2. What is Computer?
• A computer is a programmable electronic device capable of processing,
storing, and retrieving data. It is a versatile tool used for a wide range of
tasks, from basic calculations to complex simulations and multimedia
production.
• You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send
email, play games, and browse the Web.
3. What does a computer do ?
• Processing: A computer processes data using its central processing unit
(CPU) by executing instructions provided by software programs.
• Storage: Computers store data and programs in different types of memory,
such as RAM (Random Access Memory) for temporary storage and hard
drives or SSDs (Solid State Drives) for long-term storage.
• Input: Computers accept input from users through devices like keyboards,
mice, touchscreens, and sensors.
4. What does a computer do ?
• Output: Computers display information or provide output through monitors,
printers, speakers, and other output devices.
• Communication: Computers can communicate with other devices and networks
through wired or wireless connections, enabling data exchange and remote access.
• Calculation: Computers perform mathematical calculations and logical operations
rapidly, enabling complex computations and problem-solving tasks.
• Automation: Computers automate repetitive tasks through software programs and
scripts, increasing efficiency and productivity.
5. Information Process cycle
• The information processing cycle,
also known as the data processing
cycle, describes the sequence of
steps through which data is input,
processed, stored, and output by a
computer system.
• The cycle typically consists of the
following stages:
6. Information Process cycle
• Input: This is the stage where raw data is entered into the computer system. Input devices
such as keyboards, mice, scanners, and sensors are used to capture data and convert it into a
digital format that the computer can understand and process.
• Processing: Once data is input, the computer's central processing unit (CPU) processes the
data according to instructions provided by software programs. During this stage, data is
manipulated, analyzed, sorted, and transformed into useful information.
• Storage: Processed data and information are stored in the computer's memory for future
retrieval and reference. Different types of storage devices, such as RAM (Random Access
Memory) and hard drives, are used to store data temporarily or permanently based on the
system's requirements.
7. Information Process cycle
• Output: In this stage, processed information is presented to users in a
human-readable form through output devices such as monitors, printers,
speakers, and screens. Output devices convert digital data into a format that
users can perceive and understand.
• Feedback: In some cases, the output generated by the computer system may
trigger further actions or decisions. Users may provide feedback based on the
output received, which can influence subsequent inputs or processing steps
in the information processing cycle.
8. What is data and Information ?
• Data:
• Data refers to raw facts, figures, symbols, or
representations of events, objects, or phenomena. It is
unorganized and lacks context or meaning on its own.
Data can take various forms, including numbers, text,
images, audio, and video.
• Examples of data include individual measurements,
observations, or records stored in a database.
• Information:
• Information is processed data that has been organized,
structured, and presented in a meaningful context.
• It provides insights, answers questions, or adds value by
revealing patterns, relationships, or interpretations
derived from the data. Information is valuable because it
helps users make informed decisions, understand
situations, or achieve specific objectives.
• For example, a report summarizing sales figures for the
past month is information derived from data collected in
the company's sales database.
•
9. Why we need data and information ?
• Decision Making: Data and information provide the basis for making
informed decisions. They enable individuals, organizations, and governments
to analyze trends, identify patterns, and evaluate options before taking action.
• Problem Solving: Data and information help in solving problems by
providing insights into the root causes of issues, enabling stakeholders to
develop effective strategies and solutions.
10. Why we need data and information ?
• Innovation: Data and information fuel innovation by facilitating research,
experimentation, and the development of new products, services, and
technologies. They inspire creativity and drive progress in various fields.
• Performance Evaluation: Data and information are used to assess and
evaluate performance across different domains, including business
operations, education, healthcare, and government services. They help
measure progress, identify areas for improvement, and track outcomes.
11. Why we need data and information ?
• Communication: Data and information serve as a means of
communication, allowing individuals and organizations to convey ideas, share
knowledge, and exchange insights with others. They enable collaboration and
collaboration and foster dialogue among diverse stakeholders.
• Resource Allocation: Data and information guide resource allocation by
helping allocate financial, human, and other resources efficiently and
effectively. They assist in prioritizing investments, optimizing processes, and
maximizing outcomes.
12. Why we need data and information ?
• Risk Management: Data and information play a critical role in risk
management by identifying potential risks, assessing their likelihood and
impact, and implementing measures to mitigate or minimize them.
• Transparency and Accountability: Data and information promote
transparency and accountability by providing stakeholders with access to
relevant information and insights. They enhance trust, integrity, and
openness in decision-making processes and governance structures.
13. Types of Computer
• Digital Computer:
• A digital computer operates based on the principles of discrete values or digits,
typically represented by binary digits (0s and 1s). It processes data and performs
calculations using electronic circuits and logic gates.
• Digital computers are highly versatile and can execute a wide range of tasks, from
simple arithmetic calculations to complex simulations and data processing.
• They are widely used in offices, homes, research laboratories, and industrial settings
for various applications such as word processing, gaming, programming, data
analysis, and internet browsing.
14. Types of Computer
• Hybrid Computer:
• A hybrid computer combines the features of both digital and analog computers to
leverage their respective strengths.
• It uses digital components for processing and control functions while employing
analog components for input/output and specific calculations requiring continuous
data representation.
• Hybrid computers are often used in scientific and engineering applications where
both digital precision and analog continuity are necessary, such as in real-time
control systems, simulations, and data acquisition systems.
15. Types of Computer
• Analog Computer:
• An analog computer operates based on continuous signals and physical phenomena to
perform calculations and solve mathematical equations. It represents variables using
continuous physical quantities such as voltage, current, or fluid pressure.
• Analog computers excel in solving differential equations, modeling dynamic systems, and
simulating natural phenomena with high precision. They were extensively used in the past
for tasks like control systems, weather forecasting, and scientific simulations.
• However, their usage has declined with the advent of digital computing due to limitations in
accuracy, flexibility, and ease of programming compared to digital counterparts.
16. Types of Computer
• An analog computer is like a slide rule or a ruler with lines. Instead of using
numbers, it works with physical things like electricity, fluids, or mechanics to solve
problems.
• It doesn't think like we do but uses these things to figure out answers to math
questions. It's good at handling things that change smoothly, like predicting the
weather or how things move.
• However, it's not as flexible as a regular computer, and we don't see them much
anymore because digital computers can do more things faster and easier.
