The document discusses several key concepts in public health methodologies and biostatistics. It defines data as facts that can be processed by a computer, and statistics as the study of collecting, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. Biostatistics is then described as applying statistical techniques to scientific research in health fields. Descriptive statistics are used to describe groups of data, while inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions from numeric data.
Bio-statistics is the development and application of statistical techniques to scientific research relating to life, including areas like pharmacology, medicine, epidemiology and public health. It involves collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting numerical data. Data can take various forms and relates to many aspects of life. It is classified as qualitative or quantitative data. There are different scales of measurement for data including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales. Statistics simplifies data, facilitates comparison and hypothesis testing, and helps in decision making and policy formulation. However, statistics has limitations such as how representative samples are and how well data fits statistical tests.
This document provides an overview of a data analysis course that covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, correlation, regression, hypothesis testing, clustering, and time series analysis. The course introduces descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency, dispersion, frequency distributions, and histograms. Notes are provided on calculating and interpreting mean, median, mode, range, variance, standard deviation, and other descriptive statistics.
This document discusses various statistical methods for presenting data, including ratios, coefficients of variation, percentiles, the normal distribution, and standard scores. It provides examples and definitions of these concepts. Methods for presenting data through tables, charts, graphs and diagrams are also described, such as frequency distribution tables, bar charts, pie charts, histograms, and scatter diagrams.
Ct lecture 4. descriptive analysis of cont variablesHau Pham
The document summarizes key concepts in descriptive analysis of continuous variables, including:
- Mean, variance, and standard deviation are used to describe central tendency and variation in data.
- The normal distribution and z-scores allow relating individual values to the whole population distribution based on mean and standard deviation.
- Confidence intervals describe the range of values where we are confident the population mean lies, based on the sample mean, standard deviation, and size.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biostatistics including data display and summary. It defines different types of data, variables, and statistical measures. Descriptive statistics like mean, median and mode are used to summarize central tendencies, while measures like range, variance and standard deviation describe data dispersion. Various graphs including histograms, boxplots and stem-and-leaf plots are discussed as tools for data visualization.
This document defines statistics and describes its uses in medical research. Statistics is the science of dealing with numbers to obtain objective, unbiased information from data. In medicine, statistics is used to descriptively summarize population data, prove associations between variables, compare study groups, and evaluate health programs. Data comes from records, surveys, and research studies. Statistical analysis involves collecting, summarizing, and presenting data in tables and graphs, then interpreting the information. Inferential statistics tests hypotheses using significance tests for means, correlations, regressions, and distributions to analyze relationships between variables and predict outcomes. Correlation does not necessarily indicate causation. Qualitative data is also analyzed using chi-squared and difference of proportions tests.
This document defines statistics and its uses in community medicine. It outlines the objectives of describing statistics, summarizing data in tables and graphs, and calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion. Various data types, sources, and methods of presentation including tables and graphs are described. Common measures used to summarize data like percentile, measures of central tendency, and measures of dispersion are defined.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) The mean (μ) of birth weights is 7.5 lbs
2) The standard deviation (σ) is 1.2 lbs
3) We want to find the probability that a randomly selected birth weight is between 6.5 and 8 lbs.
4) To calculate this, we first convert the bounds to z-scores:
z1 = (6.5 - 7.5) / 1.2 = -1
z2 = (8 - 7.5) / 1.2 = 0.5
5) Then we calculate the probability between the z-scores using the normal CDF:
P(z1 < Z < z2)
Bio-statistics is the development and application of statistical techniques to scientific research relating to life, including areas like pharmacology, medicine, epidemiology and public health. It involves collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting numerical data. Data can take various forms and relates to many aspects of life. It is classified as qualitative or quantitative data. There are different scales of measurement for data including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales. Statistics simplifies data, facilitates comparison and hypothesis testing, and helps in decision making and policy formulation. However, statistics has limitations such as how representative samples are and how well data fits statistical tests.
This document provides an overview of a data analysis course that covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, correlation, regression, hypothesis testing, clustering, and time series analysis. The course introduces descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency, dispersion, frequency distributions, and histograms. Notes are provided on calculating and interpreting mean, median, mode, range, variance, standard deviation, and other descriptive statistics.
This document discusses various statistical methods for presenting data, including ratios, coefficients of variation, percentiles, the normal distribution, and standard scores. It provides examples and definitions of these concepts. Methods for presenting data through tables, charts, graphs and diagrams are also described, such as frequency distribution tables, bar charts, pie charts, histograms, and scatter diagrams.
Ct lecture 4. descriptive analysis of cont variablesHau Pham
The document summarizes key concepts in descriptive analysis of continuous variables, including:
- Mean, variance, and standard deviation are used to describe central tendency and variation in data.
- The normal distribution and z-scores allow relating individual values to the whole population distribution based on mean and standard deviation.
- Confidence intervals describe the range of values where we are confident the population mean lies, based on the sample mean, standard deviation, and size.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biostatistics including data display and summary. It defines different types of data, variables, and statistical measures. Descriptive statistics like mean, median and mode are used to summarize central tendencies, while measures like range, variance and standard deviation describe data dispersion. Various graphs including histograms, boxplots and stem-and-leaf plots are discussed as tools for data visualization.
This document defines statistics and describes its uses in medical research. Statistics is the science of dealing with numbers to obtain objective, unbiased information from data. In medicine, statistics is used to descriptively summarize population data, prove associations between variables, compare study groups, and evaluate health programs. Data comes from records, surveys, and research studies. Statistical analysis involves collecting, summarizing, and presenting data in tables and graphs, then interpreting the information. Inferential statistics tests hypotheses using significance tests for means, correlations, regressions, and distributions to analyze relationships between variables and predict outcomes. Correlation does not necessarily indicate causation. Qualitative data is also analyzed using chi-squared and difference of proportions tests.
This document defines statistics and its uses in community medicine. It outlines the objectives of describing statistics, summarizing data in tables and graphs, and calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion. Various data types, sources, and methods of presentation including tables and graphs are described. Common measures used to summarize data like percentile, measures of central tendency, and measures of dispersion are defined.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) The mean (μ) of birth weights is 7.5 lbs
2) The standard deviation (σ) is 1.2 lbs
3) We want to find the probability that a randomly selected birth weight is between 6.5 and 8 lbs.
4) To calculate this, we first convert the bounds to z-scores:
z1 = (6.5 - 7.5) / 1.2 = -1
z2 = (8 - 7.5) / 1.2 = 0.5
5) Then we calculate the probability between the z-scores using the normal CDF:
P(z1 < Z < z2)
1. The document introduces basic concepts in medical statistics including variables, frequency tables, measures of central tendency and variation.
2. It describes using histograms and frequency tables to summarize sample data and calculates measures like the mean, median, and standard deviation.
3. The document also covers relative measures such as rates and ratios, and methods for standardizing crude rates like direct standardization and indirect standardization to allow comparison between populations.
This document introduces common measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variation (range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) in biostatistics. It defines each measure and provides examples of calculating and interpreting them. The mean is the most common measure of central tendency but the median is more robust to outliers. The choice of central tendency measure depends on whether the data is skewed. The mode is used for measuring popularity. Measures of variation quantify how spread out the data values are.
1. Dr. Ritesh Malik gave a presentation on health information and basic medical statistics at Theni Govt. Medical College in Tamil Nadu, India.
2. The presentation covered topics such as data versus information, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), standard deviation, standard error, and tests of significance.
3. Tests of significance allow researchers to determine whether observed differences are statistically significant or likely due to chance, such as the standard error of the mean, standard error of proportion, and chi square test.
This document provides an introduction to biostatistics and descriptive statistics concepts. It defines key terms like data, variables, populations, samples, and measurement scales. It also discusses measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode. Measures of dispersion such as range, variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation are introduced. Finally, the document discusses frequency distributions, histograms, percentiles, quartiles, and box plots as ways to summarize and visualize data distributions. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate statistical concepts.
Biostatistics is the science of collecting, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in the fields of medicine, biology, and public health. It involves both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics summarize data through measures of central tendency like mean, median, and mode, and measures of dispersion like range and standard deviation. Inferential statistics allow generalization from samples to populations through techniques like hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and estimation. Sample size determination and random sampling help ensure validity and minimize errors in statistical analyses.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics and descriptive statistics. It defines key biostatistics concepts like data, distributions, and descriptive statistics. It explains how to display data through tables, graphs, and numerical summaries. These include frequency distribution tables, pie charts, bar diagrams, histograms, and more. Descriptive statistics are used to numerically summarize and describe data through measures of central tendency and dispersion.
The document discusses key concepts in public health methodologies and biostatistics. It defines data as facts that can be processed by computers. Statistics is described as the study of collecting, summarizing, analyzing and interpreting data. Biostatistics applies statistical techniques to health-related fields like medicine. Descriptive statistics refers to methods used to describe data, while inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions from numeric data. Variables, grouped vs. ungrouped data, and types of variables are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in data display and summary, biostatistics, and descriptive statistics. It defines data, statistics, vital statistics, biostatistics, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, primary and secondary data, variables, categories of data, quantitative and qualitative data, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, and other statistical terminology. It also gives examples to illustrate concepts like mean, median, mode, range, variance, and standard deviation.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to biostatistics. It defines key terms like population, sample, variables, data and measures of central tendency. It describes measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode. It also discusses measures of variation or dispersion like range, variance and standard deviation. The document aims to introduce basic statistical concepts used in health sciences research.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics including:
1. Biostatistics applies statistical tools to biological and medical data. It includes descriptive and inferential statistics.
2. Descriptive statistics summarize data while inferential statistics make inferences beyond the available data.
3. Key concepts in biostatistics include variables, populations, samples, and measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, standard deviation).
4. Biostatistics is important in medicine for research, diagnosis, treatment and public health applications like determining disease patterns.
This document provides an overview of statistics and biostatistics. It defines statistics as the collection, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data. Biostatistics refers to applying statistical methods to biological and medical problems. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and organize data, while inferential statistics allow generalization from samples to populations. Common statistical measures include the mean, median, and mode for central tendency, and range, standard deviation, and variance for variability. Correlation analysis examines relationships between two variables. The document discusses various data types and measurement scales used in statistics. Overall, it serves as a basic introduction to key statistical concepts for research.
This document provides an introduction to biostatistics in health. It discusses:
- How data is collected through instruments which have limitations and human biases. Statistics help extract meaningful information from large amounts of raw data.
- Key concepts including populations, samples, variables, and different measurement scales. Variables can be qualitative taking categories like gender, or quantitative measured on interval/ratio scales.
- Descriptive statistics help summarize and present data through tables, graphs, and measures of central tendency and spread. Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions beyond the sample studied.
- The importance of biostatistics in health fields like understanding diagnostic tests, clinical trials, epidemiology, and evidence-based practice. Statistics under
This document provides information on biostatistics and health research. It defines biostatistics as the application of statistical techniques to scientific research in health fields. It discusses various measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode. It also covers measures of dispersion such as range, mean deviation and standard deviation. The document then discusses different types of health research including fundamental and applied research. It describes various research methods like observational studies, experimental studies, and randomized controlled trials.
This document discusses key concepts in biostatistics used in biomedical research. It covers topics like types of variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion, distributions of data, statistical tests for different situations, hypotheses testing and errors, measures of association, diagnostic tests, and regression analysis. Understanding biostatistics is important for evidence-based medicine and improving patient lives through rigorous research. Sample size, confidence intervals, and avoiding bias and confounding are important considerations in study design and interpretation.
This document introduces key concepts in statistics. It discusses the importance of observations in various fields like agriculture, industry, etc. It explains that statistics is used to make many important decisions in life by processing and analyzing numerical data under uncertain conditions. The document also distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics. It describes different types of variables like qualitative, quantitative, discrete, and continuous variables. Various methods of data presentation like frequency distributions and cross-tabulation are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics. It defines biostatistics and discusses topics like data collection, presentation through tables and charts, measures of central tendency and dispersion, sampling, tests of significance, and applications of biostatistics in various medical fields. The document aims to introduce students to important biostatistical concepts and their use in research, clinical trials, epidemiology and other areas of medicine.
This document provides information about medical statistics including what statistics are, how they are used in medicine, and some key statistical concepts. It discusses that statistics is the study of collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting, and analyzing data. Medical statistics specifically deals with applying these statistical methods to medicine and health sciences areas like epidemiology, public health, and clinical research. It also overview some common statistical analyses like descriptive versus inferential statistics, populations and samples, variables and data types, and some statistical notations.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics. It defines biostatistics and discusses topics like data collection, presentation through tables and charts, measures of central tendency and dispersion, sampling, tests of significance, and applications in various medical fields. The key areas covered include defining variables and parameters, common statistical terms, sources of data collection, methods of presenting data through tabulation and diagrams, analyzing data through measures like mean, median, mode, range and standard deviation, sampling and related errors, significance tests, and uses of biostatistics in areas like epidemiology and clinical trials.
The document discusses biostatistics, which is the application of statistics to health-related fields. It defines key terms like data, variables, and levels of measurement. The document also outlines common descriptive statistics used to summarize data, such as measures of central tendency, variability, and relative standing.
- Biostatistics refers to applying statistical methods to biological and medical problems. It is also called biometrics, which means biological measurement or measurement of life.
- There are two main types of statistics: descriptive statistics which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics which allows conclusions to be made from the sample data.
- Data can be qualitative like gender or eye color, or quantitative which has numerical values like age, height, weight. Quantitative data can further be interval/ratio or discrete/continuous.
- Common measures of central tendency include the mean, median and mode. Measures of variability include range, standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation.
- Correlation describes the relationship between two variables
This document provides an introduction to basic statistical concepts. It defines statistics as the collection, organization, and analysis of data to draw inferences about a population. The document outlines key statistical terms like population, parameter, sample, variable, and measures of central tendency. It also discusses the different types of data and variables, and measures used to describe data distribution like range, variance, standard deviation, and mean deviation. The steps in research studies and components of statistics are listed. Primary sources of data collection and different quantitative and qualitative variables are defined.
1. The document introduces basic concepts in medical statistics including variables, frequency tables, measures of central tendency and variation.
2. It describes using histograms and frequency tables to summarize sample data and calculates measures like the mean, median, and standard deviation.
3. The document also covers relative measures such as rates and ratios, and methods for standardizing crude rates like direct standardization and indirect standardization to allow comparison between populations.
This document introduces common measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variation (range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) in biostatistics. It defines each measure and provides examples of calculating and interpreting them. The mean is the most common measure of central tendency but the median is more robust to outliers. The choice of central tendency measure depends on whether the data is skewed. The mode is used for measuring popularity. Measures of variation quantify how spread out the data values are.
1. Dr. Ritesh Malik gave a presentation on health information and basic medical statistics at Theni Govt. Medical College in Tamil Nadu, India.
2. The presentation covered topics such as data versus information, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), standard deviation, standard error, and tests of significance.
3. Tests of significance allow researchers to determine whether observed differences are statistically significant or likely due to chance, such as the standard error of the mean, standard error of proportion, and chi square test.
This document provides an introduction to biostatistics and descriptive statistics concepts. It defines key terms like data, variables, populations, samples, and measurement scales. It also discusses measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode. Measures of dispersion such as range, variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation are introduced. Finally, the document discusses frequency distributions, histograms, percentiles, quartiles, and box plots as ways to summarize and visualize data distributions. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate statistical concepts.
Biostatistics is the science of collecting, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in the fields of medicine, biology, and public health. It involves both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics summarize data through measures of central tendency like mean, median, and mode, and measures of dispersion like range and standard deviation. Inferential statistics allow generalization from samples to populations through techniques like hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and estimation. Sample size determination and random sampling help ensure validity and minimize errors in statistical analyses.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics and descriptive statistics. It defines key biostatistics concepts like data, distributions, and descriptive statistics. It explains how to display data through tables, graphs, and numerical summaries. These include frequency distribution tables, pie charts, bar diagrams, histograms, and more. Descriptive statistics are used to numerically summarize and describe data through measures of central tendency and dispersion.
The document discusses key concepts in public health methodologies and biostatistics. It defines data as facts that can be processed by computers. Statistics is described as the study of collecting, summarizing, analyzing and interpreting data. Biostatistics applies statistical techniques to health-related fields like medicine. Descriptive statistics refers to methods used to describe data, while inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions from numeric data. Variables, grouped vs. ungrouped data, and types of variables are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in data display and summary, biostatistics, and descriptive statistics. It defines data, statistics, vital statistics, biostatistics, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, primary and secondary data, variables, categories of data, quantitative and qualitative data, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, and other statistical terminology. It also gives examples to illustrate concepts like mean, median, mode, range, variance, and standard deviation.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to biostatistics. It defines key terms like population, sample, variables, data and measures of central tendency. It describes measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode. It also discusses measures of variation or dispersion like range, variance and standard deviation. The document aims to introduce basic statistical concepts used in health sciences research.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics including:
1. Biostatistics applies statistical tools to biological and medical data. It includes descriptive and inferential statistics.
2. Descriptive statistics summarize data while inferential statistics make inferences beyond the available data.
3. Key concepts in biostatistics include variables, populations, samples, and measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, standard deviation).
4. Biostatistics is important in medicine for research, diagnosis, treatment and public health applications like determining disease patterns.
This document provides an overview of statistics and biostatistics. It defines statistics as the collection, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data. Biostatistics refers to applying statistical methods to biological and medical problems. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and organize data, while inferential statistics allow generalization from samples to populations. Common statistical measures include the mean, median, and mode for central tendency, and range, standard deviation, and variance for variability. Correlation analysis examines relationships between two variables. The document discusses various data types and measurement scales used in statistics. Overall, it serves as a basic introduction to key statistical concepts for research.
This document provides an introduction to biostatistics in health. It discusses:
- How data is collected through instruments which have limitations and human biases. Statistics help extract meaningful information from large amounts of raw data.
- Key concepts including populations, samples, variables, and different measurement scales. Variables can be qualitative taking categories like gender, or quantitative measured on interval/ratio scales.
- Descriptive statistics help summarize and present data through tables, graphs, and measures of central tendency and spread. Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions beyond the sample studied.
- The importance of biostatistics in health fields like understanding diagnostic tests, clinical trials, epidemiology, and evidence-based practice. Statistics under
This document provides information on biostatistics and health research. It defines biostatistics as the application of statistical techniques to scientific research in health fields. It discusses various measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode. It also covers measures of dispersion such as range, mean deviation and standard deviation. The document then discusses different types of health research including fundamental and applied research. It describes various research methods like observational studies, experimental studies, and randomized controlled trials.
This document discusses key concepts in biostatistics used in biomedical research. It covers topics like types of variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion, distributions of data, statistical tests for different situations, hypotheses testing and errors, measures of association, diagnostic tests, and regression analysis. Understanding biostatistics is important for evidence-based medicine and improving patient lives through rigorous research. Sample size, confidence intervals, and avoiding bias and confounding are important considerations in study design and interpretation.
This document introduces key concepts in statistics. It discusses the importance of observations in various fields like agriculture, industry, etc. It explains that statistics is used to make many important decisions in life by processing and analyzing numerical data under uncertain conditions. The document also distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics. It describes different types of variables like qualitative, quantitative, discrete, and continuous variables. Various methods of data presentation like frequency distributions and cross-tabulation are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics. It defines biostatistics and discusses topics like data collection, presentation through tables and charts, measures of central tendency and dispersion, sampling, tests of significance, and applications of biostatistics in various medical fields. The document aims to introduce students to important biostatistical concepts and their use in research, clinical trials, epidemiology and other areas of medicine.
This document provides information about medical statistics including what statistics are, how they are used in medicine, and some key statistical concepts. It discusses that statistics is the study of collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting, and analyzing data. Medical statistics specifically deals with applying these statistical methods to medicine and health sciences areas like epidemiology, public health, and clinical research. It also overview some common statistical analyses like descriptive versus inferential statistics, populations and samples, variables and data types, and some statistical notations.
This document provides an overview of biostatistics. It defines biostatistics and discusses topics like data collection, presentation through tables and charts, measures of central tendency and dispersion, sampling, tests of significance, and applications in various medical fields. The key areas covered include defining variables and parameters, common statistical terms, sources of data collection, methods of presenting data through tabulation and diagrams, analyzing data through measures like mean, median, mode, range and standard deviation, sampling and related errors, significance tests, and uses of biostatistics in areas like epidemiology and clinical trials.
The document discusses biostatistics, which is the application of statistics to health-related fields. It defines key terms like data, variables, and levels of measurement. The document also outlines common descriptive statistics used to summarize data, such as measures of central tendency, variability, and relative standing.
- Biostatistics refers to applying statistical methods to biological and medical problems. It is also called biometrics, which means biological measurement or measurement of life.
- There are two main types of statistics: descriptive statistics which organizes and summarizes data, and inferential statistics which allows conclusions to be made from the sample data.
- Data can be qualitative like gender or eye color, or quantitative which has numerical values like age, height, weight. Quantitative data can further be interval/ratio or discrete/continuous.
- Common measures of central tendency include the mean, median and mode. Measures of variability include range, standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation.
- Correlation describes the relationship between two variables
This document provides an introduction to basic statistical concepts. It defines statistics as the collection, organization, and analysis of data to draw inferences about a population. The document outlines key statistical terms like population, parameter, sample, variable, and measures of central tendency. It also discusses the different types of data and variables, and measures used to describe data distribution like range, variance, standard deviation, and mean deviation. The steps in research studies and components of statistics are listed. Primary sources of data collection and different quantitative and qualitative variables are defined.
Lecture 10. Measurement of study variables (2).pptxPadmaBhatia1
This document discusses various methods for summarizing and describing quantitative data, including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, interquartile range, standard deviation). It provides examples and definitions of each measure. The mean and standard deviation are presented as the most commonly used measures for quantitative data without extreme outliers, while the median and interquartile range are preferable for data that does contain outliers. The document emphasizes choosing the appropriate central and dispersion values depending on whether the data is quantitative or qualitative.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biostatistics. It defines biostatistics as the application of statistical methods in the fields of biology, public health, and medicine. Some key points covered include:
- The types of data: qualitative, quantitative, discrete, continuous
- Descriptive statistics like mean, median, and mode
- Inferential statistics like hypothesis testing and estimating parameters
- Important statistical tests like t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-squared tests
- Measures of diagnostic accuracy like sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values
- The process of determining sample size for studies based on factors like confidence interval, power, and allowable error.
This powerpoint presentation gives a brief explanation about the biostatic data .this is quite helpful to individuals to understand the basic research methodology terminologys
The document discusses biostatistics and its importance in research and data analysis. It defines key biostatistics concepts like population and sample, parameter and statistic, and measures of central tendency and dispersion. It also discusses hypothesis testing and provides an example analyzing body mass index data from a student population to compare means between gender groups and examine sampling error.
Statistical Processes
Can descriptive statistical processes be used in determining relationships, differences, or effects in your research question and testable null hypothesis? Why or why not? Also, address the value of descriptive statistics for the forensic psychology research problem that you have identified for your course project. read an article for additional information on descriptive statistics and pictorial data presentations.
300 words APA rules for attributing sources.
Computing Descriptive Statistics
Computing Descriptive Statistics: “Ever Wonder What Secrets They Hold?” The Mean, Mode, Median, Variability, and Standard Deviation
Introduction
Before gaining an appreciation for the value of descriptive statistics in behavioral science environments, one must first become familiar with the type of measurement data these statistical processes use. Knowing the types of measurement data will aid the decision maker in making sure that the chosen statistical method will, indeed, produce the results needed and expected. Using the wrong type of measurement data with a selected statistic tool will result in erroneous results, errors, and ineffective decision making.
Measurement, or numerical, data is divided into four types: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The businessperson, because of administering questionnaires, taking polls, conducting surveys, administering tests, and counting events, products, and a host of other numerical data instrumentations, garners all the numerical values associated with these four types.
Nominal Data
Nominal data is the simplest of all four forms of numerical data. The mathematical values are assigned to that which is being assessed simply by arbitrarily assigning numerical values to a characteristic, event, occasion, or phenomenon. For example, a human resources (HR) manager wishes to determine the differences in leadership styles between managers who are at different geographical regions. To compute the differences, the HR manager might assign the following values: 1 = West, 2 = Midwest, 3 = North, and so on. The numerical values are not descriptive of anything other than the location and are not indicative of quantity.
Ordinal Data
In terms of ordinal data, the variables contained within the measurement instrument are ranked in order of importance. For example, a product-marketing specialist might be interested in how a consumer group would respond to a new product. To garner the information, the questionnaire administered to a group of consumers would include questions scaled as follows: 1 = Not Likely, 2 = Somewhat Likely, 3 = Likely, 4 = More Than Likely, and 5 = Most Likely. This creates a scale rank order from Not Likely to Most Likely with respect to acceptance of the new consumer product.
Interval Data
Oftentimes, in addition to being ordered, the differences (or intervals) between two adjacent measurement values on a measurement scale are identical. For example, the di ...
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health conditions in populations. It has its roots in ancient Greece but developed as a scientific discipline in the mid-1800s due to systematic data collection of mortality statistics. Epidemiology is used for population health assessment and investigating disease causation through descriptive and analytical approaches. Key concepts include agents, hosts, environments, and the chain of infection in disease transmission.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium leprae bacterium, which affects the skin, nerves, and mucus membranes. It is characterized by lesions on the peripheral nerves, skin, and upper respiratory tract. While humans are the main hosts, armadillos can also carry the bacterium. The disease has two main types - lepromatous and tuberculoid - and takes on average 1-7 years for symptoms to appear after exposure. Leprosy is treated with multidrug therapy and while it remains a problem in some undeveloped areas, modern medicine has cured most of the world.
Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that affects hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia. Beta thalassemia major is the most severe form, causing severe anemia that requires lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron. Carriers can be identified through blood tests and genetic counseling to understand risk of passing the disease to offspring.
Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that affects hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia. Beta thalassemia major is the most severe form, causing severe anemia that requires lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron. Carriers can be identified through blood tests and genetic counseling to understand risk of passing the disease to offspring.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the saliva of infected mammals, most commonly dogs. The virus causes acute encephalitis and ultimately death. There are 5 stages of rabies infection: incubation, prodromal, acute neurological, coma, and death or recovery. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccination to prevent the virus from reaching the central nervous system. Mass dog vaccination and stray dog control are important for rabies prevention.
Cancer arises due to mutations in genes that control cell growth. These mutated genes, called oncogenes, cause cells to divide uncontrollably and form tumors. As tumors grow, they recruit blood vessels through angiogenesis to supply nutrients and allow cancer cells to spread throughout the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system, forming secondary tumors in other parts of the body through a process known as metastasis. Multiple genetic mutations are typically required for cancer to develop and progress to more advanced and aggressive stages.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
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2. Data
• Data is a collection of facts, such as values or
measurements.
OR
• Data is information that has been translated into
a form that is more convenient to move or
process.
OR
• Data are any facts, numbers, or text that can be
processed by a computer.
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3. Statistics
Statistics is the study of the
collection, summarizing, organization, analysi
s, and interpretation of data.
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4. Vital statistics
Vital statistics is
collecting, summarizing, organizing, analysis,
presentation, and interpretation of data
related to vital events of life as births, deaths,
marriages, divorces,
health & diseases.
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5. Biostatistics
Biostatistics is the application of statistical
techniques to scientific research in health-
related fields, including
medicine, biology, and public health.
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6. Descriptive Statistics
The term descriptive statistics refers to
statistics that are used to describe. When
using descriptive statistics, every member of a
group or population is measured. A good
example of descriptive statistics is the
Census, in which all members of a population
are counted.
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7. Inferential or Analytical Statistics
Inferential statistics are used to draw
conclusions and make predictions based on the
analysis of numeric data.
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8. Primary & Secondary Data
• Raw or Primary data: when data collected
having lot of unnecessary, irrelevant & un
wanted information
• Treated or Secondary data: when we treat &
remove this unnecessary, irrelevant & un
wanted information
• Cooked data: when data collected not
genuinely and is false and fictitious
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9. Ungrouped & Grouped Data
• Ungrouped data: when data presented or observed individually. For
example if we observed no. of children in 6 families
2, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4
• Grouped data: when we grouped the identical data by frequency.
For example above data of children in 6 families can be grouped as:
No. of children Families
2 1
4 3
6 2
or alternatively we can make classes:
No. of children Frequency
2-4 4
5-7 2
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10. Variable
A variable is something that can be
changed, such as a characteristic or value. For
example age, height, weight, blood pressure
etc
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11. Types of Variable
Independent variable: is typically the
variable representing the value being
manipulated or changed. For example
smoking
Dependent variable: is the observed result of
the independent variable being manipulated.
For example ca of lung
Confounding variable: is associated with both
exposure and disease. For example age is
factor for many events
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13. Quantitative or Numerical data
This data is used to describe a type of
information that can be counted or expressed
numerically (numbers)
2, 4 , 6, 8.5, 10.5
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14. Quantitative or Numerical data (cont.)
This data is of two types
1. Discrete Data: it is in whole numbers or values and
has no fraction. For example
Number of children in a family = 4
Number of patients in hospital = 320
2. Continuous Data (Infinite Number): measured on a
continuous scale. It can be in fraction. For example
Height of a person = 5 feet 6 inches 5”.6’
Temperature = 92.3 °F
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15. Qualitative or Categorical data
This is non numerical data as
Male/Female, Short/Tall
This is of two types
1. Nominal Data: it has series of unordered categories
( one can not √ more than one at a time) For example
Sex = Male/Female Blood group = O/A/B/AB
2. Ordinal or Ranked Data: that has distinct ordered/ranked
categories. For example
Measurement of height can be = Short / Medium / Tall
Degree of pain can be = None / Mild /Moderate / Severe
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16. Measures of Central Tendency &
Variation (Dispersion)
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17. Measures of Central Tendency
are quantitative indices that describe the
center of a distribution of data. These are
• Mean
• Median (Three M M M)
• Mode
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18. Mean
Mean or arithmetic mean is also called AVERAGE and
only calculated for numerical data. For example
• What average age of children in years?
Children 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Age 6443246
Formula -- = ∑ X
X ___
n
Mean = 6 4 4 3 2 4 5 = 28 = 4 years
7 7
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19. Median
• It is central most value. For example what is
central value in 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6 data?
• If we divide data in two equal groups
2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6 hence 4 is the central
most value
• Formula to calculate central value is:
Median = n + 1 (here n is the total no. of value)
2
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Median = (n + 1)/2 = 7 + 1 = 8/2 = 4
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20. Mode
• is the most frequently (repeated) occurring
value in set of observations. Example
• No mode
Raw data: 10.3 4.9 8.9 11.7 6.3 7.7
• One mode
Raw data: 2 3 4 4 4 5 6
• More than 1 mode
Raw data: 21 28 28 41 43 43
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21. Measures of Dispersion
quantitative indices that describe the spread of
a data set. These are
• Range
• Mean deviation
• Variance
• Standard deviation
• Coefficient of variation
• Percentile
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22. Range
It is difference between highest and lowest
values in a data series. For example:
the ages (in Years) of 10 children are
2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 1, 6, 9, 15
here the range of age will be 15 – 1 = 14 years
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23. Mean Deviation
This is average deviation of all observation
from the mean
-
Mean Deviation = ∑ І X – X І
_______
_ n
here X = Value, X = Mean
n = Total no. of value
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24. Mean Deviation Example
A student took 5 exams in a class and had scores of
92, 75, 95, 90, and 98. Find the mean deviation for her
test scores.
• First step find the _
mean.
x = ___
∑x
n
= 92+75+95+90+98
5
= 450
5
= 90
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25. • 2nd step find mean deviation
Deviation from Absolute value of
ˉ ˉ Deviation
Values = X Mean = X Mean = X - X
Ignoring + signs
92 90 2 2
75 90 -15 15
95 90 5 5
90 90 0 0
98 90 8 8
Total = 450 --
∑ X - X = 30
_
n= 5 Mean Deviation =
∑І X – X І
_______ = 30/5 =6
n
Average deviation
from mean is 6
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26. Variance
• It is measure of variability which takes into
account the difference between each
observation and mean.
• The variance is the sum of the squared
deviations from the mean divided by the
number of values in the series minus 1.
• Sample variance is s² and population variance
is σ²
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27. Variance (cont.)
• The Variance is defined as:
• The average of the squared differences from the
Mean.
• To calculate the variance follow these steps:
• Work out the Mean (the simple average of the
numbers)
• Then for each number: subtract the Mean and
square the result (the squared difference)
• Then work out the average of those squared
differences.
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28. Example: House hold size of 5 families was recorded as following:
2, 5, 4, 6, 3 Calculate variance for above data.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Deviation from ˉ
Values = X ˉ ( X – X)²
Mean = X ˉ
Mean = X - X
2 4 -2 4
5 4 1 1
4 4 0 0
6 4 2 4
3 4 -1 1
∑ = 10 Step 5
_
∑ ( X – X )²
Step 6 s² = _______ = 10/5 = 2
n S²= 2 persons²
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29. Standard Deviation
• The Standard Deviation is a measure of how
spread out numbers are.
• Its symbol is σ (the greek letter sigma)
• The formula is easy: it is the square root of
the Variance.i-e s = √ s²
• SD is most useful measure of dispersion
s = √ (x - x²)
n (if n > 30)
s = √ (x - x²)
n-1 (if n < 30)
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30. Example
You and your friends have just measured the heights of your
dogs (in millimeters):
• The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and
300mm.
• Find out the Mean, the Variance, and the Standard Deviation.
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31. Your first step is to find the Mean:
Answer:
Mean = 600 + 470 + 170 + 430 + 300 = 1970 = 394
5 5
so the mean (average) height is 394 mm. Let's plot this on the chart:
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32. Now, we calculate each dogs difference from the Mean:
To calculate the Variance, take each difference, square it, and then average
the result:
9/3/2012 So, the Variance is 21,704. 32
Dr. Riaz A. Bhutto
33. And the Standard Deviation is just the square root of Variance, so:
Standard Deviation: σ = √21,704 = 147.32... = 147 (to the nearest mm)
And the good thing about the Standard Deviation is that it is useful. Now we can
show which heights are within one Standard Deviation (147mm) of the Mean:
• So, using the Standard Deviation we have a "standard" way of knowing
what is normal, and what is extra large or extra small.
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