Ppt about vegetative nervous system anatomy

1. A.G. RYBAKOV
ANATOMY OF THE
VEGETATIVE (AUTONOMIC)
NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. The vegetative (autonomic) nervous system is a part of the nervous system, which
innervates the internal organs, glands, blood vessels and regulates metabolic
processes in all organs and tissues. The vegetative (autonomic) nervous system is
divided into the sympathetic part and the parasympathetic part.
THE VEGETATIVE (AUTONOMIC) NERVOUS SYSTEM

3. The vegetative (autonomic) nervous system
has some anatomical and functional features:
1. The focal disposition of the vegetative
nuclei in the brain and the spinal cord.
The sympathetic nuclei are located in the
lateral horns of gray matter of the 8-th
cervical, all thoracic and two upper lumbar
segments of the spinal cord.
The parasympathetic nuclei are located in the
midbrain, in the pons, in the medulla
oblongata (nuclei of the 3-rd, 7-th, 9-th and
10-th cranial nerves) and in the lateral horns
of gray matter of the 2-nd, 3-rd and 4-th
sacral segments of the spinal cord.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM

4. THE STRUCTURE OF THE VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. The efferent part of the vegetative
reflex arch consists of two neurons.
The first neurons are located in the
vegetative nuclei of the brain and the
spinal cord.
The second neurons are located in the
vegetative ganglia (in the sympathetic
trunks, in the prevertebral ganglia, in
the vegetative ganglia of the cranial
nerves and in the intramural ganglia).

5. THE STRUCTURE OF THE VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The preganglionic fibers come from the vegetative nuclei of the brain and the spinal
cord to the vegetative ganglia. The postganglionic fibers come from the vegetative
ganglia to the internal organs.

6. 3. The diameter of the vegetative efferent fibers is about 5 microns.
4. The speed of the nervous impulse in the vegetative efferent fibers is about 2-20 m/sec.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM

8. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The sympathetic trunks are a paired anatomical
structures, which are located on the right and left
sides of the vertebral column.
Each sympathetic trunk consists of the 20-25
vegetative ganglia.
There are 3 cervical ganglia, 10-12 thoracic
ganglia, 3-5 lumbar ganglia, 4 sacral ganglia and 1
coccygeal ganglion.
The ganglia of the sympathetic trunk are
connected by the interganglionic branches.

9. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The sympathetic trunk receives the white communicating branches from the spinal
nerves. The sympathetic trunk gives the gray communicating branches to the spinal
nerves and the branches to the internal organs and blood vessels.

10. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The cervical part of the
sympathetic trunk is located on
the anterior surface of the longus
colli muscle and the longus capitis
muscle.
The cervical part of the
sympathetic trunk consists of the
superior ganglion, the middle
ganglion and the cervicothoracic
(stellate) ganglion.
The superior cervical ganglion is
the largest ganglion of the
sympathetic trunk. It has a
fusiform shape.

11. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The branches of the superior cervical
ganglion of the sympathetic trunk are
the following:
1. The internal carotid nerve enters
the carotid canal and forms the
internal carotid plexus. The internal
carotid plexus gives the carotico-
tympanic nerves which provide
innervation of the tympanic cavity
and the auditory tube. The internal
carotid plexus gives the deep
petrosal nerve.

12. The deep petrosal nerve passes
through the pterygopalatine ganglion
and provides innervation of the blood
vessels and glands of the oral cavity,
nasal cavity and the conjunctiva of the
lower eyelid.
Inside the cranial cavity the internal
carotid plexus forms the cavernous
plexus. The cavernous plexus gives
branches to the oculomotor nerve,
trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve and
abducens nerve.
THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK

13. The cavernous plexus forms the
perivascular plexuses of the ophthalmic
artery, anterior and middle cerebral
arteries. The fibers of the ophthalmic
plexus innervate the lacrimal gland and
the dilator of the pupil muscle.
2. The external carotid nerves form the
perivascular external carotid plexus
along the external carotid artery. The
branches of the external carotid plexus
innervate the vessels and glands of the
head and the neck.
THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK

14. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
3. The jugular nerve spreads together with the branches of the glossopharyngeal
nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve and hypoglossal nerve.

15. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
4. The laryngo-pharyngeal branches participate in the innervation of the larynx, the
pharynx and the esophagus.
5. The superior cervical cardiac nerve descends in the thoracic cavity, participates in
the formation of the cardiac plexus.

16. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The branches of the middle cervical
ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
are the following:
1. The middle cervical cardiac
nerve descends in the thoracic
cavity, participates in the formation
of the cardiac plexus.
2. The branches to the common
carotid plexus.
3. The branches to the plexus of
the inferior thyroid artery, which
provide innervation of the thyroid
gland and the parathyroid glands.

17. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The branches of the cervicothoracic
(stellate) ganglion of the sympathetic
trunk are the following:
1. The branches of the perivascular
subclavian plexus provide the
innervation of the thyroid gland, the
parathyroid glands and some organs
of the anterior mediastinum.
2. The vertebral nerve forms the
perivascular vertebral plexus around
the vertebral artery and innervates
the blood vessels of the brain and
spinal cord.

18. 3. The inferior cervical cardiac nerve descends in the thoracic cavity, participates in
the formation of the cardiac plexus.
4. The communicating branches to the phrenic nerve and the vagus nerve.
THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK

19. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The thoracic part of the sympathetic
trunk consists of the 10-12 ganglia.
The branches of the thoracic part of
the sympathetic trunk are the
following:
1. The thoracic cardiac branches
participate in the formation of the
cardiac plexus.
2. The aortic branches participate in
the formation of the thoracic aortic
plexus.
3. The pulmonary branches
participate in the formation of the
pulmonary plexus.

20. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
4. The esophageal branches participate in the formation of the esophageal plexus.
5. The greater and lesser splanchnic nerves pass through the diaphragm to the celiac
plexus.

21. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The lumbar splanchnic nerves take origin from the lumbar part of the sympathetic
trunk. These nerves pass to the celiac plexus or to the organs of the abdominal cavity.

22. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The sacral splanchnic nerves take origin from the sacral part of the sympathetic trunk.
These nerves pass to the hypogastric plexuses or to the organs of the pelvic cavity.

23. The prevertebral plexuses are
located anteriorly of the lumbar
vertebrae and the sacrum along the
abdominal aorta and its branches.
The prevertebral plexuses of the
abdominal cavity and the pelvis
include the celiac plexus, the
superior mesenteric plexus, the
inferior mesenteric plexus, the
abdominal aortic plexus, the
superior hypogastric plexus and the
inferior hypogastric plexus.
THE PREVERTEBRAL PLEXUSES
OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND THE PELVIS

24. THE CELIAC PLEXUS
The celiac plexus is located on
the anterior surface of the
abdominal aorta around the celiac
trunk. The celiac plexus consists
of the right and left celiac ganglia,
right and left aortorenal ganglia
and superior mesenteric ganglion.
The celiac plexus gives the
branches, forming the gastric
plexus, the hepatic plexus, the
splenic plexus, the pancreatic
plexus, the suprarenal plexus and
the phrenic plexus.

25. THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC PLEXUS
The superior mesenteric plexus takes origin from the superior mesenteric ganglion
and innervates the pancreas, the small intestine, the caecum, the appendix, the
ascending colon and the right half of the transverse colon.

26. THE INFERIOR MESENTERIC PLEXUS
The inferior mesenteric plexus takes origin from the inferior mesenteric ganglion and
innervates the left half of the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid
colon and the superior part of the rectum.

27. The abdominal aortic plexus is located on the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta
between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The abdominal aortic plexus
gives the renal plexus and the testicular plexus in males or ovarian plexus in females.
THE ABDOMINAL AORTIC PLEXUS

28. The abdominal aortic plexus is divided into the right and left iliac plexuses. The
abdominal aortic plexus continues into the superior hypogastric plexus below the
bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. The superior hypogastric plexus is divided into the
right and left inferior hypogastric plexuses.

29. THE INFERIOR HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS
The right and left inferior hypogastric plexuses are located in the pelvic cavity and give
the vesical plexus, the rectal plexus, the prostatic plexus, the plexus of the deferent
duct, the utero-vaginal plexus and the cavernous nerves of the penis (clitoris).

30. The parasympathetic part of the
vegetative nervous system
consists of the cranial and the
pelvic parts.
The cranial part of the
parasympathetic nervous system
includes the parasympathetic
nuclei of the oculomotor nerve,
facial nerve, glossopharyngeal
nerve, vagus nerve, cranial
parasympathetic ganglia and their
branches.
THE PARASYMPATHETIC PART
OF THE VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM

31. The accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve is located in the midbrain. The
preganglionic fibers take origin from this nucleus and pass to the ciliary ganglion
which is located in the orbit. The ciliary ganglion gives the postganglionic fibers which
are called the short ciliary nerves. The short ciliary nerves innervate the sphincter of
the pupil muscle and the ciliary muscle.
THE CRANIAL PART OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

32. The superior salivatory nucleus of the
facial nerve is located in the pons. The
preganglionic fibers take origin from this
nucleus and pass together with the
branches of the facial nerve (the greater
petrosal nerve and the chorda tympani).
The greater petrosal nerve goes to the
pterygopalatine ganglion. The
pterygopalatine ganglion gives:
THE CRANIAL PART OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. The orbital branches to the mucosa of the ethmoid labyrinth and the sphenoid sinus;
2. The greater and lesser palatine nerves to the mucosa of the hard and soft palate;
3. The posterior nasal branches to the mucosa of the nasal cavity and the maxillary sinus;
4. The branch to the zygomatic nerve provides the innervation of the lacrimal gland.

33. THE CRANIAL PART OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The chorda tympani contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers which pass to the
submandibular and sublingual ganglia. The postganglionic glandular branches of
these ganglia innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

34. THE CRANIAL PART OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The inferior salivatory nucleus is located in the medulla oblongata. The preganglionic
fibers take origin from this nucleus and pass together with the branches of the
glossopharyngeal nerve (the tympanic nerve). The tympanic nerve goes to the otic
ganglion. The otic ganglion gives the branch to the auriculo-temporal nerve, which
innervates the parotid gland.

35. THE CRANIAL PART OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The vagus nerve is a main
parasympathetic cranial nerve.
The dorsal nucleus of the vagus
nerve is located in the medulla
oblongata. The preganglionic
fibers take origin from this nucleus
and pass together with the
branches of the vagus nerve to the
intraorganic ganglia and nervous
plexuses of the organs of the neck,
thoracic and abdominal cavities.
The postganglionic fibers take origin from the intraorganic ganglia and innervate the
organs of the neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities.

36. THE PELVIC PART OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nuclei of the pelvic part of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the
lateral horns of gray matter of the 2-nd, 3-rd and 4-th sacral segments of the spinal cord.
The pelvic splanchnic nerves take origin from these nuclei and innervate the descending
colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum, the urinary bladder and the genital organs.