This document discusses data processing and defines it as the manipulation of data into a more useful form by collecting, processing, and distributing facts and figures to achieve a desired result. It provides examples of data like sales reports and inventory figures. The data processing cycle involves inputting initial data, processing it by changing and combining it, and outputting the results. Storage is also an important part of many data processing procedures.

1. Lanie P. Palad
Instructor

2. A data is defined as a collection of facts . Thus,
sales reports, inventory figures, test scores,
customers’ names and address and weather
reports are all example of data.
Data processing is the manipulation of data into
a more useful form. It is the modern name for
paperwork and involves the collecting,
processing, and distributing of facts and figure s
to achieve a desired result.

3. DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
Input- In this step the initial data or input
data are prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on the
processing machine.
Processing – In this step the unit data are
changed, and usually combined with other
information, to produce data in a more useful
form.

4. Output – This is the results of the
preceeding processing , steps are
collected. The particular form of the
output data depends on the use of
data.

5. Data Processing Cycle
input
processing
output

6. Expanded Data Processing
∗ 1. Origination – Origination is a step which refers to the
processing of collecting the original data. The original
recording of data is called a source document.
∗ 2. Distribution- This refers to the distribution of the output
data. Recordings of the data are often called report data.
∗ 3. Storage – Storage is crucial in many data processing
procedure. Data processing results are frequently placed in
storage to be used as input data for future processing at a
later date.

7. Expanded Data Processing
Cycle
Origination
Input
Processing
Output
Distribution
Storage

8. Areas of Data Processing
1.
Business Data Processing – Business Data Processing is
characterized by the need to established, retain, and
process files of data for producing useful information.
Generally, it involves a large volume of input data, limited
arithmetical operations, and a relatively large volume of
output.
2. Scientific Data Processing – In science, data processing
involves a limited volume of input and many logical or
arithmetic calculations. Unlike business problems, most of
the scientific problems are non repetitive, requiring “onetime” solution.

9. Data Processing Operations
1.
Recording – Recording refers to the transfer of data onto
some form or documents . It relates to the
documentation of intermediate figures and facts resulting
from calculations.
2. Verifying – Since recording is usually a manual operation,
it is important that recorded data be carefully checked for
any errors.
3. Duplicating- This operation consist in reproducing the
data onto many forms of documents.

10. 4. Classifying - This operation separates data into various
categories. Identifying and arranging items with like
characteristics into groups or classes called classifying.
5. Sorting – Arranging data in a specific order is called
sorting. After the data classified, it is usually necessary to
arrange or rearrange them in predetermined sequence to
facilitate processing.
6. Calculating – Arithmetic manipulation of the data is
known as calculating. It is a crucial phase of data
manipulation, because the outcome of this operation
becomes part of the output.

11. 7. Summarizing and Reporting – In this operation, a
collection of data is condensed and certain conclusions
from the data are represented in a meaningful format.
8. Merging- This operation takes two or more sets of data,
all sets having been sorted by the same key, and puts
them together to form a single sorted set of data.
9. Storing – Placing similar into files for future reference is
storing.

12. 10. Retrieving – Recovering stored data and/or information
when needed is the retrieving step.
11. Feedback – Feedback is the comparison of the output(s)
and the set in advance; any discrepancy is analyzed,
corrected and fed back to the proper stage in the
processing operation.

13. Methods of Processing Data
1. Batch Processing – Batch processing is a technique in which
data to be processed or programs to be executed are
collected into group to permit convenient, efficient and
serial processing.
2. On-line Processing – The term “on-line” refers to equipment
or devices under the direct control of the central processing
unit (CPU) of a computer.
3. Real-Time Processing - Real time processing is a method of
data processing which has the capability of fast response to
obtain data from an activity or

14. physical process , performs computations, and return a
response rapidly enough to affect the outcome of the
activity or process.
4. Distributed Processing - The most complex level of
computer processing is distributed processing, generally
consists of remote terminals linked to a large central
computer system to help the user conduct inquiries about
accounts, process jobs, or data processing operation.

15. CPU Components
∗ 1. Control Unit –the control unit of the CPU supervises or monitors
the functions performed by the entire computer system according
to conditions set forth by the stored programs.
∗ 2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit – It performs the operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, as well as moving,
shifting and comparing data. Logic operations are performed on a
computer by a series of comparisons activated by this unit.

16. ∗ 3. Memory Unit – Memory unit is somewhat like an
electronic filling cabinet capable of holding data or
instructions. It is where the computer program and data are
stored during processing.

17. ∗ Basic Components of Digital Computer System
Memory
unit
Input unit
Arithmetic
and Logic
unit
Register
Control Unit
Central Processing Unit
Output
Unit