The document discusses structures used to talk about possibilities or probabilities regarding actions that may have occurred in the past. It states that the structure "May/might + have + past participle" is used to indicate something was possible or probable, but the speaker is not certain. Several examples are given using this structure to speculate about possible past actions when the facts are unclear.

1. grammar

3. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬
‫گذشته‬.‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫صحبت‬
‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫احتمال‬50‫درصد‬
‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گوینده‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.

4. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬
‫گذشته‬.‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫صحبت‬
‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫احتمال‬50‫درصد‬
‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گوینده‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.
 May / might + have + past participle
(‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )

5. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬
‫گذشته‬.‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫صحبت‬
‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫احتمال‬50‫درصد‬
‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گوینده‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.
 May / might + have + past participle
(‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The lights in Ali’s room was on until late last
night. He may have studied for the exam.

6. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬
‫احتمال‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫صحبت‬
‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬50‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬ ‫درصد‬
‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گوینده‬‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.
 May / might + have + past participle (‫اسم‬
‫مفعول‬ )
 The lights in Ali’s room was on until late last night.
He may have studied for the exam.
 Nobody opened the door. I think they might have
gone out.

7. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬
‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫احتمال‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫صحبت‬
‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬50‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گوینده‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬ ‫درصد‬
‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.
 May / might + have + past participle (‫اسم‬
‫مفعول‬ )
 The lights in Ali’s room was on until late last night. He
may have studied for the exam.
 Nobody opened the door. I think they might have
gone out.
 They didn’t get good marks in his final exams. I think
they may have been too busy to study harder.

8. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬‫صحبت‬
‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫احتمال‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬
‫ساختار‬50‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گوینده‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬ ‫درصد‬‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.
 May / might + have + past participle (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The lights in Ali’s room was on until late last night. He may
have studied for the exam.
 Nobody opened the door. I think they might have gone
out.
 They didn’t get good marks in his final exams. I think they
may have been too busy to study harder.
 There was no food left in the refrigerator. Somebody might
have eaten all of it.

9. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬‫صحبت‬
‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫احتمال‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬
‫ساختار‬50‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گوینده‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬ ‫درصد‬‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.
 May / might + have + past participle (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The lights in Ali’s room was on until late last night. He may
have studied for the exam.
 Nobody opened the door. I think they might have gone
out.
 They didn’t get good marks in his final exams. I think they
may have been too busy to study harder.
 There was no food left in the refrigerator. Somebody might
have eaten all of it.
 He looks tired. He might have been awake all night.

10. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫صحبت‬
‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫احتمال‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬50
‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬ ‫گوینده‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬ ‫درصد‬‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.
 May / might + have + past participle (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The lights in Ali’s room was on until late last night. He may have
studied for the exam.
 Nobody opened the door. I think they might have gone out.
 They didn’t get good marks in his final exams. I think they may have
been too busy to study harder.
 There was no food left in the refrigerator. Somebody might have
eaten all of it.
 He looks tired. He might have been awake all night.
 She's late. She may have taken the wrong road.

11. ‫از‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫گذشته‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫احتمال‬‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫صحبت‬
‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫داده‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫احتمال‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬50‫گوینده‬ ‫یعنی‬ ‫است‬ ‫درصد‬
‫خود‬ ‫صحبت‬ ‫به‬‫نیست‬ ‫مطمئن‬.
 May / might + have + past participle (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The lights in Ali’s room was on until late last night. He may have studied
for the exam.
 Nobody opened the door. I think they might have gone out.
 They didn’t get good marks in his final exams. I think they may have been
too busy to study harder.
 There was no food left in the refrigerator. Somebody might have eaten all
of it.
 He looks tired. He might have been awake all night.
 She's late. She may have taken the wrong road.
 Where’s John? Why isn’t he at the meeting?’
‘He may not have got the message.’ / ‘He might not have
received the message.’

12.  Probably = likely = possibly
 Maybe = perhaps
 Not sure = certain
 Doubt
 Doubtful
 uncertain

14. ‫به‬ ‫شواهدی‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬
.‫است‬ ‫مطمئن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسیده‬ ‫ای‬ ‫نتیجه‬

15. ‫به‬ ‫شواهدی‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬
.‫است‬ ‫مطمئن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسیده‬ ‫ای‬ ‫نتیجه‬
 Must + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )

16. ‫به‬ ‫شواهدی‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬
.‫است‬ ‫مطمئن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسیده‬ ‫ای‬ ‫نتیجه‬
 Must + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The chickens have escaped! How did they get
out?’‘They must have got out under the gate.
There is no other way out.’

17. ‫به‬ ‫شواهدی‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬
.‫است‬ ‫مطمئن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسیده‬ ‫ای‬ ‫نتیجه‬
 Must + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The chickens have escaped! How did they get
out?’‘They must have got out under the gate.
There is no other way out.’
 When I arrived they weren’t there. They must
have left early .

18. ‫به‬ ‫شواهدی‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬
.‫است‬ ‫مطمئن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسیده‬ ‫ای‬ ‫نتیجه‬
 Must + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The chickens have escaped! How did they get
out?’‘They must have got out under the gate.
There is no other way out.’
 When I arrived they weren’t there. They must
have left early .
 Mother Teresa devoted her life to the poor. She
must have been a kind person.

19. ‫ای‬ ‫نتیجه‬ ‫به‬ ‫شواهدی‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬
.‫است‬ ‫مطمئن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسیده‬
 Must + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The chickens have escaped! How did they get out?’
‘They must have got out under the gate. There is no
other way out.’
 When I arrived they weren’t there. They must have
left early .
 Mother Teresa devoted her life to the poor. She must
have been a kind person.
 He is always on time . Today he was late. He must have
had a problem in coming to work.

20. ‫ای‬ ‫نتیجه‬ ‫به‬ ‫شواهدی‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬
.‫است‬ ‫مطمئن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسیده‬
 Must + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The chickens have escaped! How did they get out?’
‘They must have got out under the gate. There is no other
way out.’
 When I arrived they weren’t there. They must have
leftearly .
 Mother Teresa devoted her life to the poor. She must have
been a kind person.
 He is always on time . Today he was late. He must have
had a problem in coming to work.
 Erica must have gone out. I can't see her.

21. ‫تقریبا‬ ‫و‬ ‫رسیده‬ ‫ای‬ ‫نتیجه‬ ‫به‬ ‫شواهدی‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬
.‫است‬ ‫مطمئن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫به‬
 Must + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 The chickens have escaped! How did they get out?’
‘They must have got out under the gate. There is no other way out.’
 When I arrived they weren’t there. They must have leftearly .
 Mother Teresa devoted her life to the poor. She must have been a
kind person.
 He is always on time . Today he was late. He must have had a
problem in coming to work.
 Erica must have gone out. I can't see her.
 I think James must have drunk all the milk. There's none left.

22. 
‫بال‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫گیری‬ ‫نتیجه‬ ‫منفی‬ ‫حالت‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬
.‫شد‬ ‫خواهد‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫دو‬ ‫این‬ ‫از‬ ‫بلکه‬ ‫شود‬ ‫نمی‬ ‫استفاده‬
 Can’t / couldn’t have pp ( ‫مفعول‬ ‫)اسم‬
 ‘The chickens have escaped! How did they get out?’
‘They can’t have got out under the gate. I fixed that
yesterday.’
 He can't have escaped through this window. It is too
small.
She can't have said that.
She couldn't have said that.

23.  Sure = certain
 undoubted

25. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬
‫سفارش‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬ ‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬‫نشان‬
‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬
‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬‫منفی‬ ‫حالت‬‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نباید‬
.‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬

26. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬
‫سفارش‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬ ‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬‫نشان‬
‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬
‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬‫منفی‬ ‫حالت‬‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نباید‬
.‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬
 Should (not) + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )

27. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬
‫سفارش‬ ‫گذشته‬‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬ ‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬
‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬
‫منفی‬ ‫حالت‬‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نباید‬‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬
.‫است‬
 Should (not) + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 You made him upset. You shouldn’t have done
that.

28. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬
‫سفارش‬ ‫گذشته‬‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬ ‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬
‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬
‫منفی‬ ‫حالت‬‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نباید‬‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬
.‫است‬
 Should (not) + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 You made him upset. You shouldn’t have done
that.
 They should have helped the poor man.

29. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬
‫سفارش‬ ‫گذشته‬‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬ ‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬
‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬‫منفی‬ ‫حالت‬‫نشان‬
‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬‫نباید‬.‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬
 Should (not) + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 You made him upset. You shouldn’t have done that.
 They should have helped the poor man.
 Your friend was in hospital. You should have visited
him.

30. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬
‫سفارش‬ ‫گذشته‬‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬ ‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬
‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬‫منفی‬ ‫حالت‬‫نشان‬
‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬‫نباید‬.‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬
 Should (not) + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 You made him upset. You shouldn’t have done that.
 They should have helped the poor man.
 Your friend was in hospital. You should have visited
him.
 She's very upset. You shouldn’t have told everybody
her secret.

31. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬
‫سفارش‬‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬ ‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬
‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬‫منفی‬ ‫حالت‬‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نباید‬
.‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬
 Should (not) + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 You made him upset. You shouldn’t have done that.
 They should have helped the poor man.
 Your friend was in hospital. You should have visited him.
 She's very upset. You shouldn’t have told everybody her
secret.
 The train should have arrived soon. It's already five
minutes late.

32. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫سفارش‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬
‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬‫حالت‬
‫منفی‬‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نباید‬.‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬
 Should (not) + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 You made him upset. You shouldn’t have done that.
 They should have helped the poor man.
 Your friend was in hospital. You should have visited him.
 She's very upset. You shouldn’t have told everybody her secret.
 The train should have arrived soon. It's already five minutes late.
 I shouldn’t have eaten so much. I feel terrible.

33. ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫بخواهیم‬ ‫اگر‬‫سفارش‬ ‫گذشته‬ ‫در‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫نشدن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫انجام‬‫یا‬
‫در‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫این‬ .‫کنیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫زیر‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫از‬ ‫کنیم‬ ‫نصیحت‬‫مثبت‬ ‫حالت‬
‫اما‬ ‫میشده‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫باید‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نگرفته‬ ‫انجام‬‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫است‬‫حالت‬
‫منفی‬‫کاری‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫می‬ ‫نشان‬‫نباید‬.‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫می‬ ‫انجام‬
 Should (not) + have + pp (‫مفعول‬ ‫اسم‬ )
 You made him upset. You shouldn’t have done that.
 They should have helped the poor man.
 Your friend was in hospital. You should have visited him.
 She's very upset. You shouldn’t have told everybody her secret.
 The train should have arrived soon. It's already five minutes late.
 I shouldn’t have eaten so much. I feel terrible.
 You shouldn’t have left pets in cars especially in hot weather.

34.  It is better = be better
 Have better
 Had better

35.  1-I ---------- my medicine this morning but I forgot.
 1) must take
 2) should take
 3) must have taken
 4) should have taken

36.  A: "My friend failed the test yesterday."
 B: "It's nothing unusual. He -------------
more."
 1) must study
 2) should study
 3) must have studied
 4) should have studied

37.  The football match --------- have finished
by now. It started over two hours ago.
 1) must 2) would
 3) should 4) could

38.  Our parents --------- have participated in
the school meeting; however, they
didn't.
 1) must 2) should
 3) might 4) would

39.  My back hurts. I ----------- that heavy box
up two flights of stairs yesterday.
 1) should not carry
 2) should have not carry
 3) should not be carrying
 4) should not have carried

40.  Sara doesn't answer the phone. Don't
you think she --------- for school?
 1) should have left
 2) might leave
 3) must leave
 4) may have left

41.  A: "Why didn't Father answer the
doorbell?"
 B: "He ----------- the bell."
 1) may not have heard
 2) should not have heard
 3) may not hear
 4) should not hear

42.  Mary's poor diet ------------ the reason for
the frequent colds she catches in the
last six months.
 1) can have been
 2) might have to be
 3) must have to be
 4) may have been

43.  A: "Why didn't your friend, Ali, say hello
when he entered the room?"
 B: "He -------- feeling well."
 1) may not be
 2) should not be
 3) may not have been
 4) should not have been

45.  1-She may have forgotten that she had a class.

46.  1-She may have forgotten that she had a class.
 2-she must have left home late.

47.  1-She may have forgotten that she had a class.
 2-she must have left home late.
 3- you should have e-mailed me. ( You should
have done so. )

48.  1-She may have forgotten that she had a class.
 2-she must have left home late.
 3- you should have e-mailed me. ( You should
have done so. )
 4- I might have left them in my car.