This document provides a brief history of ethical thought and theories. It discusses how modern ethical theories originated from ancient Greek and religious thinkers like Socrates, Aristotle, Judaism and early Christians. It then describes several major ethical theories including utilitarianism, which focuses on maximizing benefits for society; duty and rights ethics, which focus on individual rights and duties; and virtue ethics, which focuses on good character. The document notes that multiple theories should be considered when analyzing an ethical problem. It concludes by discussing non-Western ethical philosophies like Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam and their emphasis on community, virtue and moral duties.
An in-depth look at ethical issues facing accountants and business professionals today. Presented by Heidi Tribunella, MS, CPA and Dr. Thomas Tribunella, CPA.
An in-depth look at ethical issues facing accountants and business professionals today. Presented by Heidi Tribunella, MS, CPA and Dr. Thomas Tribunella, CPA.
Virtue ethics focuses not so much on principles or the consequences of action, nor even the action itself so much as on the agent, the person who performs the action, in the light of the circumstances and all of his or her other actions. The focus is on the person’s character, or alternatively, on those traits of character expressed in this and other actions, his or her virtues.
Aristotle’s virtue ethics The most famous virtue ethicist, and in many ways still the starting point for most virtue ethicists, is the great Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In his Nicomachean Ethics (1954), Aristotle laid out a system of virtue ethics which still remains the starting point, if not the model, for most virtue ethicists. A virtue (areté which can also be translated as “excellence”) for Aristotle was the mean between the extremes.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
This slides are meant ti introduce a course on moral philosophy. All photos in it came from the net. Sources are not included though they are mainly from Google images.
Fundamentos de Sociología, presentación adaptada a mis necesidades.
Clase de Sociología sobre los inicios y temas relevantes para conocer los fundamentos de esta ciencia.
Virtue ethics focuses not so much on principles or the consequences of action, nor even the action itself so much as on the agent, the person who performs the action, in the light of the circumstances and all of his or her other actions. The focus is on the person’s character, or alternatively, on those traits of character expressed in this and other actions, his or her virtues.
Aristotle’s virtue ethics The most famous virtue ethicist, and in many ways still the starting point for most virtue ethicists, is the great Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In his Nicomachean Ethics (1954), Aristotle laid out a system of virtue ethics which still remains the starting point, if not the model, for most virtue ethicists. A virtue (areté which can also be translated as “excellence”) for Aristotle was the mean between the extremes.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
This slides are meant ti introduce a course on moral philosophy. All photos in it came from the net. Sources are not included though they are mainly from Google images.
Fundamentos de Sociología, presentación adaptada a mis necesidades.
Clase de Sociología sobre los inicios y temas relevantes para conocer los fundamentos de esta ciencia.
Business EthicsSession 2 Business Ethics Theories IVannaSchrader3
Business Ethics
Session 2: Business Ethics Theories I
Business Ethics Theories
1. Summary of Session I
2. Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
3. Business Ethics Theories (Part I)
4. Discussion: Wiki Leaks
5. Exercise: A Tale of Two Stories
6. The Paradise Papers
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Ethical Decision-Making
What to decide in ambitious/complicated
situations?
What to decide in a dilemma situation?
Ethical theory can help to find a solution.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
• Ethical Theories provides part of the solution when
decisions need to be made in situations where ethics
(right and wrong) play a role.
• Ethical theories provide guidelines.
• Each theory emphasizes different points:
– A different decision-making style, or
– A decision rule – eg to predict the outcome of the
decision and to follow duties to others in order to
reach what the said individual considers to be
ethically correct.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
In order to understand ethical decision-making,
it is important to acknowledge that not everyone makes
decisions in the same way by using exactly the same
information.
To further understand ethical theory, there must be a
common understanding of a common set of goals based
on ethical principles:
• Beneficence
• Least Harm
• Respect for autonomy
• Justice
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Beneficence
– Guides the decision-maker to do what is good and
right.
– « to do good » makes the possible solution to an
ethical dilemma acceptable
– The principle is related to utilty theory (we should
attempt to to generate the largest ration of good
over evil possible in the world.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Least Harm
– As in the case of beneficence, least harm deals
with situations in which no choice seems
beneficial.
– In these cases, decision-makers base their
decisions on doing the least harm to the greater
number of people.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Respect for autonomy
– This principle states that decision-making should
focus on allowing people to be autonomous – to be
able to make decisions that apply to their lives.
• Justice
– Decision-makers should focus on actions that are
fair to those involved.
Ethical Theories
I. Egoism/ Liberalism
II. Utilitarianism
III. Ethics of Duties/ Deontology/
Kantianism
IV. Natural Rights Theory
Business Ethics Theories
I. Egoism/ Liberalism
Implies that the individual follows his/her long-term interest.
Egoism is not selfishness.
Enlightened self-interest implies that, for example, CSR activities are
sometimes implemented, because they have a positive long-term impact on the
financial performance of a company.
Authors: Plato (470-399 BC), Adam Smith (1723-1790)
The logic of mark ...
Presentación de la línea biomédica en la formación en Licenciatura en Educación Física, Recreación y Deportes en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Católica de Oriente, conferencia inducción a nuevos estudiantes
Farmacología del Sistema Nervioso
Generalidades, Anatomofisología, Neurotransmisores, Sistema Nerviosos Central, Anestésicos, Anestesia General, Anestesia Local
Material guía para la discusión en clase que habla de la evolución del concepto de persona en la historia, implicaciones en la antropología cristiana, Preguntas para el mundo de hoy.
Slides para el curso de investigació 1, aproximación a la investigación, Licenciatura en Lenguas Extranjeras, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica de Oriente.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
4. A brief History of Ethical Thought
• The moral and ethical theories that engineers
apply are derived from a Western cultural
tradition.
4
5. A brief History of Ethical Thought
• They come from the ancient Greeks and ancient
religious thinking and writing.
• Judaism and its foundations start the religious
thinking and writing.
• The written sources of the Jewish moral tradition
ate the Torah and the Old Testament of the Bible.
• Moral Laws and Ten Commandments are there.
• The Greek philosophers with the greatest
influence are Socrates and Aristotle.
5
6. A brief History of Ethical Thought
• Greek ethical philosophic ideas were melted
together with early Christians and Jewish thought
and were spread throughout Europe and the
Middle East during the height of the Roman
Empire.
6
7. A brief History of Ethical Thought
• The known history of pure ethics or ethics (moral)
theories begin with ancient Greek philosophers
(Sophists, Socrates, Socratic schools, Plato,
Aristotle, Epicurus, Stoics)
• And, after recovered by early English positivists has
been the main topic of discussions in the Medieval
times in Europe.
• As the scholastic doctrines are by-passed (therefore
Christian Ethics is not a scientific term anymore), we
come to the illuminated times after the Medieval, and
continue with Hobbes, the Father of Modern Ethics.
7
8. Ethical Theories
Offer a framework for decision making.
Solving a problem is not cut and dried as problem solving.
There are relatively large number of theories to be considered
called Moral Theories.
Some of them are: Utilitarianism; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Duty
Ethics and Rights Ethics; Virtue Ethics; and Non Western
ethical Thinking.
8
9. MORAL THEORY
• Moral Theory: Defines terms in uniform
ways and links ideas and problems
together in consistent ways.
• Moral concept are organized like
scientific theories: organize ideas, define
terms, and facilitate problem solving.
• Moral concept is an important aspect in
the following theories...
9
10. MORAL THEORIES
• Utilitarianism: Seeks to produce the most utility.
• Cost-Benefit Analysis.
• Duty Ethics: There are some duties that should
be performed.
• Rights Ethics: We all have moral rights that
should be protected.
• Virtue Ethics: Actions as right that manifest
good character traits and regards actions as
bad that display bad character traits.
10
11. UTILITARIANISM
• I. What is it?
Good actions are those actions
that serve to maximize human
well-being.
• II. Benefits:
Maximizes positive affects for
many people.
• III. Downfalls:
Ignores the individual.
Difficult to predict consequences
of actions.
11
12. UTILITARIANISM
The emphasis in
utilitarianism is not o
maximizing the well-
being of the individual,
but rather on
maximizing the well-
being of society as a
whole, and as such it
is somewhat of a
collectivity approach. 12
14. UTILITARIANISM
• Problem Solving Approach:
• Determine Benefits to Society.
• Determine Costs to Parties
involved.
• Compare Benefits to Costs.
• If Benefits to Society outweigh
Costs, then it is ethical to
pursue project.
14
16. Building Dams:
Benefits:
a) Stable flow of
drinking water.
b) Flood control.
c) Recreational
opportunities
Cost:
a) Relocation of flood-
zone residents (Like El
Peñol, Antioquia,
Colombia).
Result: Since the benefits of building the dam outweigh the
costs, it is profitable/ethical to build the dam.
16
17. Waste Isolation Pilot
Plant (WIPP):
Benefits:
• Safe storage of
dangerous waste.
• Nuclear Power =
electricity.
• Radioisotopes =
medicine.
Cost:
Potential danger to
residents near
transportation routes.
Result: Since the benefits of building WIPP facilities
outweighs the cost to society, then it is ethical to go ahead
with project.
17
18. Utilitarianism – Two tenets
Act Utilitarianism – Focus
on action, not rules.
• John Stuart Mill (1806 –
1873)
• Believe that rules of
morality were derived from
trial and error throughout
the course of time.
• Believe that rules should be
broken in order to maximize
benefits to society.
Rule Utilitarianism – Focus
on moral laws, not on action.
• Believe that moral laws
take precedence over
action.
• Adhere that although
following rules might
not always maximize
benefits to society, it will
ultimately lead to the
best overall. 18
19. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
• What is it?
An Application of Utilitarianism
Goal is to maximize Benefit-to-Cost Ratio.
• Benefits:
Quantifiable method for analyzing ethical dilemmas.
• Downfall:
Similar to utilitarianism in that benefits are often difficult
to predict.
19
20. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
• In cost-benefit analysis, the cost of a project are
assessed, as are the benefits.
• Only those projects with the highest ratio of
benefits to costs will be implemented.
• This principle is similar to the utilitarian goal of
maximizing the overall good.
20
21. DUTY AND RIGHT ETHICS
• What are they?
Good actions are those that respect the rights of the
individual.
• Benefits:
Maximize positive effects for the individual.
• Downfalls:
Basic rights of one person may conflict with basic rights
of another person.
Doesn’t account for overall betterment of society.
21
22. DUTY AND RIGHT ETHICS
• Duty
Immanuel Kant (1724-
1804)
Ethical actions are those
that can be written as a list
of duties (e.g. “Be Honest,
Be Fair, etc.)
Rights Ethics
• Right Ethics
John Locke (1632-1704)
People have fundamental
rights that people have a
duty to respect.
“Both are already just two different sides of the same
coin” (Fleddermann, Ch. 2014, 42)
22
23. Virtue Ethics
• What is a virtue?
A moral distinction and goodness.
In virtue ethics, actions are considered right if they support good
character traits (virtues) and wrong if they support bad character
traits (vices).
• Virtue Ethics determine what kind of people we should
be.
• A virtuous person exhibits good and beneficial qualities.
• Personal morality cannot be separated from business
morality. If a person is virtuous in his personal life, then
he is also in his business life as well.
23
24. Virtue Ethics
• In using Virtue Ethics, it is important to ensure that
the traits you identify as virtues are indeed virtuous
and will not lead to negative consequences.
• Example:
• Honor: (dignity, integrity, pride).
• This may seem good because of integrity but it might give
you negative consequences because of pride (wars to
preserve honor of nation).
24
25. Personal vs. Corporate Morality
• Is there a distinction between the ethics practiced by
an individual and those practiced by a corporation?
• How can a company display human traits like
honesty and loyalty?
• While dealing with individuals, corporations should
be considered pseudo-moral agents and should be
held accountable in the same way that individuals
are.
• A corporation must respect the rights of individuals
and should exhibit the same virtues that we expect
of individuals. 25
26. Which One Theory to Use
• How do we decide which theory to use?
• In order to obtain a complete understanding of a
problem, it is best to analyze the situation using
multiple ethical theories.
• Example: A chemical plant discharges a hazardous
waste into the groundwater the city will be
compromised with health problems.
26
27. Which Theory to Use
• Rights Ethics indicate that this is unethical.
• Utilitarian Analysis indicates the same.
Economic benefits would be outweighed by
negative effect of pollution and costs to ensure
a safe municipal water supply.
• Virtue Ethics indicate this is irresponsible and
harmful.
• They all show the same conclusion.
27
28. Which Theory to Use
• What if they produce different conclusions?
• The answers should be weighed.
• Generally, rights and duty ethics should take
precedence over utilitarian consideration
because the rights of individuals should receive
stronger weight than the needs of society as a
whole.
28
29. Non-Western Ethical Thinking
• Ethics are not geographical or cultural
• Ethics standards are similar worldwide
• “When in Rome, do as the Romans” Not applicable
to personal morality
• In Arab countries: Foundations of ethical principles
grounded in traditions of Islam and Islam is very
similar to Christianity
• Ethical principles of Buddhists, Hindus, and all
major religions of world are similar.
29
30. Non-Western Ethical Thinking
• Chinese ethical philosophy originates with the
writing of Kongzi, more commonly known as
Confucius (551-479 BCE)
• Emphasizes the importance of balancing individual
rights with the needs of the larger community:
Mutual respect.
• The individual depends on the groups and so must
take group concerns into account
• But also the group must recognize its dependence
on individuals and must respect individual rights.
30
31. Non-Western Ethical Thinking
• Indian philosophical tradition are the oldest
surviving written philosophical systems in human
civilization.
• Indian philosophical and ethical thinking have their
origins in the ancient texts known as the Vedas,
further developed through the Upanishads, Jainism,
Buddhism, and also expressed in the Bhagavad-
Gita.
• Continued by Tagore, Gandhi, Nehru into the
modern world.
31
32. Non-Western Ethical Thinking
“Indian ethics, instead of analyzing the
nature of good, lays down practical
means of attaining a life of perfection…”
(Sharma and Daugert, 1965).
32
33. Non-Western Ethical Thinking
• Muslin Ethics is derived from principles set forth in the
Qur’an.
• Specific virtues mentioned are humility, honesty, giving
to the poor, kindness, and trustworthiness.
• Qur’an also mentions vices such as boasting,
blasphemy, and slander.
• While blasphemy is only applicable in a religious
context, the other two vices do speak to engineering
professional practice.
• For example, Codes of Ethics prohibit engineers from
making false claims about other engineers
33
34. Non-Western Ethical Thinking
• Buddhist has its origins between the 6th and 4th
centuries BCE.
• Is based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama also
known as Buddha.
• Buddhist speaks of five major vices: destruction of life;
taking what is not given; licentiousness, lying, and
taking intoxicants.
• Also speaks of virtues such as friendship, spiritual
development, learning, mastery of skills, filial piety,
generosity, diligence, patience, and sense of proportion
or limits.
34
35. References
• Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2003.
www.search.eb.com
• Fledderman, Ch. (2014). Engineering Ethics.
International Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science.
(2004). http://onlineethics.org
• McGuire, S. (2018). 20 timeline template
examples and desing tips.
https://venngage.com/blog/timeline-template/
• WILLIAMS INTERNATIONAL. (2014). The power
of vision. Company: Timeline. http://www.williams-
int.com/timeline 35