The document discusses object-oriented programming and how it relates to assembling a computer system from components. It states that object-oriented programming works similarly by making a program up of different self-contained objects that can communicate with each other in predefined ways, just like computer components fit together and communicate. It then provides a problem statement for building an order management system and outlines the contents to be covered related to basic C++ concepts.
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX
Most C++ compilers don't care what extension you give your source code, but if you don't specify otherwise, many will use .cpp by default
Most frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have respective Operating Systems.
Introduction to C++ : Object Oriented Technology, Advantages of OOP, Input- output in
C++, Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers, Data Types C++, Derives data types. The void data
type, Type Modifiers, Typecasting, Constant
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
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C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX
Most C++ compilers don't care what extension you give your source code, but if you don't specify otherwise, many will use .cpp by default
Most frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have respective Operating Systems.
Introduction to C++ : Object Oriented Technology, Advantages of OOP, Input- output in
C++, Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers, Data Types C++, Derives data types. The void data
type, Type Modifiers, Typecasting, Constant
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Thinking in Objects
• You can walk into a computer store and, with a
little background and often some help, assemble
an entire PC from various components: a
motherboard, a CPU chip, a video card, a hard
disk, a keyboard, and so on.
• Ideally, when you finish assembling all the various
self-contained units, you have a system in which
all the units work together to create a larger
system with which you can solve the problems
you bought the computer for in the first place.
3. • Internally, each of those components may be
vastly complicated and engineered by
different companies with different methods of
design. But you don't need to know how the
component works, what every chip on the
board does, or how, when you press the ‘A’
key, an ‘A’ gets sent to your computer. As the
assembler of the overall system, each
component you use is a self-contained unit,
and all you are interested in is how the units
interact with each other.
4. • Will this video card fit into the slots on the
motherboard, and will this monitor work with
this video card?
• Will each particular component speak the right
commands to the other components it interacts
with so that each part of the computer is
understood by every other part?
• Once you know what the interactions are
between the components and can match the
interactions, putting together the overall system
is easy.
5. What does this have to do with
programming?
Everything.
Object-oriented programming works in exactly
this same way. Using object-oriented
programming, your overall program is made
up of lots of different self-contained
components (objects), each of which has a
specific role in the program and all of which
can talk to each other in predefined ways.
6. Problem Statement
Dominos made orders on behalf of registered
customer. An order consists of a number of
items. The order is either pending or serviced.
The following are the set of requirements
regarding placed and serviced orders:
1. An order may be placed by registered
customer.
2. A single customer may place a number of
orders.
7. 3. An order may be deleted or edited before
being serviced.
4. An order must include at least one item (No
null order).
5. The desired quantity of an placed item must
not be null.
6. An order is serviced only after receiving
payment from a customer.
7. The customer can pay by cash or by card.
8. An invoice is made at the time of servicing the
order.
8. Contents
• Basic Concepts of C++
• Difference between C and C++
• Applications of C++
• How a program is Compiled?
• Simple C++ Program
12. • Object Oriented Programming is method of programming where a system is
considered as a collection of objects that interact together to accomplish certain
tasks. Objects are entities that encapsulate data and procedures that operate on
the data.
• In OOPS first a concept known as "Object Oriented Analysis (OOA)" is used
to specify the objects in term of real world requirements, their behavior and
interactions required. The next concept would be the "Object Oriented Design
(OOD)" that converts these real-time requirements as a hierarchy of objects in
terms of software development requirement. Finally OOPS is used to
implement the requirements using the C++ programming language.
• The main purpose of object oriented programming is to simplify the design,
programming and most importantly debugging a program. So to modify a
particular data, it is easy to identify which function to use. To add additional
features it is easy to identify where to add functions and its related data.
Basic Concepts of C++
13. Basic Concepts of C++
• Object Oriented Programming Language
• Basic Concepts:
• Objects
• Classes
• Data Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing
14. • Basic runtime entity in an object – oriented system.
• Often termed as “instance” of a class.
• Example:
– a person, a place, a bank account etc.
• They can be of any type based on its declaration.
• When program is executed, objects interact by sending messages
at runtime.
• Example 2:
– Two objects namely, “customer”, “account”. Customer object
may send a message to the account object requesting for bank
balance.
Objects
15. • Class is a collection of objects of similar type.
• Class is a way to bind the data and its associated functions
together.
• Objects are basically variable of the class or an object is an
instance of a class.
• Examples:
– Shape is a class and Rectangle, Square, Triangle are its objects.
–
Classes
16. Abstraction
• Providing only essential information to the outside world i.e. to
represent the needed information in program without presenting the
details.
• Data abstraction is a programming/ design technique that relies on
the separation of interface and implementation.
• In C++, they provide sufficient public methods to the outside world
to play with the functionality of the object and to manipulate object
data, i.e., state without actually knowing how class has been
implemented internally.
• Eg: While using an object (that is an instance of a class) the
built in data types and the members in the class are ignored.
This is known as data abstraction.
18. Encapsulation
• All C++ programs are composed of the following two
fundamental elements:
– Program statements (code): This is the part of a program that
performs actions and they are called functions.
– Program data: The data is the information of the program which
affected by the program functions.
• Encapsulation is an Object Oriented Programming concept that
binds together the data and functions that manipulate the data,
and that keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse.
• Data encapsulation led to the important OOP concept of data
hiding.
19. Encapsulation
• C++ supports the properties of encapsulation and data hiding
through the creation of user-defined types, called classes.
• Eg: a class can contain
– private, protected, public members.
20. Inheritance
• Inheritance works on the basis of re-usability.
• This provides us an opportunity to reuse the code functionality
and fast implementation time.
• When creating a class, instead of writing completely new data
members and member functions, the programmer can designate
that the new class should inherit the members of an existing
class. This existing class is called the base class, and the new
class is referred to as the derived class.
• The idea of inheritance implements the is a relationship.
22. Polymorphism
• Poly means many and morphism means changing or alterable.
• The word polymorphism means having many forms.
23. Polymorphism
• C++ polymorphism means that a call to a member function will
cause a different function to be executed depending on the type
of object that invokes the function.
24. Dynamic Binding
• Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the
code to be executed in response to the call.
• Dynamic binding (late binding) means that the code
associated with a given procedure call is not known
until the time of the call at run-time.
• Associated with polymorphism and inheritance.
25. Message Passing
• OOPs consists of a set of objects that communicate with each
other.
• This involves following steps:
– Creating classes that define objects and their behavior
– Creating objects from class definitions.
– Establishing communication among objects
• A message for an object is a request for execution of a
procedure, and therefore will invoke a function (procedure)
in the receiving object that generates the desired result.
26. Message Passing
• Message passing involves specifying the name of the object,
the name of the function (message) and the information to be
sent.
28. Difference between C and C++
S. No. Procedural Programming (C) Object Oriented Programming (C++)
1 Emphasis is on doing things
(algorithms).
Emphasis is on data rather than
procedure.
2 Large programs are divided
into smaller programs in the
form of functions.
Programs are divided into objects.
Functions that operate together are
tied together in the data structure.
3 Most of the functions share
global data.
Data is mostly hidden and cannot be
accessed by external functions.
4 Data move openly around the
system from function to
function. Functions transform
data from one form to another.
Objects may communicate with each
other through functions. New data
and functions can be easily added
wherever necessary.
5 Employs top-down approach in
program design.
Follow bottom-up approach in
program design.
29. Difference between C and C++
Functioning of Procedural Language Functioning of Object Oriented
Programming Language
30. • A class is an extension of the idea of structure used in
C.
• A new way of creating and implementing user-
defined data type.
Difference between C and C++
31. C Structures
• Provide a method for packing together data of different types.
• A convenient tool for handling a group of logically related data
items.
• Eg:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float total_marks;
} A;
32. Limitations
• Cannot treat struct data-type like built in data type.
Example:
struct Complex
{
float x;
float y;
} c1, c2,c3;
Complex nos. c1, c2, c3 can be easily assigned values using dot
operator, but we can’t directly add or subtract two complex nos.
i.e.
c3 = c1 + c2; // illegal in C.
• Do not permit data hiding. Structure members are public
members.
33. C++ Classes
• Attempts to bring user defined types as close as
possible to the built-in data types.
• Also provides facility to hide the data.
• Inheritance is also supported by C++
35. Applications of OOPs Languages
• Real-time systems
• Simulation and Modeling
• Object-oriented Databases
• Hypertext and Hypermedia systems
• AI and expert systems
• Neural Networks and parallel programming
• Decision Support and office automation systems
• CIM/CAM/CAD systems
38. • C++ program is written in an Editor.
• Saved as a file with extension .cpp.
1. Editor
39. • Preprocessing performs (usually simple) operations on the
source file(s) prior to compilation.
• Typical preprocessing operations include:
(a) Expanding macros (shorthand notations for longer
constructs). For example, in C,
#define abc(x,y) (3*x+y*(2+x))
In program n = abc(a,b) becomes
n = (3*a+b*(2+a))
• (b) Inserting named files. For example, in C++,
# include <iostream>
is replaced by the contents of the file iostream.h
2. Preprocessor
40. • Compiler is a program that can read a program in one
language — the source language — and translate it into
an equivalent program in another language — the target
language or machine language.
• An important role of the compiler is to report any errors
in the source program that it detects during the
translation process.
3. Compiler
41. • A linker combines object code (machine code that
has not yet been linked) produced from compiling
and assembling many source programs, as well as
standard library functions and resources supplied by
the operating system.
4. Linker
42. • Compilers, assemblers and linkers usually produce code whose
memory references are made relative to an undetermined
starting location that can be anywhere in memory.
(relocatable machine code)
• The loader then puts together all of the executable object files
into memory for execution.
• A loader calculates appropriate absolute addresses for these
memory locations and amends the code to use these addresses.
5. Loader
44. A Bit more about execution
1. To stop the process
after the preprocessor
step, you can use the -
E option:
g++ -E prog1.cpp
The expanded source
code file will be printed
on standard output (the
screen by default).
45. 2. To stop the process after
the compile step, you can
use the -S option:
g++ -S prog1.cpp
By default, the assembler
code for a source file
named filename.cpp will
be placed in a file
named filename.s.
46. 3. To stop the process after
the assembly step, you
can use -c option:
g++ -c prog1.cpp
By default, the assembler
code for a source file
named filename.cpp will
be placed in a file
named filename.o.
49. “Hello World” in C++
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
// My first C++ program!
int main(void)
{
cout << "hello world!" << endl;
return 0;
}
Use the standard namespace
Include standard
iostream classes
A C++ comment
cout is an
instance of
iostream
operator overloading
(two different argument types!)