm disrupted by murders. It also outlines Claude Levi-Strauss's concept of binaries and myths reflected in stories, citing examples of binaries in Seven. Finally, it summarizes Roland Barthes's five narrative codes and how codes of enigma and symbolism are demonstrated in Seven through the mystery elements and religious symbols.
Methods foucault
Michel Foucault argues that the author function has changed over time and serves different purposes. In literature, the author used to be seen as existing outside the text, but is now seen as arising from the text. In science, the author was once anonymous but became more important as scientific authority was asserted. The author's name now serves to characterize a particular manner of existence of discourse and to group together certain numbers of texts.
Narrative theory
This document discusses several narrative theories and theorists. It defines narrative as a chain of causally linked events occurring over time with a beginning, middle, and end. Vladimir Propp analyzed fairytales and identified common character archetypes. Tzvetan Todorov viewed most narratives as progressing from an initial equilibrium, to a disruption, to a resolution restoring equilibrium. Roland Barthes broke down narratives into five codes: action, referential, semantic, enigma, and symbolic. Claude Levi-Strauss analyzed binaries in narratives between concepts like good/bad, domestic/savage. The document applies these theories to Taylor Swift's music video "You Belong with Me".
A college of the church for the 21st century
Church Colleges face an uncertain future as they strive to maintain their identities while adapting to massive cultural religious changes.
One option is to completely jettison any sense of institutional religious identity and have no theological identity. Another is to develop an exclusive community that seeks uniformity through doctrinal statements and student conduct codes.
Neither of these two options is acceptable for Lutheran Colleges. Within our theological tradition we have the resources to construct a theological identity that is both grounded in a particular tradition yet open to all.
This presentation is a diagnostic case study of Wartburg College which is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. All opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily reflective of Wartburg College.
Postmodernism in media
Postmodernism in media rejects notions of absolute truth and reality. It blurs the lines between high and low culture and reality versus representations of reality. Postmodern media emphasizes style over substance and questions traditional narratives and interpretations. Some key aspects include a lack of originality, intertextuality between different media forms, and a collapsed distinction between media and lived experience where media simulations define reality. The Matrix film trilogy exemplifies these postmodern themes through its simulated reality and lack of clear distinctions.
Postmodernism: An introduction
Postmodernism rejects the idea of grand narratives that define human experience. It views all concepts and meanings as social constructions rather than objective truths. Postmodernism emerged in the 1950s and became prominent in the 1980s. It combines old and new ideas from multiple sources to create something new. Postmodernists see reality as constructed and deconstruct meanings to reconstruct them differently. Key features include elements from different traditions, multiple narratives, disjointed stories, and questioning what is real.
French structuralism
Structuralism began in France in the 1950s through the work of Claude Levi-Strauss and Roland Barthes. Structuralists believe that cultural elements can only be understood in the context of larger structures or systems they are part of. Structuralism analyzes relationships within cultural systems or structures. The structuralist approach originated from Ferdinand de Saussure's work revolutionizing linguistics by focusing on langue, the system of a language, rather than individual utterances. Saussure viewed language as a system of arbitrary signs and emphasized differentiation within the system. Structuralist literary criticism then applied this structuralist approach to analyze relationships within literary texts and systems.
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This document discusses Marxist views of media and capitalism. It begins by defining capitalism and the Marxist view of class divisions between the proletariat and bourgeoisie. It then explains key aspects of Marxism, such as its reaction to poor working conditions and call for equality. The document also summarizes Frankfurt School theorists Adorno and Horkheimer, who argued that cultural institutions perpetuate inequality. It introduces the concept of hegemony through Gramsci and discusses Chomsky and Herman's theory of media manipulating populations through "manufacturing consent." Criticisms of Marxism and the opposing view of liberal pluralism are also presented.
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Theory of Equilibrium
Tzvetan Todorov's theory of equilibrium proposes that narratives follow a 5-stage circular structure: 1) an initial state of equilibrium, 2) a disruption causing disequilibrium, 3) recognition of the disruption, 4) an attempt to repair the damage, and 5) a return to a new equilibrium. The narrative is driven by restoring equilibrium, though the final equilibrium is transformed from the initial state. This structure involves characters or situations changing through progressing the disruption, which usually occurs outside normal social events.
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This document introduces Marxist media theory and provides an analysis of the TV show "The Apprentice" using Marxist concepts. It discusses how Marxist theory views power and the economy being held by a minority elite class who use media and other institutions to maintain the status quo. It analyzes how "The Apprentice" reinforces the power of the capitalist elite and constructs values that support the system through the tasks and judgments of contestants. The document argues media can create "false consciousness" by presenting certain ideologies as truths to benefit the capitalist power structure.
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This document discusses various concepts related to postmodernism, including theories proposed by theorists such as Fiske, Barthes, Derrida, Levi-Strauss, Genette, Baudrillard, Lyotard, Kramer, and Jameson. It examines ideas around intertextuality, genres, simulation, hyperreality, and rejection of grand narratives. Key concepts covered include codes, cultural knowledge, making sense of reality through other texts, circular referentiality, and pastiche vs parody.
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The Uses and Gratifications theory views audiences as active in their media consumption choices. It posits that people select media to fulfill certain needs and gratifications. The theory assumes audiences are goal-oriented in their selections and can articulate the reasons behind their choices. It also acknowledges that media compete with other sources for fulfilling needs. Common gratifications sought from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and escape from problems. The degree to which media gratify the reasons people seek them (gratifications sought vs. gratifications obtained) determines audience satisfaction. Media dependency theory extends this by arguing people rely more on media that fulfill important goals and needs.
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The document outlines Todorov's narrative theory, which states that most stories follow the same five-step pattern or plot structure. The five steps are: 1) Equilibrium, where characters are content, 2) A Disruption, which disturbs the happiness, 3) Realization, where the problem is recognized, 4) Restored Order, where characters try to repair the damage, and 5) Equilibrium Again, where the problem is resolved and normality resumes. The document provides examples from The Simpsons Movie to illustrate each step of the narrative theory.
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Marxism is a socio-political ideology based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history through the lens of class struggle. Marxism views capitalism as inherently exploitative and advocates for a socialist system and eventually communism. Gramsci expanded on Marxism through his concept of cultural hegemony, which argues that dominant ideologies are promoted through institutions like the media to maintain the status quo and false consciousness among subordinate classes. Applying Marxist theory to modern media, critics argue media institutions are owned by the ruling class and used to indoctrinate the masses into supporting capitalism.
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The document discusses several news values that help determine how newsworthy a story is, including impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, bizarreness, conflict, and currency. Impact refers to the number of people affected by an event. Timeliness means recent events are prioritized over older ones. Prominence gives more value to stories involving famous people. Proximity favors local stories over distant ones. Bizarreness makes unusual events newsworthy. Conflict, such as strife, also increases newsworthiness. Currency refers to topics currently in the public spotlight.
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Uses and Gratifications Theory posits that audience members actively seek out media to meet specific needs or gratifications, rather than media having direct influence over people. It focuses on what people do with media rather than what media does to people. The theory suggests people use media to fulfill needs like social interaction, entertainment, education, and identification. Critics argue it does not fully recognize media's unconscious influence over views and that media can manipulate audiences. However, it may be more applicable today as the internet allows more freedom and control over media consumption.
Eight Elements of News
A very basic presentation to introduce beginning journalism students to news values and the goals of journalism.
Levi strauss
Levi-Strauss developed the binary opposition theory which states that all narratives can be broken down into opposing pairs such as good vs evil, strong vs weak. He believed meaning is constructed through these binary opposites. Binary opposition analysis examines the opposing forces in a text and how they reinforce each other and create meaning. Strauss realized that words act as symbols representing societal ideas and meanings come from relationships between opposing concepts rather than fixed definitions.
Review of Raymond Geuss, Reality and Its Dreams
This document provides a review of Raymond Geuss's latest collection of essays titled "Reality and Its Dreams". The review discusses how the essays in this collection expand on Geuss's typical focus to include analysis of contemporary political and artistic phenomena. A key theme discussed across the essays is Geuss's criticism of "normativism", a philosophical orientation that aims to present abstract criteria for evaluating social and political practices. The review provides details on Geuss's definition of normativism and his argument that there has been a "normative turn" in political philosophy analogous to the "linguistic turn" diagnosed by Richard Rorty.
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Propp's character theory identifies 7 broad character types that commonly appear in folk tales and other narratives: the Hero, Villain, Donor, Dispatcher, False Hero, Helper, and Princess. Though originally developed to analyze folk tales, the theory is still useful because it focuses on the narrative functions of characters rather than their individual traits or genders. Critics argue the theory may dismiss non-male narratives, but proponents counter that the gender of a character does not impact their narrative function.
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Within this presentation I take the time to explain narrative by definition; discussing theorists, relating them to my narrative idea and elaborating on the theories.
Chapter 1What is theoryIn literary and cultural studies.docx
This document provides an overview of what constitutes "theory" in literary and cultural studies. It discusses how theory is often critiques of common sense understandings and attempts to show these understandings are historical constructions. The document uses examples from Michel Foucault and his work on sexuality to illustrate these points. Specifically, it summarizes Foucault's argument that sex is not a natural phenomenon but rather is constructed through various social practices and discourses. It also discusses how Foucault's work, while not about literature directly, has been influential for literary studies by encouraging skepticism of naturalized concepts and offering new perspectives for analyzing texts.
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A college of the church for the 21st century
Church Colleges face an uncertain future as they strive to maintain their identities while adapting to massive cultural religious changes.
One option is to completely jettison any sense of institutional religious identity and have no theological identity. Another is to develop an exclusive community that seeks uniformity through doctrinal statements and student conduct codes.
Neither of these two options is acceptable for Lutheran Colleges. Within our theological tradition we have the resources to construct a theological identity that is both grounded in a particular tradition yet open to all.
This presentation is a diagnostic case study of Wartburg College which is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. All opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily reflective of Wartburg College.
Postmodernism in media
Postmodernism in media rejects notions of absolute truth and reality. It blurs the lines between high and low culture and reality versus representations of reality. Postmodern media emphasizes style over substance and questions traditional narratives and interpretations. Some key aspects include a lack of originality, intertextuality between different media forms, and a collapsed distinction between media and lived experience where media simulations define reality. The Matrix film trilogy exemplifies these postmodern themes through its simulated reality and lack of clear distinctions.
Postmodernism: An introduction
Postmodernism rejects the idea of grand narratives that define human experience. It views all concepts and meanings as social constructions rather than objective truths. Postmodernism emerged in the 1950s and became prominent in the 1980s. It combines old and new ideas from multiple sources to create something new. Postmodernists see reality as constructed and deconstruct meanings to reconstruct them differently. Key features include elements from different traditions, multiple narratives, disjointed stories, and questioning what is real.
French structuralism
Structuralism began in France in the 1950s through the work of Claude Levi-Strauss and Roland Barthes. Structuralists believe that cultural elements can only be understood in the context of larger structures or systems they are part of. Structuralism analyzes relationships within cultural systems or structures. The structuralist approach originated from Ferdinand de Saussure's work revolutionizing linguistics by focusing on langue, the system of a language, rather than individual utterances. Saussure viewed language as a system of arbitrary signs and emphasized differentiation within the system. Structuralist literary criticism then applied this structuralist approach to analyze relationships within literary texts and systems.
Marxism, Hegemony, Liberal Pluralism and the Media
This document discusses Marxist views of media and capitalism. It begins by defining capitalism and the Marxist view of class divisions between the proletariat and bourgeoisie. It then explains key aspects of Marxism, such as its reaction to poor working conditions and call for equality. The document also summarizes Frankfurt School theorists Adorno and Horkheimer, who argued that cultural institutions perpetuate inequality. It introduces the concept of hegemony through Gramsci and discusses Chomsky and Herman's theory of media manipulating populations through "manufacturing consent." Criticisms of Marxism and the opposing view of liberal pluralism are also presented.
Intro media online
This document provides context and discussion points around the topic of media in the online age. It outlines four potential exam questions on how online media has developed, the impact of the internet on media production, how consumer behavior and audiences have been transformed, and the extent to which convergence has transformed media. It then discusses key concepts like the development of the internet and web, changing consumer behaviors and audiences, new business models, and debates around issues like piracy, censorship, control and ownership in the digital age.
David gauntlett andrew keen
The document discusses differing views on the impact of Web 2.0. David Gauntlett argues that Web 2.0 has created a more democratic media by empowering prosumers and challenging the dominance of media institutions. Andrew Keen counters that Web 2.0 has created cultural chaos by fostering a "cult of the amateur" that devalues professionals and expertise, with internet oligarchs replacing old media oligarchs. They disagree on whether the removal of gatekeepers will open media to greater democracy or devalue talent.
Theory of Equilibrium
Tzvetan Todorov's theory of equilibrium proposes that narratives follow a 5-stage circular structure: 1) an initial state of equilibrium, 2) a disruption causing disequilibrium, 3) recognition of the disruption, 4) an attempt to repair the damage, and 5) a return to a new equilibrium. The narrative is driven by restoring equilibrium, though the final equilibrium is transformed from the initial state. This structure involves characters or situations changing through progressing the disruption, which usually occurs outside normal social events.
Introducing marxist media theory
This document introduces Marxist media theory and provides an analysis of the TV show "The Apprentice" using Marxist concepts. It discusses how Marxist theory views power and the economy being held by a minority elite class who use media and other institutions to maintain the status quo. It analyzes how "The Apprentice" reinforces the power of the capitalist elite and constructs values that support the system through the tasks and judgments of contestants. The document argues media can create "false consciousness" by presenting certain ideologies as truths to benefit the capitalist power structure.
Postmodernism theories and texts
This document discusses various concepts related to postmodernism, including theories proposed by theorists such as Fiske, Barthes, Derrida, Levi-Strauss, Genette, Baudrillard, Lyotard, Kramer, and Jameson. It examines ideas around intertextuality, genres, simulation, hyperreality, and rejection of grand narratives. Key concepts covered include codes, cultural knowledge, making sense of reality through other texts, circular referentiality, and pastiche vs parody.
Uses and gratifications theory
The Uses and Gratifications theory views audiences as active in their media consumption choices. It posits that people select media to fulfill certain needs and gratifications. The theory assumes audiences are goal-oriented in their selections and can articulate the reasons behind their choices. It also acknowledges that media compete with other sources for fulfilling needs. Common gratifications sought from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and escape from problems. The degree to which media gratify the reasons people seek them (gratifications sought vs. gratifications obtained) determines audience satisfaction. Media dependency theory extends this by arguing people rely more on media that fulfill important goals and needs.
A2 Media Studies Booklet 2015
A revision book to help students embed their understanding of the key theoretical perspectives for A2 Media Studies, including the new topic 'Identities & the Media'.
Todorov’s narrative theory
The document outlines Todorov's narrative theory, which states that most stories follow the same five-step pattern or plot structure. The five steps are: 1) Equilibrium, where characters are content, 2) A Disruption, which disturbs the happiness, 3) Realization, where the problem is recognized, 4) Restored Order, where characters try to repair the damage, and 5) Equilibrium Again, where the problem is resolved and normality resumes. The document provides examples from The Simpsons Movie to illustrate each step of the narrative theory.
Marxism and hegemony
Marxism is a socio-political ideology based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history through the lens of class struggle. Marxism views capitalism as inherently exploitative and advocates for a socialist system and eventually communism. Gramsci expanded on Marxism through his concept of cultural hegemony, which argues that dominant ideologies are promoted through institutions like the media to maintain the status quo and false consciousness among subordinate classes. Applying Marxist theory to modern media, critics argue media institutions are owned by the ruling class and used to indoctrinate the masses into supporting capitalism.
News Values
The document discusses several news values that help determine how newsworthy a story is, including impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, bizarreness, conflict, and currency. Impact refers to the number of people affected by an event. Timeliness means recent events are prioritized over older ones. Prominence gives more value to stories involving famous people. Proximity favors local stories over distant ones. Bizarreness makes unusual events newsworthy. Conflict, such as strife, also increases newsworthiness. Currency refers to topics currently in the public spotlight.
Uses and Gratifications Theory
Uses and Gratifications Theory posits that audience members actively seek out media to meet specific needs or gratifications, rather than media having direct influence over people. It focuses on what people do with media rather than what media does to people. The theory suggests people use media to fulfill needs like social interaction, entertainment, education, and identification. Critics argue it does not fully recognize media's unconscious influence over views and that media can manipulate audiences. However, it may be more applicable today as the internet allows more freedom and control over media consumption.
Eight Elements of News
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Marxism, Hegemony, Liberal Pluralism and the Media
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Similar to Levi Strauss Theory
Levi strauss
Levi-Strauss developed the binary opposition theory which states that all narratives can be broken down into opposing pairs such as good vs evil, strong vs weak. He believed meaning is constructed through these binary opposites. Binary opposition analysis examines the opposing forces in a text and how they reinforce each other and create meaning. Strauss realized that words act as symbols representing societal ideas and meanings come from relationships between opposing concepts rather than fixed definitions.
Review of Raymond Geuss, Reality and Its Dreams
This document provides a review of Raymond Geuss's latest collection of essays titled "Reality and Its Dreams". The review discusses how the essays in this collection expand on Geuss's typical focus to include analysis of contemporary political and artistic phenomena. A key theme discussed across the essays is Geuss's criticism of "normativism", a philosophical orientation that aims to present abstract criteria for evaluating social and political practices. The review provides details on Geuss's definition of normativism and his argument that there has been a "normative turn" in political philosophy analogous to the "linguistic turn" diagnosed by Richard Rorty.
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205
9
The Pragmatic and
Analytic Traditions
It is no truer that “atoms are what they are because we use ‘atom’ as we
do” than that “we use ‘atom’ as we do because atoms are as they are.” Both
of these claims . . . are entirely empty. —Richard Rorty
We have no way of identifying truths except to posit that the statements that
are currently rationally accepted (by our lights) are true. —Hilary Putnam
s the twenty-first century begins, we might reflect briefly on all the last one
brought us: air travel, Einstein, nuclear weapons, television and computers,
clones, photographs of sunsets on Mars, war on civilian populations, genocide,
AIDS, the rise and fall of the Soviet Union, racial integration in the United States,
and rock and roll. In art and literature, traditional structures and approaches were
cast aside with abandon. Schoenberg and Stravinsky brought the world music
that lacked fixed tonal centers; Cage brought it music that lacked sound. In Europe
existentialist philosophers proclaimed the absurdity of the human predicament. In
Russia the followers of Marx declared an end to the existing order; still later, the
followers of the followers declared an end to Marx.
In philosophy, on the continent of Europe in the twentieth century, the assault
on idealism was begun by the nihilistic attacks of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
(nihilism is the rejection of values and beliefs) and by the religious anti-idealism
of Søren Kierkegaard. Anti-Hegelianism reached its summit in existentialism,
according to which life is not only not perfectly rational, it is fundamentally irra-
tional and absurd. Meanwhile, in Britain and the United States, philosophers were
busy with other things, as we explain in this chapter.
A
206 Part One • Metaphysics and Epistemology: Existence and Knowledge
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or, sometimes, American pragmatism. The brightest lights of pragmatism were the
“classic” pragmatists C. S. Peirce (1839–1914), William James (1842–1910),
and John Dewey (1859–1952). In general, pragmatists rejected the idea that there
is such a thing as fixed, absolute truth. Instead, they held that truth is relative to a
time and place and purpose and is thus ever changing in light of new data.
To fine-tune things a bit, in the 1870s, Peirce and James created a philosophy
club in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from whose discussions pragmatism sprang.
James, however, gave the credit for inventing pragmatism to Peirce. The latter, a
logician, thought of pragmatism as a rule for determining a proposition’s meaning,
which he equated with the practical consequences that would result from the
proposition’s being true. By this standard, he said, metaphysical propositions are
mostly either meaningless or absurd.Truth, he said famously, is the opinion fated
to be agreed to by all who investigate.
Despite Peirce’s importance, most people probably associate pragmatism with
James, .
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Levi Strauss Theory
- 1. Levi-Strauss Theory Luke Catchpole, Tom Jenkins
- 2. Binary Opposition Levi- Strauss claimed that humans make sense of the world by seeing and using binary opposites. He found out that narratives are arranged around the conflict of binary opposites. A few films that have Binary Opposites are ones like The Dark Knight, Spiderman films, Lord of the Rings, Predator, Robin Hood, Apocalypto and Independence Day.
- 3. Opposites An example of Binary Opposites would Good vs Evil would be in The Dark Knight where Batman has to face the Joker, this is because Batman represents the good or ‘right’ in Gotham City, whereas the Joker represents the bad or ‘wrong’ in Gotham City.
- 5. Summary Levi-Strauss basically said that this theory is the conflict between opposites, whether this be good vs evil, right vs wrong etc etc. He also argued that behind this theory also was that not everything was as it seemed and that everything that humans interpret has a deeper meaning and we should not look past this – almost as a polar opposite to the Occams Razor Theory. (The simplest answer is usually the right one.) His more philosophical approach to media texts and theory also was one of the fundamental breakthroughs towards the subject as it left more and more theories to be created because different theorists were attempting to solve the deeper meanings within texts and theories and basically allowed a more open view upon this area as it was shown not to be as simple as it once appeared.
- 6. Revolution He and Roland Barthes came together and discovered that the way we understand certain words does not depend so much on the meaning that they directly contain, but much more by our understanding of the difference between the word and its ‘opposite’ or, as they called it ‘binary opposite’. They realised that words simply act as symbols for society’s ideas and that the meaning of words was a relationship rather than a fixed thing just a relationship between opposing ideas. This was a more philosophical insight into media texts as they it looks deeper into meaning of things instead of taking the simplest answer or meaning to be the best suited. This type of theory revolutionised the way theorists looked at texts because it changed the whole perception of a text as it left people asking whether there was a ‘deeper meaning’ It also meant that media theories and texts as a whole became more philosophical and hence through the years gained more and more ‘theorists’ to study the concept of it.