Data What is Data.. - Computer E Learning

data
WHAT IS
ABDUL QAYOOM MANGRIO

DATA
INFORMATION
DATA MEASURMENT UNITS
DATA PROCESSING
DATA PROCSSINGTYPES
DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
CONTENTS

data
INTRODUCTION:
Data is Derived from Latin word “Datum” to
mean “Transmittable” and Storable Computer
information”.

data
DEFINITION:
Collection of Raw “FACTS” and “FIGURE” is called Data.
 The word “Raw” means that the fact have yet not been
processed to get their exact meaning.
Data is collected from different source. It is called for
different purpose.
It is meaningless

data
FACTS
1) Alphabetic (A-Z)
2) Special Characters (+,-,x,/)
3) Number (0-9)
4) Date &Time (MM-DD-YY)
FIGURES
1) Pictures
2) Images
3) Graphics
4) Maps
5) Video Files
6) Sound Files etc.

INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION:
"Information" is an older word that dates back to the 1300s and
has Old French and Middle English origins. It has always referred
to "the act of informing, " usually in regard to education,
instruction, or other knowledge communication.

INFORMATION
DEFINATION:
When data is processed, organized, structured or
presented in a given context so as to make it useful, it is
called information.

DATA MEASURMENT UNITs
BIT (Binary Digit):
 The smallest unit of measurement used for measuring data
is a bit.
 A single bit can have a value of either 0 or 1.
 It may contain a binary value (such as On/Off orTrue/False),
but nothing more.
 Therefore, a byte, or eight bits, is used as the fundamental
unit of measurement for data.

 A byte can store 28 or 256 different values, which is sufficient
to represent standard ASCII characters, such as letters,
numbers and symbols.
 8Bits = 1Byte
 4Bits Contain 1Nibbles
 Keyboard 8 Bits send to CPU (Central Processing Unit)

 NIBBLES:
2 Nibbles = 8 Bits
1N 1N
 4 Bits = 1 Nibble
 2 Nibbles = 1Byte
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
4 bits 4 bits

 BYTE:
 8 bits = 1Byte
 1 Byte = 2 Nibbles
 1 Byte = 1 Character and space
8 bits = 1Byte
4bits 4bits
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

 EXAMPLE:
5 Char 6 Char 7 Char
5+6+7 = 18 Characters + 2 Spaces = 20 Bytes
20(bytes)*8(bits)= 160 Bits
20(bytes)*2(nibbles) = 40 Nibbles
• 1 Character = 1 Byte
• 1 Space = 1Byte
4 Bits
8 Bits = 1 Byte
4 Bits
1N1N
1 Space
1 2 3 4 5 1 3 42 5 76 1 3 42 56
1 Space

UNIT ABBERIVATION STORAGE
BIT B BINARY DIGIT (single 0 & 1)
NIBBLE - 4 BITS
BYTE/OCTET B 8 BITS
KILOBYTE KB 1024 BYTES
MEGABYTE MB 1024 KB
GIGABYTE GB 1024 MB
TERABAYTE TB 1024 GB
PETABYTE PB 1024TB
EXABYTE EB 1024 PB
ZETTABYTE ZB 1024 EB
YOTTABYTE YB 1024 ZB

Data processing
 Converting data into information is called data processing
1) DATA COLLECTION
2) DATA PREPRATION
3) INPUT
4) PROCESS
5) OUTPUT
6) STORAGE

1) COLLECTION:
The first step of the collection cycle is, and very
important, because the data collected will affect the production
of a huge number.
METHODS OF
DATA
COLLECTION
OBSERVATION
INTERVIEW
QUESTIONNAIRE
DATABASE
Data processing

2) PREPRATION:
There is a pair of data in a suitable format for further
analysis and processing. Raw data can not be processed and
checked for its accuracy.
Data processing

3) INPUT:
This is the work where the verified data is coded or
the machine turns into a readable form so that it can be
processed by a computer. Data is accessed using a keyboard,
digital, scanner, or data entry from an existing source.
Data processing

4) PROCESS:
Transforming raw data into information by performing under
actual data manipulation techniques.
INSTRUCTIONS SOFTWARES
CENTRAL
PROCESSING
UNIT
Users
Instructions
Used to Process the
data according to given
instructions
Used to give
instruction to
process data
Data processing

5) OUTPUT:
Any information that has been processed by and sent out
from a computer or similar device is considered.
DECODING COMMUNICATION RETRIEVAL
Convert Encoded
data to intelligible
language
Generate output
shipped to various
locations to be used
individually
The storage can be
restored at any time
stored on the media
Data processing

6) STORAGE:
The last step in the data processing cycle is where
data, directions and information are held for future use.
Data processing

Data processing TYPES
1) MANUAL DATA PROCESSING:
In this method data is processed manually without the
use of a machine, tool or electronic device. Data is processed
manually, and all the calculations and logical operations are
performed manually on the data.

2) ELECTROMECHANICAL DATA PROCESSING (EMDP):
Data processing is done by use of a mechanical device
or very simple electronic devices like calculator and typewriters.
When the need for processing is simple, this method can be
adopted.

3) ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP):
This is the modern and fastest technique to
process data.The technology used is latest as this method
used computers and employed in most of the agencies.The
use of software forms the part of this type of data processing.
The data is processed through a computer.
CONTINUE

Data and set of instructions are given to the computer as
input, and the computer automatically processes the data
according to the given set of instructions.The computer is
also known as electronic data processing machine.

(4)
Data PROCESSING
OPERATIONS
VERIF-
YING DUPLICATING
RECO-
RDING
SORTI
-NG
CLASSIFYING
CALCUL-
ATING
MER-
GING
SUMMARIZ
-ING
&
REPORTIN-
G
RETRI-
EVING
FEED-
BACK
SORTING

Data processing operations
INTRODUCTION
A data processing procedure normally consists of a number
of basic processing operations performed in some order (not
necessarily the order of their description below).The means
of performing the processing operation vary according to
whether manual, electro-mechanical, or electronic methods
are used. Many business find that the best solution to their
processing requirements is to use a combination of methods.
e.g., manual may be used for small-volume jobs while
computers may be used for large-volume tasks
CONTINUE

e.g., manual may be used for small-volume jobs while
computers may be used for large-volume tasks
1) Recording
2) Verifying
3) Duplicating
4) Classifying
5) Sorting
6) Calculating
7) Summarizing & Reports
8) Merging
9) Storing
10)Retrieving
11)Feedback

1) RECORDING:
Recording refers to the transfer of data onto some form of
documents.
2) VERFYING:
Since recording is usually a manual operation, it is
important that recorded data be carefully checked for any errors.
3) DUPLICATING:
It is sometimes necessary or desirable to copy or duplicate data.

4) CLASSIFYING:
This operation separates data into various categories. Identifying
are arranging items with like characteristics into groups or classes.
5) SORTING:
Arranging data in a specific order is called sorting.
6) CALCULATING:
Arithmetic manipulation of the data is known as calculating.

7) SUMMARIZING & REPORTING:
A collection of data is condensed and certain conclusions from
the data are represented in a meaningful format.
8) MERGING:
This operation takes two or more sets of data, all sets having been
sorted by the same key, and puts then together to form a single sorted
set of data.

9) STORING:
Placing similar data into files for future references is storing.
10) RETRIEVING:
Recovering stored data and/or information when needed is the
retrieving step.
11) FEEDBACK:
Feedback is the comparison of the output(s) and the goal
set in advance; and discrepancy is analyze, corrected, and fed back to
the proper stage in the processing operation.

COLLECTION PREPRATION INPUT
Data processing CYCLE
STORAGEOUTPUT

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Data What is Data.. - Computer E Learning

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