Guide

1. Lesson Objectives
At the end of the discussion, the
Grade 11 learners should be able to;
1. determine the verbal and nonverbal
elements of communication;
2. explain the breakdown of
communication; and
3. demonstrate sensitivity to the socio –
cultural dimension of communication
situation through the given activities.

2. Elements of
Communication

3. The lexical or verbal component of
communication refers to the word or
chain of words used to create meaning.
Lexical (verbal)
Component
is the process of communication through
sending and receiving messages with the use
of words. Word is a unit of language that
carries meaning and consists of one or more
morphemes which are linked more or less
tightly together, and has a phonetically value.

4. 01
02  Denote a single letter, a
prefix, or a suffix added
to words.
Parts of words
Are unique meaningful
component of speech. It
may be used alone or
with others to form a
sentence.
Words
Lexical (verbal)
Component
Examples: man plants
world collect
Examples: s in plants
un in unbound
er in speaker
difference

5. 04
03  Are verbs followed
by a preposition or
an adverb.
Phrasal Verbs
Lexical (verbal)
Component
Collocations
 Are a pair or group of words
that are habitually used
together that they sound
correct together.
Examples:
• Hand in (to submit something)
Please hand in the report this
afternoon.
• Fill out (to complete a form)
Please do not forget to fill out the
evaluation forms.
• Cut down on (to reduce in number
or size)
The company decided to cut down on
expenses this year.
Examples:
• strong coffee (coffee with a strong flavor or
strong caffeine)
• heavy drinker (somebody who consumes
more than the recommended daily limits)
• catch fire (to burn)

6. 06
05
 Are combination of
words whose collective
meaning is not
predictable from those of
the individual words.
Meanings created are
usually understood by
native speakers of the
language.
Idioms
Lexical (verbal)
Component
Sentence Frames
 Are group of words that
provide a structure or a
skeleton for a complete
sentence.
Examples:
• A penny for your thoughts
(to ask someone what he/she is
thinking of)
• Action speaks louder than words
(what people see you do is more
important than what you say)
Examples:
This is a ____________.
I have a ____________.
You can ____________.
I will _______________.

7. Communication
Cues: Focus on
Verbal Symbols

8. Semantic Meanings
 The signals for this type of meaning are distinctive sounds
that are put together to form a meaningful item.
Phonological Meanings
 Homonyms – the distinctive signal lies not in the sound itself,
because there are some words that have the same sound, but
have different spellings and meanings.
 Heteronyms – there are some words that have the same
spelling, but are pronounced differently because they have
certain sounds and are assigned different meanings.
01
02
Types of Meaning
Examples:
Pat Bat
Bear Pear

9.  Therefore, semantic meaning has to do with meaningful units, namely the
morphemes which could be words that can stand by themselves or affixes
that are attached to signal another meaning.
Types of Meaning
Examples:
Stepmother Roadmap
Greenhouse Family tree
 It also has to do with the meaning of compound words, that is, two or three
words put together to form another term which more or less combines the
meaning of the words and compose it; these could be solid or one
compounds, hyphenated compounds or separate compounds.
Examples:
Sale Sail dove dove
Hoarse Horse live live

10.  This refers to your knowledge of grammatical rules.
 It involves the use of correct word order and the difference
in meaning that results from the change in the structure of
a sentence.
Syntactic Meanings
03
Types of Meaning
Examples:
(1) The phone is ringing.
(2) I shall phone you later.
Incorrect: Happy about her upcoming promotion, the trip home was
full of singing.
Correct: Happy about her upcoming promotion, Sammie sang all the
way home.

11. Pragmatic Meaning
This considers not just the
words, but also the context of
the situation and the relationship
of the communication to arrive
at the meaning of the
utterances.
04

12. Pragmatic Meaning
Example:
Teacher (talking to the class)
“Class, there are pieces of paper on the floor.”
Take note that the teacher’s utterance seems ambiguous…
why?
04
Types of Meaning
Example:
The word RING
Babe… I’m giving you this ring.
Give me a ring tonight so we can discuss your
proposal.
What does the RING stance for in the sentence?

13. The lexical or non-verbal component of
communication refers to the delivering of
messages without the use of words.
Non - Lexical
(non -verbal)
Component
The transfer of meaningful information from
one person to another by means of other that
written or spoken. (Ang, 2009, p. 13 citing
Vaughan and Hogg, 1988)

14. Functions of Non-verbal
Communication
 Used to repeat the verbal message (e.g. point in a direction while stating directions).
 Often used to accent a verbal message. (e.g. verbal tone indicates the actual meaning of the
specific words).
 Often complement the verbal message but also may contradict. E.g.: a nod reinforces a positive
message (among Americans); a “wink” may contradict a stated positive message.
 Regulate interactions (non-verbal cues covey when the other person should speak or not speak).
 May substitute for the verbal message (especially if it is blocked by noise, interruption, etc) —
i.e. gestures (finger to lips to indicate need for quiet), facial expressions (i.e. a nod instead of a
yes).

15. Types of Non-
verbal
Communication

16. Body Language
 Is a kind of non-lexical communication where ideas or messages
are expressed using your body. It includes gestures, facial
expressions, eye contact, and body stance.
a. Gestures – are most usually hand or head movements that indicates a
particular meaning or support a particular idea so you can better persuade
your audience.
Examples:
Head nod – yes,
approval, go on
Head movement from
side to side – not sure
• Slow head nod –
yes, I agree with
you.
• Fast head nod –
yes, I heard you
so finish up.

17. b. Facial Expressions
 Are executed using the facial muscles. Even without uttering a
word, you can transmit your thoughts to others via facial
expressions. It is usually used to show emotions such as
anger, surprise, contempt, etc.
There are four techniques in managing facial expressions:
1. Intensify – this technique is used when you want to show strong emotions.
Usually an exaggerated facial muscle movement is used in this technique.
Example: A real estate agent closing a deal might smile broadly with raised
eyebrows. She intensifies her facial expression to show her strong emotion ---
happiness.

18. There are four techniques in managing facial expressions:
2. De – intensify – this technique is used when you want to control your
feelings because someone might get hurt or you don’t want people to notice
how you really feel.
Example:
An employee who was promoted might smile less or look less happy if
he finds out that his colleague was demoted. He is de-intensifying his feelings.
3. Neutralize – this technique is used when you don’t want to show any feelings
while talking to somebody.
Example:
An employee is being reprimanded because the project did not turn out
well. This employee may neutralize his expression by not showing any facial
expression at all.

19. There are four techniques in managing facial
expressions:
4. Mask – this technique is used when we want to convince somebody to
do something for us; or when we wanted to ask a favor from that person;
or when do not want to hurt the feelings of that person.
Example:
A sales person is negotiating a sponsorship for an event. He
might look absorbed and very keen while listening to the person he is
talking with, but deep inside he is not that interested in the product.

20. C. Eye Contact
 Means looking directly at your
audience’s eyes. Making eye contact
while conversing with a person or
speaking in front of an audience is
important because it shows that you
are interested in knowing who your
audience are and how are they
reacting to what you are saying.
 Respect can be gained by making eye
contact with your audience. A lack of
eye contact may mean that you are not
comfortable with your audience or you
are not sincere.

21. d. Body Stance
 How you sit or stand in front of a person or
an audience can relay information about
your personality traits.
 Studying your body and how you stand and
move is of utmost importance because a
slouch or incorrect body balance may
either irritate your audience or cause them
to focus on your body position instead of
your speech.
Example: A person who walks with his hands
in his pocket, with bowed head, and hunched
shoulders can be interpreted as a man who is
sad, in grief, who is depressed.

22. Proxemics
 As coined by Hall, refers to the study of people’s use
of space as a special elaboration of culture.
 In nonverbal communication, it refers to the
nearness or closeness of a person to his audience.
 According to Burgoon (1978), personal space is the
“invinsible, variable volume of space surrounding
an individual that defines that individual’s preferred
distance from others.”

23. Proxemics Zones of Personal Space

24. Paralanguage
 Is the kind of non – lexical component of communication that we
normally use every day, sometimes consciously and the other times,
unconsciously. It alters or nuance meaning and reflects our impression
of the person we are talking with. It also gives a hint on the role and the
experiences we had with that person.
There are three groups of paralanguage:
1. Vocal characterizers
This includes the vocal aspects of the following actions: whispering,
snoring, yelling, yawning, laughing, smiling, crying, moaning, groaning,
sucking, sneezing, sighing, and hiccups.
Example: When you see that most of your audience is yawning , it may
mean that they are bored or uninterested.

25. There are three groups of paralanguage:
2. Vocal qualifiers
This includes tone, tempo, rhythm, pitch, volume, intensity,
and extent.
Example: Speaking fast can mean nervousness or
excitement.
3. Vocal segregates
 This includes like “uh – uh” , “mmmm” , “uh” and even silent
pauses.
Example: “uh – uh” may mean disapproval.

26. Presuppositions
 Is an assumption, or something you believe is implied in an
utterance. The assumption happens even without confirmation. A
presupposition must be mutually known or assumed by the
speaker and the addressee for the utterance to be considered
appropriate in context and for communication to be successful.
 Are linguistic shorthand. When we use presuppositions we lessen
the words we say. There is no need to explain every detail the
meaning of what we are communicating.
Examples: Gianni no longer bakes cake.
Presupposition: Gianni once baked cake.
Jerych regrets buying Ana’s car.
Presuppositions: Jerych bought Ana’s car.
Ana sold her car to Jerych.

27. TRY THIS!
1. If I have a dog, then my dog is a beagle.
Presupposition: The dog is a beagle. She/he has no dog.
2. If it is already 12 pm, then my dog is probably hungry.
Presupposition: Then my dog is probably hungry. She/he has a dog.
3. Identify the presuppositions of the following sentences:
a. Zeke lost his phone.
b. Zeke did not lose his phone.
c. Zeke does not have an android phone.
4. Which sentence/s clearly implies that Nido is dead?
a. Milo knows that Nido is dead.
b. Milo does not know that Nido is dead.
c. Does Milo know that Nido is dead?

28. TRY THIS!
1. If I have a dog, then my dog is a beagle.
Presupposition: He has no dog.
2. If it is already 12 pm, then my dog is probably hungry.
Presupposition: He has a dog.
3. Identify the presuppositions of the following sentences:
a. Zeke lost his phone.
b. Zeke did not lose his phone.
c. Zeke does not have an android phone.
4. Which sentence/s clearly implies that Nido is dead?
a. Milo knows that Nido is dead.
b. Milo does not know that Nido is dead.
c. Does Milo know that Nido is dead?
Jane no longer writes fiction.
- Jane once wrote fiction.
Have you stopped eating
meat?
- You had once eaten meat.

29. Culture and Environmental Conditions
 Culture, as defined by Merriam Webster, refers to the beliefs,
customs, arts, etc. of a particular society, group, place, or time.
Since each nation or group has a unique set of cultural traits, these
may affect communication between people from different countries.
 Environmental conditions, as an aspect of nonverbal
communication, refer to the strength of influence of various factors
in a particular place or time. Environment may communicate
nonverbal messages to a person, and how this person interprets
the messages may affect how he would act.

30. Thank you for
listening!
Do you have any questions?

31. — Luke Shen Tien Chi
“Nonverbal communication
speaks louder than verbal
communication.”