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Lenses
SMU Physics 142L – 172L
Lenses
Purpose: This lab will explore the optical properties of
convergent lenses. You will find the focal length of several
lenses by three methods. Once the focal lengths are known, you
will determine the refractive index of the glass used to make the
lenses.
Introduction: Lenses can be either convergent (+) or divergent
(-). Convergent lenses focus (converge) parallel light rays
entering the lens at a focal point. The distance from the center
of the lens to that focal point is the focal length of the lens.
The focal length is dependent on the refractive index of the lens
material and radius of curvature of the lens surfaces. Divergent
lenses will take the same parallel light rays and bend them away
from each other:
Convergent lens
Divergent lens
Focal Point
In this lab we will be using symmetric converging lenses with
focal lengths between 5 and 25 cm, although if you are looking
for a challenge, there are asymmetric lenses available—just ask.
Procedure: Choose at least two lenses to work with. Each lens
must have a focal length at least two cm different than the other
lens(es) you will be using. No more than one lens can have a
diameter of less than 6cm. The following methods for
determining focal length can be performed in any order,
although the diopter method will give the quickest
determination that the focal lengths are sufficiently different.
Far Object Method: Assemble the optical bench with a lens
holder (with lens) and a screen as shown. Ensure center of lens
and screen are at the same height.
Lens
Screen
Outside, point the optical bench at some distant object with
sharp angles and/or high contrast (the chapel works well.)
Adjust the screen to bring the projected image into the best
focus. The thin lens equation to determine focal length is:
where f is the focal length, do is the distance from the lens to
the object, and di is the distance from the lens to the image.
Because the distance to the object is very large relative to the
distance to the image, the light rays from the object can be
considered to be parallel, and the distance from the lens to the
image is the same as the focal length. (The limit of as do
approaches ∞ is 0)
Near Object Method: Assemble the optical bench with a light
source, object, lens holder (with lens) and screen as shown.
Ensure center of light, object, lens and screen are at the same
height.
Lens
Screen
Object
Lamp
Adjust the object and the screen to bring the projected image
into the best focus. The same thin lens equation applies, but the
distance from lens to object must be included: . Note the
orientation and size of the image. Use at least two different
object distances to find an average focal length for each lens.
The magnification can be found by the equation where hi is the
height of the image and ho is the height of the object. This can
be compared to the theoretical magnification where do is the
distance from the lens to the object, and di is the distance from
the lens to the image.
Diopter Method: Place the lens in the diopter meter and adjust
the dial to bring the light pattern into the best focus. The
diopter reading is then taken directly from the dial. The diopter
value is in m-1. The focal length can be found by taking the
reciprocal of the diopter reading.
Spherometer: Once the focal length is determined for each lens,
the refractive index can be determined with the lensmaker’s
formula:
f is the focal length, n is the refractive index, r1 and r2 are the
radii of curvature of each side of the lens. The negative sign
reflects that the radii of the curves on each surface of the lens
are in the opposite direction. Since all of the lenses we will be
using are convex on both sides, you can consider the equation to
be If you are using a symmetric lens, the formula becomes: To
determine the refractive index (n) you will now need to
determine the radius of curvature using the spherometer. The
spherometer can be thought of as a special purpose micrometer
designed for measuring the curve of a spherical surface. The
principle digit is read from the post at the top of the wheel, and
the decimal places can be read from the top of the wheel at the
front of the post. The spherometer is placed on the lens as
shown at the top of the following page: (You are looking at the
top of the lens from the side)
Distance from center point to edge point of spherometer (d)
Height of curve (h)
Radius of curvature (R)
Analysis: Determine the focal length of each of your lenses by
the three methods described. Use the average of those three
focal lengths, the radius you determine using the spherometer
and the lens maker’s formula to determine the refractive index
of the lens material. Compare that to the value given in your
text for lens glass. Compare the observed magnification in the
“near object method” to the theoretical magnification.
Lab Evaluation – Please provide feedback on the following
areas, comparing this lab to your previous labs: How much fun
you had completing this lab; How well the lap prep period
explained this lab; The amount of work required compared to
the time allotted; Your understanding of this lab; The difficulty
of this lab; How well this lab tied in with the lecture. Please
assign each of the listed categories with a value from 1-5, with
5 being the best, 1 the worst. Comments supporting or
elaborating on your assessment can also be very helpful in
improving the future labs.
Date Last Modified Mar 26, 2010 Page Number 4
o
d
1
o
i
o
h
h
M
=
o
i
t
d
d
M
=
(
)
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
-
-
=
2
1
1
1
1
1
r
r
n
f
(
)
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
+
-
=
2
1
1
1
1
1
r
r
n
f
(
)
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
-
=
r
n
f
2
1
1
i
o
d
d
f
1
1
1
+
=
(
)
i
i
d
f
or
d
f
=
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
1
1
lens
Far f(cm)
Near Object Method
f(cm)
diopter method
f(cm)
1 med “A”
58.6
59.2
59.15
58.8
2. Small
9.4
10.29
10.03
10.03
C
Near Object Method
f= 10.29
f= 10.03
diopter method
100(= 58.8
Spherometer we used med “A”
R=
L= 25mm
H=.404 mm
R= = 255.5mm= 25.55cm
(
)
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
-
-
=
2
1
1
1
1
1
r
r
n
f

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Lenses .docx

  • 1. Lenses SMU Physics 142L – 172L Lenses Purpose: This lab will explore the optical properties of convergent lenses. You will find the focal length of several lenses by three methods. Once the focal lengths are known, you will determine the refractive index of the glass used to make the lenses. Introduction: Lenses can be either convergent (+) or divergent (-). Convergent lenses focus (converge) parallel light rays entering the lens at a focal point. The distance from the center of the lens to that focal point is the focal length of the lens. The focal length is dependent on the refractive index of the lens material and radius of curvature of the lens surfaces. Divergent lenses will take the same parallel light rays and bend them away from each other: Convergent lens Divergent lens Focal Point In this lab we will be using symmetric converging lenses with focal lengths between 5 and 25 cm, although if you are looking for a challenge, there are asymmetric lenses available—just ask. Procedure: Choose at least two lenses to work with. Each lens must have a focal length at least two cm different than the other lens(es) you will be using. No more than one lens can have a diameter of less than 6cm. The following methods for determining focal length can be performed in any order, although the diopter method will give the quickest
  • 2. determination that the focal lengths are sufficiently different. Far Object Method: Assemble the optical bench with a lens holder (with lens) and a screen as shown. Ensure center of lens and screen are at the same height. Lens Screen Outside, point the optical bench at some distant object with sharp angles and/or high contrast (the chapel works well.) Adjust the screen to bring the projected image into the best focus. The thin lens equation to determine focal length is: where f is the focal length, do is the distance from the lens to the object, and di is the distance from the lens to the image. Because the distance to the object is very large relative to the distance to the image, the light rays from the object can be considered to be parallel, and the distance from the lens to the image is the same as the focal length. (The limit of as do approaches ∞ is 0) Near Object Method: Assemble the optical bench with a light source, object, lens holder (with lens) and screen as shown. Ensure center of light, object, lens and screen are at the same height. Lens Screen Object Lamp
  • 3. Adjust the object and the screen to bring the projected image into the best focus. The same thin lens equation applies, but the distance from lens to object must be included: . Note the orientation and size of the image. Use at least two different object distances to find an average focal length for each lens. The magnification can be found by the equation where hi is the height of the image and ho is the height of the object. This can be compared to the theoretical magnification where do is the distance from the lens to the object, and di is the distance from the lens to the image. Diopter Method: Place the lens in the diopter meter and adjust the dial to bring the light pattern into the best focus. The diopter reading is then taken directly from the dial. The diopter value is in m-1. The focal length can be found by taking the reciprocal of the diopter reading. Spherometer: Once the focal length is determined for each lens, the refractive index can be determined with the lensmaker’s formula: f is the focal length, n is the refractive index, r1 and r2 are the radii of curvature of each side of the lens. The negative sign reflects that the radii of the curves on each surface of the lens are in the opposite direction. Since all of the lenses we will be using are convex on both sides, you can consider the equation to
  • 4. be If you are using a symmetric lens, the formula becomes: To determine the refractive index (n) you will now need to determine the radius of curvature using the spherometer. The spherometer can be thought of as a special purpose micrometer designed for measuring the curve of a spherical surface. The principle digit is read from the post at the top of the wheel, and the decimal places can be read from the top of the wheel at the front of the post. The spherometer is placed on the lens as shown at the top of the following page: (You are looking at the top of the lens from the side) Distance from center point to edge point of spherometer (d) Height of curve (h) Radius of curvature (R) Analysis: Determine the focal length of each of your lenses by the three methods described. Use the average of those three focal lengths, the radius you determine using the spherometer and the lens maker’s formula to determine the refractive index of the lens material. Compare that to the value given in your text for lens glass. Compare the observed magnification in the “near object method” to the theoretical magnification. Lab Evaluation – Please provide feedback on the following areas, comparing this lab to your previous labs: How much fun you had completing this lab; How well the lap prep period explained this lab; The amount of work required compared to the time allotted; Your understanding of this lab; The difficulty of this lab; How well this lab tied in with the lecture. Please assign each of the listed categories with a value from 1-5, with 5 being the best, 1 the worst. Comments supporting or elaborating on your assessment can also be very helpful in improving the future labs.
  • 5. Date Last Modified Mar 26, 2010 Page Number 4 o d 1 o i o h h M = o i t d d M = ( ) ÷ ÷ ø ö ç ç è æ - - = 2 1 1 1
  • 8. ç è æ = 1 1 lens Far f(cm) Near Object Method f(cm) diopter method f(cm) 1 med “A” 58.6 59.2 59.15 58.8 2. Small 9.4 10.29 10.03 10.03 C Near Object Method f= 10.29 f= 10.03
  • 9. diopter method 100(= 58.8 Spherometer we used med “A” R= L= 25mm H=.404 mm R= = 255.5mm= 25.55cm ( ) ÷ ÷ ø ö ç ç è æ - - = 2 1 1 1 1 1 r
  • 10. r n f