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1. THE BASIC CONCEPT OF
DISABILITY
Dr. Rehab F. Gwada
Lecture 1

2. Aims of Lecture
1- Define the concepts of disability.
2- Know the different between impairment,
disability and handicap.
3- Appraise the models of disability .
4- Describe the types of disability.
5- Know the steps of the management as
general.

3. Do you know a disabled
person?
What is his or her
disability?
What does he or she do for a living?

4. What is Disability?
 Disability groups and other organizations may
have their own definitions of disability. The
concept of disability is complex.
 Lets take a look at some definitions of the
word "Disability" as defined by various
organizations around the world.

5. The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA)
defines a disabled person as someone who
has a physical or mental impairment that
has a substantial and long-term adverse effect
on his or her ability to carry out normal day-to-
day activities.
The adverse effect is substantial and long-
term (meaning it has lasted for 12 months, or
is likely to last for more than 12 months or for
the rest of the person's life).
What is Disability?

6. What is Disability?
 In defining ‘normal day-to-day activities’ the DDA
states that at least one of the following areas must
be badly affected:
 Mobility
 Manual dexterity
 Physical coordination
 Continence
 Ability to lift, carry or move everyday objects
 Speech, hearing or eyesight
 Memory or ability to concentrate, learn or
understand
 Understanding of the risk of physical danger.

7. What is Disability?
Definitions of International Classification of
Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps
(ICIDH)
 World Health Organization in 1980, draws a three-
fold distinction between impairment, disability and
handicap, defined as follows:
 Impairment is any loss or abnormality of
psychological, physiological or anatomical
structure or function.
 Disability is any restriction or lack (resulting
from an impairment) of ability to perform an
activity in the manner or within the range
considered normal for a human being.
 Handicap is a disadvantage for a given
individual, resulting from an impairment or a

8. handicapped
 Handicap is therefore a function of the
relationship between disabled persons and
their environment.
 It occurs when they encounter cultural,
physical or social barriers which prevent their
access to the various systems of society that
are available to other citizens.
 'handicap'-focuses on the person as a social
being and reflects the interaction with and
adaptation to the person's surroundings.

9. Task( true or false )
 All disabled people are impaired
 All handicapped people are disabled
 A person can be impaired and necessarily be
disabled.
 A person can be disabled without Being
handicapped.

10. International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
 the WHO released a major revision of the ICIDH in
2001, called (ICF)
 Provide the rehabilitation disciplines with a universal
language with which to discuss disability and related
phenomena.
 the ICF shows human function and decreases in
functioning as the product of a dynamic interaction
between various health conditions and contextual
factors.

11. International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
 at the level of body parts.
 the whole person.
 The whole person in their
complete environment.
 body functions and
structures.
 Activities.
 Participation.
The ICF identifies 3 levels of
human function
These levels, in turn, contain 3
domains of human function:
The term disability is used to denote a decrement
at each level (ie, impairment, an activity limitation,
and a participation restriction).

12. The International Classification of
Function, Disability and Health
(ICF)

13. The International Classification of
Function, Disability and Health
(ICF)
 Health Conditions—diseases, disorders, and
injuries.
 Body Function—physiological or psychological
functions of body systems
 Body Structures—anatomical parts of the body
 Impairments—problems in body functions or
structure
 Activity—the execution of a task or action by an
individual
 Activity Limitation—difficulties an individual may
have in executing activities
 Participation—involvement in a life situation

14. Models of Disability
 Is historically the oldest and is
less prevalent today.
 Regards disability as sin and
shame, and often associated
with feelings of guilt
 Families have hidden away the
disabled family member,
keeping them out of school and
excluded from any chance at
having a meaningful role in
society.
 Came about as "modern" medicine
began to develop in the 19th
Century, along with the enhanced
role of the physician in society.
 Regards disability as a defect or
sickness which must be cured
through medical intervention
 The individual with a disability
come under the authority of the
medical profession in order to get
better. Thus, until recently, most
disability policy issues have been
regarded as health issues.
I-THE MORAL MODEL II-THE MEDICAL MODEL

16. Models of Disability
 Is similar to the medical model; it regards the
person with a disability as in need of services from a
rehabilitation professional who can provide training,
therapy, counseling or other services to make up for
the deficiency caused by the disability.
 Historically, it gained acceptance after World War II
when many disabled veterans needed to be re-
introduced into society.
III-The Rehabilitation Model

17. Models of Disability
IV- The disability model
 Which regards disability as a normal aspect of
life, not as a deviance and rejects the notion
that persons with disabilities are in some inherent
way "defective".
 As Professor David Pfeiffer has put it, "paralyzed
limbs may not particularly limit a person's mobility
as much as attitudinal barriers”.
 Given this reality, if disability were more
commonly recognized and expected in the way
that we design our environments or our systems,
it would not seem so abnormal.

18. Dimensions of disability: People with
disabilities are not a homogeneous group
 Type of disability
 Physical
 Sensory
 Intellectual
 Psychiatric
 Severity
 Severe
 Moderate
 Mild
 Onset
Birth
Childhood
Adulthood
 Visibility
Observable
Invisible
Gender makes a huge difference
 Causes
 Birth Defect
 Accident
 Illness
 Other

19. Select the best answer
 A 36-year-old paraplegic patient who is unable
to prepare his own meal or care for his own
toileting or hygiene needs, according to ICIDH
is
 A)Disable and handicapped
 B)Impaired only
 C) Disable but not handicapped

20. Select the best answer
 a 12-year-old paraplegic patient who can walk
only with the assistance of crutches but who
attends a regular school and is fully
independent in activities of daily living ,
according to ICIDH is
 A)Disable and handicapped
 B)Impaired only
 C)Handicapped
 D) Disable but not handicapped

21. Select the best answer
 Two individuals may sustain back injuries. The
first, who worked as a clerk, was unable to
walk, sit, stand, drive and care for her home.
The second individual who worked in
construction sustained a back injury but was
not limited in any major life activity , according
to ICIDH.
 The first is considered to be an individual with:
 Impairment - Disability
The second is considered to be an individual with
 Impairment - Disability

22. Types of Disability
 Physical
 Sensory
 Intellectual/cognitive
 Mental/Psychiatric
 Developmental

23. 1-Physical disabilities
 Persons with physical disabilities may experience
functional, orthopedic, fine or gross motor
impairments, which may impact upon their ability
to walk, play and learn.
 Physical disabilities are also often defined and
categorized by some degree of limitation in the
use of upper or lower extremities and maintaining
posture and positioning.
 So physical disabilities refer to a broad range
include orthopedic ,neurological,
cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders.

24. Physical disabilities(Causes)
 Prenatal causes:
Those disabilities that are acquired before birth.
These may be due to diseases that have harmed
the mother during pregnancy, or genetic
incompatibilities between the parents.
 Perinatal causes: Those disabilities that are
acquired during birth. This could be due to
prolonged lack of oxygen or the obstruction of the
respiratory track, damage to the brain during birth
(due to the accidental misuse of forceps, for
example) or the baby being born prematurely.
 Postnatal causes: Those disabilities gained after
birth. They can be due to accidents, infection or
other illnesses

25. 2-Sensory Disability
 It is impairment of one of the senses. The term
is used primarily to refer to vision and hearing
impairment, but other senses can be impaired.
 a-Visual impairment
 b-Hearing impairment
 c-Olfactory and gustatory impairment
 d-Somatosensory impairment
 e-Balance disorder

26. a)Visual Impairment
 A visual impairment affects a person’s ability to
see, and includes:
 (1) inability to see images clearly and distinctly
 (2)loss of visual field
 (3) inability to detect small changes in
brightness
 (4) color blindness
 (5)sensitivity to light.
 A cane may be used to assist with mobility,
and/or Braille may be used to read.

27. b)Hearing Impairment
 Hearing impairments range from a mild hearing
loss to total deafness.
 People who are deaf may use American Sign
Language or lip-read, and may speak for
themselves or use a sign-language interpreter.

28. c-Olfactory and gustatory
impairment
 Impairment of the sense of smell and taste are
commonly associated with aging but can also
occur in younger people due to a wide variety
of causes.
 Complete loss of the sense of taste is known
as ageusia, while dysgeusiais persistent
abnormal sense of taste.

29. d-Somatosensory Impairment
 Insensitivity to stimuli such as Touch ,
heat, cold , and pain are often an adjunct
to a more general physical impairment
involving neural pathways and is very
commonly associated with paralysis (in
which the motor neural circuits are also
affected).

30. e-Balance disorder
 It is a disturbance that causes an individual to
feel unsteady.
 Balance is the result of several body systems
working together. The eyes (visual system),
ears (vestibular system) and the body's sense
of where it is in space (proprioception) need to
be intact. The brain, which compiles this
information, needs to be functioning effectively.

31. 3-Cognitive /Intellectual Impairment
 A cognitive impairment affects a person’s ability to
reason, understand, and learn.
 Cognitive disabilities are separated into two
categories: learning disabilities and mental
retardation.
 A learning disability is defined as " a
heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by
significant difficulties in the use of listening,
speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or
mathematical abilities.
 These disorders are presumed to be due to
central nervous system dysfunction.

32. Disability
Mental/Psychiatric
 A mental disorder or mental illness is a
psychological or behavioral pattern generally
associated with subjective distress or disability
that occurs in an individual, and which are not
a part of normal development or culture.

33. 5-Developmental Disability
 the term developmental disability commonly refers to a severe and
chronic disability that is often attributable to a mental or physical
impairment that occurs prior to age 18.There are five most
common types of developmental disability
 Mental Retardation,
 Cerebral Palsy,
 Epilepsy,
 Autism,
 Neurological Impairments
A developmental disability can result in functional limitations in:
 self-care.
 learning; language and communication.
 mobility and movement.
 socialization; independence.

34. Invisible Disability
 They are disabilities that are not immediately apparent.
 Some people with visual or auditory disabilities, who do not
wear glasses or hearing aids, or discreet hearing aids, may
not be obviously disabled.
 Some people with chronic illnesses and conditions such as
renal failure, diabetes, asthma, epilepsy and sleep disorders
,if those ailments significantly impair normal activities of daily
living.
 Other invisible disabilities include, AIDS, cancer, and autism.

35. Management
1-Different Therapy
After evaluation and diagnosis, the case is directed
to the suitable therapeutic program.
The treatment my include:
•Medications.
•Physical therapy.
•Occupational therapy.
•Speech therapy.
•Others

36. Management
2-Assistive technology or adaptive technology(AT)
 It is an umbrella term that includes assistive, adaptive, and
rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities to enhance their
abilities and are better able to live independently and participate in
their communities.
 Assistive devices and technologies such as:
 Wheelchairs.
 Prostheses.
 mobility aides.
 hearing and visual aids.
 specialized computer software and hardware.

37. Management
3 -Adapted sports
 Organized sport for athletes with a disability is
generally divided into three broad disability
groups:
 The deaf.
 People with physical disabilities.
 People with intellectual disabilities.
 Each group has a distinct history, organization,
competition program, and approach to sport.
 Example: Wheel chair Basketball is a form of
basketball usually played by the physically
impaired. Participants play on specially designed
wheelchairs, built specifically for the sport.

38. Changing concepts of disability
Economics
of disability
Human rights issue
The New Disability
Business Case