Laura Mulvey was a British media theorist known for her 1975 essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", which introduced the concept of the "male gaze". The male gaze refers to how women are typically depicted in media as objects of male desire. John Berger also analyzed how women are represented and looked at by both men and other women. Bell Hooks argued that non-white, non-male groups are underrepresented and portrayed negatively in media which is largely controlled by white males. Stuart Hall studied how black subjects are represented in media, initially pushing back against stereotypes and later examining their portrayal by the government.