The document discusses key concepts in anthropology, sociology, and political science. It defines anthropology as the study of humanity, including biological and cultural diversity. The goals of anthropology include understanding human evolution and cultural variation. Sociology is defined as the study of human relationships and society. It aims to understand how individuals and societies influence each other. Political science deals with systems of governance and political behavior. Its goals include describing how political systems function and measuring governance success. The document also defines concepts like cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identity.

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2. • ETHNOCENTRISM

3. ETHNOCENTRISM
When people find cultural practices and
values not their own as disturbing and
threatening, that can be regarded as
ethnocentrism.

4. ETHNOCENTRISM
A literal meaning of ethnocentrism is the
regard that one’s own culture and society is
the center of everything and therefore far
more superior than others.

5. It is understandable that people and hold
importance to the cultural values that were
taught them by their parents, elders, and
others institutions of their society.

6. But,
The problem is when a person/ groups of people
regard their own society’s set of cultural values as
the only agreeable, acceptable and highly
respectable set of convictions.
Such a perspective can harden into chauvism a
position that everything about the other culture is
wrong, unreasonable, detestable and even wicked.

7. From this perspective, the practices and institutions
of people from other societies are regarded as
inferior, less intelligent.
An ethnocentric attitude can be an obstacle to
understanding each other culture and foster tensions
within or between societies

8. Cultural Relativism
Underscores the idea that the culture in every
society should be understood and regarded on its
own terms.

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GROUPINGS “LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION!”
The class will be grouped into two. The first group
will be assigned to do a short skit on ethnocentrism
while the other will do a skit on cultural relativism.
After each presentation, the students will be asked
to write reflection paper on what they have learned/
realized after watching the performance of each
group.

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GROUPINGS “LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION!”
Rubrics:
Originality- 15
Content- 10
Props- 15
Relatedness: 5
Audience impact 5
Total - 50

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GROUPINGS “LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION!”
SCORING BOARD
Minus/ADD scores: (DURING PLANNING)
GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4
+]’/ +2 +1 +2

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QUESTIONS TO PONDER (Serves as assignment)
1. Is it right to pass judgment on cultures not our
own as inferior, threatening or disturbing?
2. Should we expect societies around the world to
practice the same set of cultural values and
traits?
3. How is it possible to recognize the uniqueness
of each society’s cultural traits and not from the
standpoint of one’s own society?

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Get ½ sheet of Paper, Crosswise
Mam ½ po? YES. ½ CROSSWISE
Direction: Answer the following below.
______1. It refers to a position indicating that
everything about the other culture is wrong,
unreasonable, detestable and even wicked.
______2. Refers to social , cultural and psychological
characteristics / traits related to males and females
based on certain social contexts.

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_______3. Refers to the biological characteristics that
distinguish a male from a female.
_______4. Refers to the attitudes and behaviors that the
society expects a person to exhibit based on his or her
sex.
_______5. The science of humanity,” which studies
human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and
evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of
society and culture that decisively distinguish humans
from other animal species.

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Complete the table below with information that best
describe the gender roles of male and female during
Spanish, American and Japanese Period
Period Male Female
Spanish Period 1.
2.
1.
2.
American Period 1.
2.
1.
2.
Japanese Period 1.
2.
1.
2.

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Last part
Briefly explain Gender Roles in Current
Philippine Society.
8 points.

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Answer: 1-5
1. Chauvism
2. Gender
3. Sex
4. Gender Roles
5. Anthropology

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• CULTURAL VARIATIONS AND
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES

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?

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Gender
Refers to social , cultural and psychological characteristics
/ traits related to males and females based on certain social
contexts

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Sex
The biological characteristics that distinguish a male from
a female.
Thus, sex makes a person male/female while gender makes
a person masculine/ feminine

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Gender Roles
Refers to the attitudes and behaviors that the society expects
a person to exhibit based on his or her sex
Example:
In Traditional Phil. Society, women are expected to be plain
housewives and take care of their children, while men are
expected to be professionals and provide the needs of their
family.

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CURRENT

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SEX GENDER ROLE TASK
Male Datu or Rajah
Bagani
Led the Barangay acted as judge to
settle community concerns
Protected the Barangay against
enemies
Female Binukot
Farmer and Tiller
Acted as keeper of the community’s
history and culture.
Nurtured the land where crops were
grown (there was a belief that women
were more fertile because they “bleed”
once a month thus, plants and crops
could be more nourished by them )
Male and female Merchant
Potter
Weaver
babaylan
Trades crops and other products with
other merchant
Made pots and other earthen products
Made clothing through weaving
Acted as shaman and performed
spiritual and social rituals

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Period Male Female
Spanish Occupation Laborers who provided for the family
Were educated to become
professionals and leaders
Housewives; took care of the children
and the household
Were trained for life in the monastry
American Occupation Laborers in the factories
Were educated to become
professionals
Laborers in the factories
Were educated to become
professionals
Japanese Occupation Laborers who provided for the family
Worked as guerilla soldiers
Housewives
Some become guerilla soldiers and
supporters

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Gender Roles in Current Philippine Society
• We are more open to allowing both men and women
perform different tasks not based on gender

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INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT
In this learning lesson, we will be discussing the nature
and goals of anthropology, sociology, and political
science. It will be good for the students and our readers
to understand the nature and goals of anthropology,
sociology, and political science.

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LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCs
1. Acknowledge human cultural variation, social
differences, social change, and political identities.
2. Adopt an open and critical attitude toward different
social, political, and cultural phenomena through
observation and reflection.
3. Appreciate the value of disciplines of Anthropology,
Sociology, and Political Science as Social Sciences.

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ANTHROPOLOGY from a Latin word anthropos – means
man and Greek word logos – means to study.
• The study, analysis, and description of humanity’s past
and present. Questions about the past include
prehistoric origins and human evolution. The study of
contemporary humanity focuses on biological and
cultural diversity, including language.

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“the science of humanity,” which studies
human beings in aspects ranging from the
biology and evolutionary history of Homo
sapiens to the features of society and
culture that decisively distinguish humans
from other animal species.

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Nature of Anthropology
The nature of anthropology can be view from its historical
perspective because is a global discipline involving
humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.

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• Its roots go back to the intellectual Enlightenment of the
18th and early 19th centuries in Europe and North America.
As European nations developed colonies in distant parts of
the world and Americans expanded west and south into the
territories of Indians, it became apparent to them that
humanity was extremely varied.

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• Anthropology began, in part, as an attempt by
members of scientific societies to objectively record
and comprehend this variation. Curiosity about strange
people and customs in far off parts of the world is what
primarily motivated these early amateur
anthropologists.

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Goals of Anthropology:
Firstly, one of the main goals of an anthropologist is to
understand the fossil record of early humans and their
ancestors as well as the archaeological record of more
recent prehistoric societies.

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Secondly, to understand how we adapt to different
environmental conditions and how we vary as a species.
Thirdly, to understand the behavior of monkeys and apes
in their natural settings.

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Fourthly, is to learn about both the biological and cultural
aspects of humanity around the globe and throughout
time.
Fifty goals of anthropology are to apply anthropological
knowledge to help prevent or solve problems of living
peoples, including poverty, drug abuse, and HIV/AIDS.

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SOCIOLOGY
Etymologically, Sociology came from the Latin word socius – means
companion and Greek word logos – means to study. It is a systematic
study of human relationship along with human society and
interaction.

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Unique to sociology is its emphasis upon the
reciprocal relationship between individuals and
societies as they influence and shape each other.
• the study of social life, social change, and the
social causes and consequences of human
behaviuor. Sociologists investigate the structure
of groups, organizations, and societies and how
people interact within these contexts.

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Nature of Sociology
As a discipline, sociology arose early in the
nineteenth century in response to rapid social
change. Major transformations in the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries, such as rapid
industrialization resulting in a large, anonymous
workforce.

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Goals of Sociology:
The ultimate goal of sociology is to acquire
knowledge about society like all the other social
sciences discipline, as Samuel Koenig has pointed
out the ultimate aim of sociology is ” to improve
man’s adjustment to life by developing objective
knowledge concerning social phenomena which
can be used to deal effectively with social
problems”.

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Goals of Sociology:
1. To understand how membership in one’s social
group affects individual behaviour.
2. To understand the meaning and consequences
of modernity, postmodernity and the new
globalization.
3. Understand the meaning and consequences of
modernity, postmodernity and the new
globalization.

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Goals of Sociology:
4. Understand how cultures and institutions
interact in different societies.
5. Understand the causes and consequences of
social change in terms of general causes and
effects as well as unique historical circumstances.

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Goals of Sociology:
6. Understand the causes and consequences of
population composition and pressures and how
population affects the environment and
development of societies.
7. To provide information that reflects upon
different policy initiatives

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POLITICAL SCIENCE The etymology of Political
Science came from two ancient words. The word
political came from Greek word “polis” means
city-state and science comes from Latin word
“scire” which means to know.

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Political Science is the study of the nature, causes,
and consequences of collective decisions and
actions taken by groups of people embedded in
cultures and institutions that structure power and
authority.
In other words, Political Science is a social science
discipline that deals with systems of governance,
and the analysis of political activities, political
thoughts, associated constitutions and political
behaviour.

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In other words, Political Science is a social science
discipline that deals with systems of governance,
and the analysis of political activities, political
thoughts, associated constitutions and political
behaviour.

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Goals of Political Science:
• The main goal of political science is the concern
with the process of growth, industrialization
and change and the impact on government
forms and policies.
• The goal of political science also is to describe
how various political systems function, and to
find more effective political systems.

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Goals of Political Science:
In addition, the goal of political science is to
measure the success of governance and specific
policies by examining many factors, including
stability, justice, material wealth, peace and public
health.

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Cultural variation refers to the rich diversity in
social practices that different cultures exhibit
around the world. Cuisine and art all change from
one culture to the next, but so do gender roles,
economic systems, and social hierarchy among
any number of other humanly organized
behaviours.

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Social Differences
are the complex differences that includes: Class,
role, culture, age, ability, sex etc.. Social
differences can create discrimination among
individuals on the basis of their social
characteristic.

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Social change
Refers to any significant alteration over time in
behavior patterns and cultural values and norms.
Collective behavior and social movements are just
two of the forces driving social change, which is
the change in society created through social
movements as well as external factors like
environmental shifts or technological innovations.

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Political Identity
is a term that describes a political approach
wherein people of a particular religion, race,
social background, class or other identifying factor
develop political agendas and organize based
upon the interlocking systems of oppression that
affect their lives and come from their various
identities.

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Political Identity
Identity politics centers the lived experiences of
those facing various systems of oppression to
better understand the ways in which racial,
economic, sex-based, gender-based, and other
forms of oppression are linked and to ensure that
political agendas and political actions arising out
of identity politics leave no one behind.