Certainly! Here's a condensed overview of the climate change burden of disease and essential mitigation measures:
**Introduction to Climate Change and Health**
Climate change, driven primarily by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, is altering the Earth's climate system, leading to a range of impacts on human health. These impacts, collectively known as the climate change burden of disease, include both direct and indirect effects on physical and mental health.
**Direct Health Impacts**
1. **Extreme Weather Events**: Climate change intensifies extreme weather events such as hurricanes, heatwaves, floods, and wildfires, leading to injuries, displacement, and fatalities.
2. **Heat-related Illnesses**: Rising temperatures increase the frequency and severity of heatwaves, contributing to heat-related illnesses such as heatstroke, dehydration, and heat exhaustion.
3. **Vector-borne Diseases**: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect the distribution and abundance of disease-carrying vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, increasing the spread of diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease.
4. **Air Quality**: Climate change exacerbates air pollution, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and heart attacks.
**Indirect Health Impacts**
1. **Food Security**: Climate change disrupts agricultural systems, leading to crop failures, food shortages, malnutrition, and foodborne diseases.
2. **Waterborne Diseases**: Changes in precipitation patterns and water availability impact water quality, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever.
3. **Mental Health**: The stress of experiencing climate-related events, loss of livelihoods, and displacement can exacerbate mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
**Vulnerable Populations**
Certain populations are particularly vulnerable to the health impacts of climate change, including:
- **Children**: Due to their developing physiology and dependency on caregivers.
- **Elderly**: Due to age-related health vulnerabilities.
- **Low-income Communities**: Who may lack access to healthcare, adequate housing, and resources to cope with climate-related disasters.
- **Indigenous Peoples**: Whose livelihoods and cultural practices are closely tied to the environment.
- **People with Pre-existing Health Conditions**: Who may be more susceptible to climate-related health risks.
**Mitigation Measures**
1. **Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions**: Transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementing policies to limit carbon emissions from industries, transportation, and agriculture.
2. **Adaptation Strategies**: Developing and implementing measures to adapt to climate change impacts, such as improving infrastructure resilience, enhancing early warning systems, and promoting sustainable land and water managem
climate change and health and the roles of physiciansChanggyo Yoon
This presentation quickly reviews the situation of Pacific countries with regard to climate change and how WHO uses the framework to help build climate resilient health systems with a focus on primary health care. After that, it proposes what actions can be taken by physicians who play very important roles in protecting patients from the health impact of climate change and addressing the importance of taking action towards climate change.
Assessing social and economic impacts of building materialsJeremy Gibberd
This document summarizes and evaluates methodologies for assessing the social and economic sustainability impacts of building materials. It reviews lifecycle assessment and other environmental methodologies, finding limited tools for social and economic measures. The paper explores applying existing standards like the Global Reporting Initiative and ISO 26000 to building materials in South Africa. It concludes that while current tools provide a starting point, no system fully supports standardized social and economic impact assessments for building products. A new index approach is proposed to fill this gap.
The document provides updates from the National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH) in India. It summarizes that NPCCHH has completed two years and will now publish a quarterly newsletter to document progress. It then discusses World Environment Day 2021 activities organized by NPCCHH, including a webinar on ecosystem restoration and the role of the health sector. It also summarizes program review meetings with states and technical centers. Key activities discussed include state-level World Environment Day activities focused on tree planting and green initiatives, the release of reports on health care's climate footprint and guidance for climate-friendly hospitals, and surveillance data on air pollution and acute respiratory illnesses in Delhi.
The document discusses EU policy approaches to tackling environmental health risks. It describes a hazard-oriented approach that focuses on standard-setting for chemicals, safety and pollution, and an effect-oriented health in all policies approach. It also discusses using indicators to evaluate policies and their impacts on public health, the environment and costs. New developments include putting integrated assessments into practice and dealing with uncertainties in risk perceptions.
This document provides a toolkit to help Health and Wellbeing Boards in the UK adapt to climate change. It discusses the main health impacts of climate change, including increased heat-related illness, flooding, air pollution, and infectious diseases. Adaptation can have benefits across the health and social care system by reducing pressures on services and health inequalities. The impacts of climate change vary regionally in the UK. The toolkit is intended to help local boards understand climate risks in their area and incorporate adaptation measures into local strategies and plans.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...ijtsrd
Background Environmental health the branch of public health concerned with monitoring or mitigating those factors in the environment that affect human health and disease. Or other words the condition of the environment in a particular region, especially as regards ecological diversity or pollution. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of planned teaching programme on environmental health among the community people. Methodology The research approach adopted for this study is a Quantitative research approach. The research design was pre test and post test design. The pilot study was conducted at Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal. A Convenient sampling technique was used. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessing the environmental Health. The final study was conducted with 50 sample in schools was given followed by post test after 7 days using the same pre test tools. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results Indicated overall pre test and post test mean knowledge scores on environmental health. Depicted mean post test score 24.95 is higher than mean pre test score of 16.825. The actual gain knowledge score is 8.125 and post test SD =3.25, pre test SD=4.50 and computed paired t test 9.3235 p= 2.04 at the level of 0.05. Thus, data showed higher than the tabled value t test = 2.18 at the level of 0.05 thus indicated significant difference and effectiveness of planned teaching program, in increasing the knowledge of Community people regarding environmental health. The computed ”˜t’ value t=9.3235 was higher than the table value t=2.04 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. Conclusion The study concluded that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge score of Community people regarding environmental health. Ms. Sunita Singh | Mr. Mata Deen | Mrs. Malika Roy "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environmental Health among the Community People in Selected Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/50349/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-environmental-health-among-the-community-people-in-selected-rural-area-gandhi-nagar-bhopal-mp/ms-sunita-singh
Climate change policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions can have significant co-benefits for public health and well-being. Implementing policies to improve air quality in China from 2013 to 2017 resulted in 47,240 fewer deaths and 710,020 fewer years of life lost in 74 cities. More broadly, climate change policies may help reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases and improve mental health by promoting active transportation, green spaces, and energy efficiency. However, climate change also poses health risks that policies aim to address, as effects like heat exposure, malnutrition and respiratory illness disproportionately impact vulnerable groups.
climate change and health and the roles of physiciansChanggyo Yoon
This presentation quickly reviews the situation of Pacific countries with regard to climate change and how WHO uses the framework to help build climate resilient health systems with a focus on primary health care. After that, it proposes what actions can be taken by physicians who play very important roles in protecting patients from the health impact of climate change and addressing the importance of taking action towards climate change.
Assessing social and economic impacts of building materialsJeremy Gibberd
This document summarizes and evaluates methodologies for assessing the social and economic sustainability impacts of building materials. It reviews lifecycle assessment and other environmental methodologies, finding limited tools for social and economic measures. The paper explores applying existing standards like the Global Reporting Initiative and ISO 26000 to building materials in South Africa. It concludes that while current tools provide a starting point, no system fully supports standardized social and economic impact assessments for building products. A new index approach is proposed to fill this gap.
The document provides updates from the National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH) in India. It summarizes that NPCCHH has completed two years and will now publish a quarterly newsletter to document progress. It then discusses World Environment Day 2021 activities organized by NPCCHH, including a webinar on ecosystem restoration and the role of the health sector. It also summarizes program review meetings with states and technical centers. Key activities discussed include state-level World Environment Day activities focused on tree planting and green initiatives, the release of reports on health care's climate footprint and guidance for climate-friendly hospitals, and surveillance data on air pollution and acute respiratory illnesses in Delhi.
The document discusses EU policy approaches to tackling environmental health risks. It describes a hazard-oriented approach that focuses on standard-setting for chemicals, safety and pollution, and an effect-oriented health in all policies approach. It also discusses using indicators to evaluate policies and their impacts on public health, the environment and costs. New developments include putting integrated assessments into practice and dealing with uncertainties in risk perceptions.
This document provides a toolkit to help Health and Wellbeing Boards in the UK adapt to climate change. It discusses the main health impacts of climate change, including increased heat-related illness, flooding, air pollution, and infectious diseases. Adaptation can have benefits across the health and social care system by reducing pressures on services and health inequalities. The impacts of climate change vary regionally in the UK. The toolkit is intended to help local boards understand climate risks in their area and incorporate adaptation measures into local strategies and plans.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...ijtsrd
Background Environmental health the branch of public health concerned with monitoring or mitigating those factors in the environment that affect human health and disease. Or other words the condition of the environment in a particular region, especially as regards ecological diversity or pollution. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of planned teaching programme on environmental health among the community people. Methodology The research approach adopted for this study is a Quantitative research approach. The research design was pre test and post test design. The pilot study was conducted at Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal. A Convenient sampling technique was used. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessing the environmental Health. The final study was conducted with 50 sample in schools was given followed by post test after 7 days using the same pre test tools. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results Indicated overall pre test and post test mean knowledge scores on environmental health. Depicted mean post test score 24.95 is higher than mean pre test score of 16.825. The actual gain knowledge score is 8.125 and post test SD =3.25, pre test SD=4.50 and computed paired t test 9.3235 p= 2.04 at the level of 0.05. Thus, data showed higher than the tabled value t test = 2.18 at the level of 0.05 thus indicated significant difference and effectiveness of planned teaching program, in increasing the knowledge of Community people regarding environmental health. The computed ”˜t’ value t=9.3235 was higher than the table value t=2.04 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. Conclusion The study concluded that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge score of Community people regarding environmental health. Ms. Sunita Singh | Mr. Mata Deen | Mrs. Malika Roy "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environmental Health among the Community People in Selected Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/50349/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-environmental-health-among-the-community-people-in-selected-rural-area-gandhi-nagar-bhopal-mp/ms-sunita-singh
Climate change policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions can have significant co-benefits for public health and well-being. Implementing policies to improve air quality in China from 2013 to 2017 resulted in 47,240 fewer deaths and 710,020 fewer years of life lost in 74 cities. More broadly, climate change policies may help reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases and improve mental health by promoting active transportation, green spaces, and energy efficiency. However, climate change also poses health risks that policies aim to address, as effects like heat exposure, malnutrition and respiratory illness disproportionately impact vulnerable groups.
Climate change policies aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve health and well-being. Implementing policies like restricting pollution has led to significant health benefits in China, including 47,240 fewer deaths in 2017 from improved air quality. While all populations are affected by climate change, policies that transition energy sources and encourage active transportation can help prevent disease and promote mental health. Achieving the targets of climate policies positively impacts other UN Sustainable Development Goals like those focusing on health, well-being, and sustainable communities.
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Industr...IJMER
‘ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS
POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE
THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The
impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of
natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is
considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot
be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore
whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this
research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part
of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and
theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international
experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy
reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The
paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
This document provides an overview of the global health risks from climate change. It finds that continued high greenhouse gas emissions could cause global temperatures to rise 4°C by 2100, severely disrupting precipitation and extreme weather. This would result in an additional 250,000 deaths per year by 2030 from impacts on diseases like malnutrition, malaria and diarrhea. However, reducing emissions and implementing policies that improve health and address air pollution can limit warming to under 2°C, avoiding severe risks while also saving millions of lives per year from improved air quality. Coordinated global action is needed to transition to cleaner energy systems and implement measures that both mitigate climate change and have significant health benefits.
GCF Sectoral Dialogues, Health - NAP Expo 2019 NAP Events
This document summarizes a session from the NAP Expo on gaining input for the Green Climate Fund's Health and Well-being Sector Strategy and Guidelines. The session discussed challenges in developing health and well-being projects related to climate change. Key points included the need to strengthen evidence and data to better integrate health considerations into climate adaptation planning. Strengthening climate-resilient health systems and investing in capacity building were also discussed. Barriers identified were the gap between countries' climate commitments and actual health-focused projects, as well as the need for a paradigm shift in how the health sector addresses climate challenges at both policy and implementation levels.
Chapter 2Factors influencing the application and diffusion of .docxcravennichole326
Chapter 2
Factors influencing the application and diffusion of CQI in health care
Contents
Introduction
The dynamic character of CQI
A CQI case study
The current state of CQI in healthcare
CQI and the science of innovation
The business case for CQI
Factors affecting successful CQI application
Introduction
CQI is utilized across health care sectors (including primary and preventative care) as well as across geographic and economic boundaries
The need for CQI is increasing
One reason: the safety and quality of care has shown little improvement over the last decade despite best efforts of clinicians, managers, researchers, and involvement of public
This lecture will review a number of factors and processes have been shown to facilitate or impede the implementation of CQI in health care
The Dynamic Character of CQI
CQI methodology is constantly being refined and tested: it is an evolutionary quality improvement mechanism
This is because in response to new challenges, CQI applications develop via continuous, ongoing learning and sharing among disciplines about ways to use CQI philosophies, processes and tools in a variety of settings
The Surgical Safety Checklist:
a CQI Success Story
Checklist CQI methodology orginated in aviation
2001 utilised by Pronovost (2006) in Intensive Care Units as a way of reducing central line infections
Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) developed by Gawande (2009) is disseminated by WHO across the world
The Surgical Safety Checklist:
a CQI Success Story
Development of SSC depended upon:
Effective leadership
Interdisciplinary teamwork
Use of a PDSA improvement cycle to test, learn and improve
Engagement of a broad range of expertise to improve safety on a global scale
The Surgical Safety Checklist:
a CQI success story
Results vary but after the introduction of the SSC:
Haynes et al. (2009) demonstrated a reduction in complication rates from 11.0% at baseline to 7.0% plus, and a reduction in death rates from 1.5% to 0.8% in eight hospitals in eight cities
The SURPASS group study of six hospitals in the Netherlands, showed a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of patients with one or more complications, from 15.4% to 10.6% (de Vries et al. 2010).
So if Checklists are Successful …
Why aren’t more healthcare providers using CQI tools and processes?
Why is the gap between knowledge and practice so large?
Why don’t clinical systems incorporate the findings of clinical science or copy the “best known” practices reliably, quickly, and even gratefully into their daily work simply as a matter of course?
Limitations of Checklists
May be too simple a tool and what is required is more complex system solutions to quality and safety issues (Bosk et al. 2009).
Problems with checklists are indicative of broader CQI and quality improvement issues in healthcare including:
Process vs. outcome;
Cost vs. benefit vs. value;
Minimum standards required to define evidence for change;
How to balanc ...
This document discusses health indicators, which are quantifiable measures used to describe the health of a population. It defines health indicators and explains that they are characteristics that can be directly or indirectly measured. The document outlines different types of health indicators, including indicators of health status, determinants, and systems. It also discusses criteria for selecting indicators and provides examples of commonly used indicators like life expectancy, mortality rates, and disease prevalence. Sources of health data like primary and secondary sources are compared. Relevant websites presenting global health indicators and references are also listed.
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Indust...IJMER
ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
This document provides an overview of the Green Guide for Health Care (GGHC), a voluntary guidance and rating system for promoting sustainability in the healthcare sector. It summarizes the GGHC's goals of protecting the health of patients, local communities, and natural resources. The GGHC framework addresses issues in integrated design, energy and water efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. It provides prerequisites and credits in various categories to guide healthcare facilities in achieving third-party certification under the GGHC rating system. A peer-to-peer online forum allows healthcare professionals to discuss implementing GGHC strategies in their projects.
The document summarizes the business value of safety and sustainability. It discusses how some forward-thinking companies incorporate safety into their sustainability initiatives to positively impact their brand and long-term viability. Safety and sustainability professionals who understand how their initiatives align with and support organizational sustainability strategies will become more relevant. The document also provides examples of how companies have improved safety performance while reducing costs, increasing profits, and gaining a competitive advantage through sustainable practices.
Environment impact assessment in environment impact assessmentArunAngadi5
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIA as a formal process used to identify and address the likely environmental effects of proposed activities or projects. The key points are:
- EIAs ensure potential environmental problems are identified early in project planning to allow for mitigation strategies.
- They examine impacts on physical, biological, and social aspects of the environment, as well as human health and welfare.
- The baseline or existing environmental conditions without the project are established to measure project impacts.
- EIAs have evolved over time to better integrate cumulative effects and sustainability considerations.
1) The survey found that over half of UK public health departments recognize climate change as an important health issue, but less than half have assigned a lead on climate change and sustainability issues.
2) Respondents identified a need for more training on topics like the science of climate change, public health interventions, and advocacy. Additional resources for evidence, guidance, staffing, and tools were also seen as needed.
3) The results can inform a public health program to address climate change impacts, including establishing a special interest group, continued advocacy, education, research, and sharing best practices.
This survey of UK public health departments found that while climate change is recognized as an important health issue, responses were varied. Nearly 50% had identified a climate lead. Respondents saw training, resources, and coordination as needs. The results can inform a public health program to address climate change impacts and link to sustainability efforts already occurring.
Csr towards the worker of waste managementM S Siddiqui
1) Workers involved in waste management face significant health risks from exposure to hazardous materials. They have higher rates of accidents, musculoskeletal issues, and respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin problems than the general workforce.
2) Corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards workers is important for companies to manage these risks. International standards like OHSAS 18001 provide guidance for occupational safety and health management systems to support CSR implementation.
3) Monitoring health indicators, automating hazardous processes, and having safety committees that involve both management and workers can help companies fulfill their CSR towards protecting waste management employees.
The document presents a climate change and health framework for action from 2017-2021. It acknowledges that environmental factors like climate change impact human health. The framework's objectives are to prepare health sectors and systems to cope with climate change risks. It outlines health impacts of climate change like increased diseases, food insecurity and deaths from extreme weather. The framework promotes building climate-resilient health systems through governance, monitoring, engaging sectors, adaptation and mitigation. It was presented to the Regional Committee for endorsement to strengthen health system resilience to climate change in member states.
This paper is based on the deliberations and recommendations of the World Health Assembly (See Assembly document WHA61/14 and resolution WHA61.19), and WHO Executive Board Resolutions EB124.R5 on Climate Change and Health, as well as the World Health Day report on Climate Change and Health (http://www.who.int/world-health-day/previous/2008/en/index.html).
This document discusses frameworks and indices for assessing sustainability. It begins by introducing common types of sustainability assessment tools, focusing on indicators and indices. It then outlines several widely-used sustainability frameworks, including the Triple Bottom Line framework and pressure-state-response model. Next, it describes the process for constructing sustainability indices, including selecting indicators, standardizing data, assigning weights, and aggregating the results. It notes that indicator selection and weighting are often inconsistent due to a lack of standardized requirements. Finally, it argues that sustainability frameworks can effectively guide indicator selection for both standalone indicators and composite indices.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and environmental health. It defines occupational health as dealing with health hazards that arise from work activities and aiming to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and control environmental factors in the workplace that may impair health. Environmental health is defined as aspects of human health determined by environmental factors. The two fields are linked as they often address the same health hazards from environmental exposures. A history of the development of occupational safety regulations is also provided, as well as definitions of key terms and differences between occupational and environmental health. Principles of ethics in occupational therapy are outlined, including beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy and justice.
The document discusses climate change adaptation and CDC's Climate and Health Program. It provides an overview of the BRACE framework, a 5-step process developed by CDC to help public health agencies develop climate adaptation plans. It then highlights success stories from the Minnesota and San Francisco public health departments in using the BRACE framework to assess health vulnerabilities, educate the public, and develop adaptation strategies to address health risks from climate change such as extreme heat, flooding and air pollution.
Sustainable development – meaning, social, economic and
environmental dimensions, principles of sustainable
development. Environment management systems – meaning,
scope, objectives, planning and implementation; ISO 14000;
environmental audit; 4Rs; environmental labeling. World
Business Council for Sustainable Development. Millennium
Development Goals and Sustainable
Development Goals – the role of and implications for business
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Climate change policies aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve health and well-being. Implementing policies like restricting pollution has led to significant health benefits in China, including 47,240 fewer deaths in 2017 from improved air quality. While all populations are affected by climate change, policies that transition energy sources and encourage active transportation can help prevent disease and promote mental health. Achieving the targets of climate policies positively impacts other UN Sustainable Development Goals like those focusing on health, well-being, and sustainable communities.
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Industr...IJMER
‘ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS
POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE
THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The
impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of
natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is
considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot
be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore
whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this
research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part
of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and
theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international
experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy
reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The
paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
This document provides an overview of the global health risks from climate change. It finds that continued high greenhouse gas emissions could cause global temperatures to rise 4°C by 2100, severely disrupting precipitation and extreme weather. This would result in an additional 250,000 deaths per year by 2030 from impacts on diseases like malnutrition, malaria and diarrhea. However, reducing emissions and implementing policies that improve health and address air pollution can limit warming to under 2°C, avoiding severe risks while also saving millions of lives per year from improved air quality. Coordinated global action is needed to transition to cleaner energy systems and implement measures that both mitigate climate change and have significant health benefits.
GCF Sectoral Dialogues, Health - NAP Expo 2019 NAP Events
This document summarizes a session from the NAP Expo on gaining input for the Green Climate Fund's Health and Well-being Sector Strategy and Guidelines. The session discussed challenges in developing health and well-being projects related to climate change. Key points included the need to strengthen evidence and data to better integrate health considerations into climate adaptation planning. Strengthening climate-resilient health systems and investing in capacity building were also discussed. Barriers identified were the gap between countries' climate commitments and actual health-focused projects, as well as the need for a paradigm shift in how the health sector addresses climate challenges at both policy and implementation levels.
Chapter 2Factors influencing the application and diffusion of .docxcravennichole326
Chapter 2
Factors influencing the application and diffusion of CQI in health care
Contents
Introduction
The dynamic character of CQI
A CQI case study
The current state of CQI in healthcare
CQI and the science of innovation
The business case for CQI
Factors affecting successful CQI application
Introduction
CQI is utilized across health care sectors (including primary and preventative care) as well as across geographic and economic boundaries
The need for CQI is increasing
One reason: the safety and quality of care has shown little improvement over the last decade despite best efforts of clinicians, managers, researchers, and involvement of public
This lecture will review a number of factors and processes have been shown to facilitate or impede the implementation of CQI in health care
The Dynamic Character of CQI
CQI methodology is constantly being refined and tested: it is an evolutionary quality improvement mechanism
This is because in response to new challenges, CQI applications develop via continuous, ongoing learning and sharing among disciplines about ways to use CQI philosophies, processes and tools in a variety of settings
The Surgical Safety Checklist:
a CQI Success Story
Checklist CQI methodology orginated in aviation
2001 utilised by Pronovost (2006) in Intensive Care Units as a way of reducing central line infections
Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) developed by Gawande (2009) is disseminated by WHO across the world
The Surgical Safety Checklist:
a CQI Success Story
Development of SSC depended upon:
Effective leadership
Interdisciplinary teamwork
Use of a PDSA improvement cycle to test, learn and improve
Engagement of a broad range of expertise to improve safety on a global scale
The Surgical Safety Checklist:
a CQI success story
Results vary but after the introduction of the SSC:
Haynes et al. (2009) demonstrated a reduction in complication rates from 11.0% at baseline to 7.0% plus, and a reduction in death rates from 1.5% to 0.8% in eight hospitals in eight cities
The SURPASS group study of six hospitals in the Netherlands, showed a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of patients with one or more complications, from 15.4% to 10.6% (de Vries et al. 2010).
So if Checklists are Successful …
Why aren’t more healthcare providers using CQI tools and processes?
Why is the gap between knowledge and practice so large?
Why don’t clinical systems incorporate the findings of clinical science or copy the “best known” practices reliably, quickly, and even gratefully into their daily work simply as a matter of course?
Limitations of Checklists
May be too simple a tool and what is required is more complex system solutions to quality and safety issues (Bosk et al. 2009).
Problems with checklists are indicative of broader CQI and quality improvement issues in healthcare including:
Process vs. outcome;
Cost vs. benefit vs. value;
Minimum standards required to define evidence for change;
How to balanc ...
This document discusses health indicators, which are quantifiable measures used to describe the health of a population. It defines health indicators and explains that they are characteristics that can be directly or indirectly measured. The document outlines different types of health indicators, including indicators of health status, determinants, and systems. It also discusses criteria for selecting indicators and provides examples of commonly used indicators like life expectancy, mortality rates, and disease prevalence. Sources of health data like primary and secondary sources are compared. Relevant websites presenting global health indicators and references are also listed.
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Indust...IJMER
ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
This document provides an overview of the Green Guide for Health Care (GGHC), a voluntary guidance and rating system for promoting sustainability in the healthcare sector. It summarizes the GGHC's goals of protecting the health of patients, local communities, and natural resources. The GGHC framework addresses issues in integrated design, energy and water efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. It provides prerequisites and credits in various categories to guide healthcare facilities in achieving third-party certification under the GGHC rating system. A peer-to-peer online forum allows healthcare professionals to discuss implementing GGHC strategies in their projects.
The document summarizes the business value of safety and sustainability. It discusses how some forward-thinking companies incorporate safety into their sustainability initiatives to positively impact their brand and long-term viability. Safety and sustainability professionals who understand how their initiatives align with and support organizational sustainability strategies will become more relevant. The document also provides examples of how companies have improved safety performance while reducing costs, increasing profits, and gaining a competitive advantage through sustainable practices.
Environment impact assessment in environment impact assessmentArunAngadi5
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIA as a formal process used to identify and address the likely environmental effects of proposed activities or projects. The key points are:
- EIAs ensure potential environmental problems are identified early in project planning to allow for mitigation strategies.
- They examine impacts on physical, biological, and social aspects of the environment, as well as human health and welfare.
- The baseline or existing environmental conditions without the project are established to measure project impacts.
- EIAs have evolved over time to better integrate cumulative effects and sustainability considerations.
1) The survey found that over half of UK public health departments recognize climate change as an important health issue, but less than half have assigned a lead on climate change and sustainability issues.
2) Respondents identified a need for more training on topics like the science of climate change, public health interventions, and advocacy. Additional resources for evidence, guidance, staffing, and tools were also seen as needed.
3) The results can inform a public health program to address climate change impacts, including establishing a special interest group, continued advocacy, education, research, and sharing best practices.
This survey of UK public health departments found that while climate change is recognized as an important health issue, responses were varied. Nearly 50% had identified a climate lead. Respondents saw training, resources, and coordination as needs. The results can inform a public health program to address climate change impacts and link to sustainability efforts already occurring.
Csr towards the worker of waste managementM S Siddiqui
1) Workers involved in waste management face significant health risks from exposure to hazardous materials. They have higher rates of accidents, musculoskeletal issues, and respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin problems than the general workforce.
2) Corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards workers is important for companies to manage these risks. International standards like OHSAS 18001 provide guidance for occupational safety and health management systems to support CSR implementation.
3) Monitoring health indicators, automating hazardous processes, and having safety committees that involve both management and workers can help companies fulfill their CSR towards protecting waste management employees.
The document presents a climate change and health framework for action from 2017-2021. It acknowledges that environmental factors like climate change impact human health. The framework's objectives are to prepare health sectors and systems to cope with climate change risks. It outlines health impacts of climate change like increased diseases, food insecurity and deaths from extreme weather. The framework promotes building climate-resilient health systems through governance, monitoring, engaging sectors, adaptation and mitigation. It was presented to the Regional Committee for endorsement to strengthen health system resilience to climate change in member states.
This paper is based on the deliberations and recommendations of the World Health Assembly (See Assembly document WHA61/14 and resolution WHA61.19), and WHO Executive Board Resolutions EB124.R5 on Climate Change and Health, as well as the World Health Day report on Climate Change and Health (http://www.who.int/world-health-day/previous/2008/en/index.html).
This document discusses frameworks and indices for assessing sustainability. It begins by introducing common types of sustainability assessment tools, focusing on indicators and indices. It then outlines several widely-used sustainability frameworks, including the Triple Bottom Line framework and pressure-state-response model. Next, it describes the process for constructing sustainability indices, including selecting indicators, standardizing data, assigning weights, and aggregating the results. It notes that indicator selection and weighting are often inconsistent due to a lack of standardized requirements. Finally, it argues that sustainability frameworks can effectively guide indicator selection for both standalone indicators and composite indices.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and environmental health. It defines occupational health as dealing with health hazards that arise from work activities and aiming to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and control environmental factors in the workplace that may impair health. Environmental health is defined as aspects of human health determined by environmental factors. The two fields are linked as they often address the same health hazards from environmental exposures. A history of the development of occupational safety regulations is also provided, as well as definitions of key terms and differences between occupational and environmental health. Principles of ethics in occupational therapy are outlined, including beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy and justice.
The document discusses climate change adaptation and CDC's Climate and Health Program. It provides an overview of the BRACE framework, a 5-step process developed by CDC to help public health agencies develop climate adaptation plans. It then highlights success stories from the Minnesota and San Francisco public health departments in using the BRACE framework to assess health vulnerabilities, educate the public, and develop adaptation strategies to address health risks from climate change such as extreme heat, flooding and air pollution.
Sustainable development – meaning, social, economic and
environmental dimensions, principles of sustainable
development. Environment management systems – meaning,
scope, objectives, planning and implementation; ISO 14000;
environmental audit; 4Rs; environmental labeling. World
Business Council for Sustainable Development. Millennium
Development Goals and Sustainable
Development Goals – the role of and implications for business
Similar to Lecture 7 - Climate Change burden of disease.pdf (20)
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
1. JARAMOGI OGINGA ODINGA
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Centre for E-learning
JOOUST is ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified
HCB 1415 – Climate Change and Health
Lecture 7: Climate Change burden of disease
Semester: August – December 2022
Lecturer: Wycliffe Omondi
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Climate change and health
Climate change plays a role in altering human health, particularly in the
emergence and spread of diseases.
Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between climate and
health as a significant burden of diseases on national economies and public
health.
This call for the need to assess, anticipate, and monitor human health
vulnerability to climate change, in order to plan for, or implement action to
avoid these eventualities.
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Environment health indicators
Environmental health indicators (EHIs) provide a tool to assess, monitor, and
quantify human health vulnerability to environmental impacts.
An EHI is defined as: “An expression of the link between environment and health
targeted at an issue of specific policy or management concern and presented in a
form, which facilitates interpretation for effective decision making”
EHIs are valuable tool to assess, quantify, and monitor human health vulnerability,
design and target interventions, and measure the effectiveness of environmental
adaptation and mitigation activities.
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Environment health indicators…cont.
EHIs enable the conversion of data to information by summarizing the complex
relationships between the environment and health, and presenting them in a form that
is more easily interpreted by the end-users, for example, policy makers.
Frameworks are used as a guide for developing EHIs to measure and monitor the
impacts of environment on human health and inform the development of
interventions.
A primary characteristic of EHIs is that they provide information about a
scientifically based linkage between the environment and health.
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Characteristic of a good EHI
The development of good EHIs is challenging because they must
satisfy multiple criteria in order to be effective.
The following are a characteristics of a good EHI
should be scientifically valid or credible,
have clear relevance and utility,
and be practical
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Climate Change EHIs
Climate change environmental health indicators (CCEHIs) are more
defined EHIs that are specifically aimed at monitoring the effects of
climate change on health.
They can be defined as “an expression of the link between climate
change and health, targeted to a specific policy or management concern
and presented in a form, which facilitates interpretation for effective
decision-making”.
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Climate Change EHIs…cont.
CCEHIs aim to enable the identification and analysis of the general
consequences of climate variation and change on human health.
They enable the inclusion of the myriad of possible impacts on natural and
constructed systems that could have secondary or incidental health effects.
They also provide baseline information for assessing and monitoring temporal
and spatial variability of risks, enabling projection scenarios of how the
current situation may evolve.
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Climate change EHIs…cont.
A CCEHI is based on a known relationship between climate, an
environmental exposure, and health.
They have an important temporal component as they are used to
detect change over time, therefore, data collected over long periods
of time are required.
CCEHIs should be both scientifically valid and politically relevant
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Climate change and health frameworks
For EHIs development and presentation, it is important to do a systematic
structured framework to enable consistent monitoring and interpretation.
Given the complexity of environmental health issues, it is beneficial to use a
framework to develop and structure EHIs.
A framework provides a systematic approach that aids interpretation of these
complex environmental health issues by demonstrating links or relationships
between the environment and human health.
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Climate change and health frameworks
The main role of a framework is to organize the concepts, ideas, and
notions of a subject meaningfully.
A robust framework should have:
Conceptual clarity and scope – covers key concept and links
Flexibility – considers issues at any stage or component
Balance – accommodates issues equally
Usability – used in viable methodologies
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Climate change and health frameworks
Several different frameworks have been developed and used in studying the
environmental causes of disease.
Various frameworks have been developed in the areas of environment, health,
environmental health, and indicators.
However, it is difficult for any framework to fully represent the complex interactions
involved in assessing the impacts of climate change on human health.
Frameworks should be seen as tools that can be modified according to requirements.
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Frameworks – Examples
1. Pressure-State-Response Framework
2. Driving Force-State-Response Framework
3. Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response
Framework
4. Burden of Disease Framework
5. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment-Ecosystems
Services
6. Causal Webs
6. Driving Force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-
Action Framework
7. Multiple Exposures-Multiple Effects Framework
8. Environmental Public Health Indicator
Framework
9. Health Impact Assessment
10. Integrated Environmental Health Impact
Assessment
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DPSEEA Framework
The driving forces–pressures–state–exposure–effect–action (DPSEEA) framework is
widely used.
It is considered to be the best suited for developing EHIs to assess and monitor
human health vulnerability, to aid in the design and targeting of interventions, and
measure the effectiveness of climate change adaptation and mitigation activities.
It also has the potential to triangulate and identify emerging ecological problems. It
incorporate the monitoring and integration of human, animal, and environmental
(including plants) health data.
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DPSEEA Framework…cont.
Driving forces are the factors (anthropogenic) that motivate and push the
environmental processes involved.
Pressures (on the environment) are normally expressed through human occupation or
exploitation of the environment.
State (of the environment) is the current status of the environment.
Exposure (human-environmental interacts) refers to the intersection between people
and the hazard inherent in the environment.
Effect (in humans) – health effects from exposure to the environmental hazard.
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DPSEEA Framework…cont.
Action – policies or interventions aimed at reducing or avoiding health effects, they can be
aimed at any point in the framework.
DPSEEA framework was designed to support decision making on actions to reduce the
burden of disease by describing environmental health problems from their root causes through
to their health effects, and by identifying areas for intervention.
The figure illustrates how the DPSEEA framework can be adapted to address the potential
health effects of global climate change.
The framework can be used to identify the environmental causes of disease in a causal web.
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DPSEEA Framework…cont.
DPSEEA
framework
for
describing
linkages
between
health
and
climate
change
Causal
web
for
the
associations
between
climate
and
one
vector-borne
disease
(malaria)
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Climate change burden of disease
Projections are used to project mortality or morbidity into the future.
Projecting the potential health impact of climate change requires different methods
because the objective is to estimate the impact of different types of (future) climate
exposure on different (future) disease patterns at specific times in the future.
At the simplest level, the burden of disease attributable to climate change can be
calculated as:
Attributable burden = (estimated burden of disease under climate change scenario) –
(estimated burden of disease under a baseline climate, such as that in 1961–1990).
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Using scenarios to estimate future effects
Scenarios provide an important tool for estimating the potential
impact of climate change on specific health outcomes.
Scenarios do not predict future worlds or future climates.
There are many ways of applying scenarios, which have been
variously defined as:
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Using scenarios to estimate future effects
1. Plausible and often simplified descriptions of how the future may develop
based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about
driving forces and key relationships;
2. Hypothetical sequences of events constructed for the purpose of focusing
attention on causal processes and decision points; and
3. Archetypal descriptions of alternative images of the future, created from
mental maps or models that reflect different perspectives on past, present
and future developments.
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Using scenarios to estimate future effects
Climate scenarios – Use of climate models (e.g. IPCC), climate scenarios are
not projections or predictions.
Population scenarios – Population projections are available from a variety of
national and international sources.
Socioeconomic scenarios – Adaptation to climate change will take place in a
dynamic social, economic, technological, biophysical and political context
that varies over time and location and across communities.
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Heat and heat waves effects
There is evidence that climate change affects temperature-related mortality and
morbidity.
Physiological and biometeorological studies have shown that high and low
temperatures affect health and well-being.
High temperatures cause well described clinical syndromes such as heat stroke, heat
exhaustion, heat syncope and heat cramps.
Several methods have been used to estimate the effect of the thermal environment on
mortality and morbidity.
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Heat and heat waves effects…cont.
The preferred epidemiological method for estimating the impact of
temperature on mortality is time–series studies of daily mortality.
The methods are considered sufficiently rigorous to assess short-term (day-to-
day or week- to-week) associations between the environmental exposure and
mortality if adjustment is made for longer-term patterns in the data series.
The relationship between temperature and mortality can be derived using a
regression model that quantifies the extent to which day-to-day variability in
deaths is explained by variation in temperature.
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Heat and heat waves effects…cont.
The relationship between temperature and
mortality is often nonlinear across the whole
temperature range.
Most studies report a linear relationship above
and below a minimum mortality temperature
(or range of temperatures).
For future health impacts, modelling studies
have estimated the impact of climate scenarios
on a range of biometeorological indices, such
as the heat index or perceived temperature.
Relationship
between
temperature
and
mortality
in
Cape
Town,
London,
New
Delhi
and
Budapest
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Air pollution
There is evidence that climate change could affect air quality and thereby health.
Weather conditions influence air quality via the transport and/or formation of
pollutants (or pollutant precursors).
Exposure to air pollutants can have many serious health effects, especially following
severe pollution episodes.
Long-term exposure to elevated levels of air pollution may have greater health
effects than acute exposure.
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Air pollution…cont.
Several methods have been used to estimate the health effects of exposure to
air pollutants.
Cohort studies gives the most complete estimates of both attributable
numbers of deaths and average reductions in life span associated with
exposure to air pollution
Risk assessment can be used, however, there should a carefully evaluation
whether applying the exposure–response relationship from one population to
another is appropriate.
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Air pollution…cont.
Time–series methods can be used to estimate the impact of airborne dust (windblown
soil) on health outcomes.
Methods for estimating future health impact includes, modelling current and future
pollutant concentrations, though this very complex.
Future emissions are estimated using linked models of energy use and economic
activity.
Atmospheric chemistry models need to be linked to emissions projections to estimate
future air quality at the appropriate geographical and temporal resolution.
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Extreme events – Floods, windstorms
There is evidence that climate change affects the health impact of weather disasters
(floods, windstorms and droughts).
Extreme weather events cause death and injury directly, effects of drought are
primarily associated with food security and increasing waterborne disease.
Increases in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases because of crowding of survivors,
often with limited shelter and access to potable water.
Bereavement, property loss and social disruption may increase the risk of depression
and mental health problems
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Extreme events – Floods, windstorms
Several methods have been used to estimate the health effects of disasters.
Information on the impact of disasters may be available from the national
meteorological agency or the national agency for disasters or emergency services.
The total health impact of a disaster is difficult to quantify, because injuries and
secondary effects are poorly reported and communicated
Current vulnerability to weather disasters needs to be described in terms of total and
age-specific mortality and morbidity.
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Extreme events – Floods, windstorms
Floods - In vulnerable regions, the concentration of risks with both food
and water insecurity can make the impact of even minor weather
extremes (floods and droughts) severe for the households affected.
Epidemiological studies of flood events are undertaken in relation to the
health outcomes to compare incidence in the pre- and post-flooding
situations (injuries, infectious diseases, mental disorders etc.).
Routine surveillance may provide data on episodes of infectious disease
both before and after a flood.
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Extreme events – Floods, windstorms
Droughts - Could substantially affect water resources and sanitation in situations where water
supply is effectively reduced.
Epidemiological assessments are used to quantify the risk (water quality, increase in pathogens and
diseases, malnutrition etc.)
Estimating the impact of climate change on climate extremes is very difficult as climate
scenarios do not typically incorporate information on extreme events.
However, information may be available from other sources (risk of coastal and riverine
flooding, change in frequency of windstorms, frequency and intensity of El Niño events,
drought risks).
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Vector-borne diseases
There is evidence that climate change affects the burden of vector-borne disease.
Vector organisms that do not regulate their internal temperatures are sensitive to
external temperature and humidity.
Climate change may alter the distribution of vector species (un/favourable breeding).
Temperature can also influence the reproduction and maturation rate of the infective
agent within the vector organism and the survival rate of the vector organism,
thereby further influencing disease transmission.
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Vector-borne diseases
Climate effects on vector-borne disease should be analyzed as a whole, combining
climate data with concurrent measurements of the vectorial capacity and infection
rate of vectors, abundance and infection rate of reservoir hosts (if any) and the
infection rate and eventual health effects on human.
The relationships between climate and disease distribution and transmission have
been investigated for many vector-borne diseases, including the development of
predictive models.
Predictive models can be broadly classified as biological or statistical.
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Vector-borne diseases
Biological models – Are based on aggregating the effect of climate on
the individual components of the disease transmission cycle.
Statistical models – Are derived from direct correlations between
geographical or temporal variations in climate and associated variation
in disease incidence or distribution, either in the present or recent past.
The above involves, mapping disease in time and space, geographical
information system, interannual climate variability etc.
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Vector-borne diseases
Mapping disease in time and space – demonstrates climate effects on the abundance
and distributions of vectors either now or in the recent past constitute indirect
evidence that they have been, or could be, affected by climate change.
Geographical information system – links together geographical information vector-
borne diseases in that area to allow for statistical analysis, trends etc.
Interannual climate variability, El Niño and epidemic disease – Several studies
have identified associations between disease risk and El Niño or La Niña events. As
extreme weather can trigger disease outbreaks.
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Vector-borne diseases…cont.
There are methods for estimating future health impact if the disease is already present.
Modelling of the effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases has been done (e.g.
malaria).
Biological models of vector-borne disease transmission – Biological models of malaria are
based on the relationships between temperature and the extrinsic incubation period of the
parasite, and therefore the probability of completing the transmission cycle.
Statistical models – Models have been developed that use statistical relationships to define the
distributional limits of disease.
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JOOUST is ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified
Vector-borne diseases…cont.
Vector-borne
diseases
that
are
sensitive
to
climate
change
Map of the
transmission
season length for
P. falciparum
malaria in Africa
under current
climate
Estimated
R
o
for
selected
European
countries.
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JOOUST is ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified
Vector-borne diseases…cont.
There are also methods for estimating future health impact if the disease is not currently
present.
Climate change may affect the risk of the introduction of a disease into an area where it has
been present previously (re-emergence) or where it has never been present (emergence).
For example, malaria is currently confined to tropical areas, but at the peak of its distribution
it was present in many middle-latitude countries
The basic reproduction number (R0) can be used as an indicator of the vulnerability of a
country or region to the reintroduction of malaria.
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Vector-borne diseases…cont.
R0 can be calculated from information on indigenous cases (the cases acquired
within the country and not imported) and the capacity of the most important
vectors.
For example, for a European country, R0 can be measured as the ratio of
indigenous to imported cases, making the reasonable assumption that the
whole population is susceptible to malaria.
Such calculations rely on the accurate reporting of cases of indigenous
transmission; the accuracy of reports varies between countries.
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Water quality – Water-borne disease
Climate change could greatly influence water resources and sanitation in
situations where water supply is effectively reduced.
Drought events can lead to an increased concentration of pathogenic
organisms in raw water supplies.
In addition, water scarcity may necessitate using sources of fresh water of
poorer quality, such as rivers, which are often contaminated. Increases in
rainfall may cause flooding and overwhelm sewerage systems.
All these factors could result in an increased incidence of disease
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Water quality – Water-borne disease
Methods for estimating the health impact of weather includes
Time–series methods can be used to quantify an association between variation
(daily, weekly or monthly) in diarrhoea outcomes and environmental
temperature.
The seasonal cycle and other long-term patterns should be removed from the
data series to address non-temperature-related seasonal factors.
Other confounders should be taken into account in the modelling process.
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Water quality – Water-borne disease
Methods for estimating future health impact includes:
Modelling the effects of changes in temperature – Links increasing temperature to
disease incidence and changing rainfall patterns. Time-series analysis is used to
correlate measurements of temperature and relative humidity with daily hospital
admissions or incidence of disease. Poisson regression can also be used.
Modelling the effects of changes in rainfall – Links the potential impact of changes
in rainfall on waterborne disease. It addressed the role of rainfall in either triggering
individual outbreaks or in the overall burden of waterborne disease.
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Food security
Food security remains one of the main political concerns of climate change.
High seasonal and year-to-year variability in food supplies, often the result of
unreliable rainfall and insufficient water for crop and livestock production, is a major
contributor to chronic undernutrition and food insecurity.
There is evidence that climate change will affect the food supply and thereby health?
The following groups may be most at risk: rural smallholder producers, pastoralists,
rural wage labourers, urban poor people, refugees and displaced people etc..
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Food security…cont.
Climate change could affect food production in several ways:
Geographical shifts and yield changes in agriculture;
Reduction in the quantity of water available for irrigation;
Loss of land through rising sea level and the associated salinization; and
Effects on fisheries productivity through rising sea level and changes in
water temperatures, currents, freshwater flows and nutrient circulation.
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Food security…cont.
Methods for estimating future health impact have been used.
National assessments have used models that simulate the effects of climate scenarios (and
other scenarios) on crop yields and food-related outcomes.
Predicting the impact of climate change on crop and livestock yields is complex. Agricultural
production is sensitive to the direct effects of climate, especially extreme weather events.
It is also sensitive to the indirect effects of climate on soil quality, the incidence of plant
diseases and weed and insect (including pest) populations. In particular, irrigated agriculture
would be affected by changes in water resources.
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Food security…cont.
Few studies have mapped climate, environment and nutritional outcomes at the national or local level.
At the global and regional scale, integrated assessment of the impact of climate change of populations
at risk of hunger has been attempted.
National and regional assessments of the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity may be
available at the national or subnational level, as agriculture is an important economic sector in many
countries.
Studies focus on model simulations for changes in crop yield and agricultural risk but provide limited
information on future vulnerability to undernutrition.
The application of a scenario-driven approach requires a sophisticated approach to the development of
non-climate scenarios approaches.
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Vulnerable population
Many effects are not disease specific but address more broad questions for human
health (direct health effects, conflicts, migrations, production activities and food
insecurity etc.)
The IPCC (1990) noted that “the greatest effect of climate change may be on human
migration as millions of people will be displaced due to shoreline erosion, coastal
flooding and agricultural disruption”.
Refugees represent a very vulnerable population with significant health problems.
Large-scale migration is likely in response to flooding, drought and other natural
disasters associated with climate change.
48. CONTACT US
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University
of Science and Technology.
Centre for E-learning
P. O. Box 210-40601
Email: elearning@joust.ac.ke.
Mobile: 0703133335 / 0715492384
0704455877 / 0710581009
Website: http://www.ejooust.ac.ke
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of
Science and Technology - Elearning
@jooust_ecampus
JOOUST is ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified