Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Muslim scholar and historian who is considered a forerunner of modern sociology and social sciences. He made three important contributions: 1) He emphasized the importance of empirical facts over normative theory, 2) He developed one of the earliest theories of social change, identifying tribal solidarity ("asabiyya") as the driver of change, and 3) He was the first to identify the cyclical rise and fall of civilizations and analyze the factors that contribute to this pattern.
Al-Mawardi was an influential Islamic jurist, scholar, and political theorist from Baghdad. In his work Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, he outlined the qualifications and duties of the caliph, or Islamic leader, including that the caliph must uphold justice, protect the faith, and ensure security, prosperity, and hope for the future. He discussed the appointment and roles of governors and ministers, the qualifications of voters in electing a caliph, and grounds for deposing a caliph if he loses his moral or physical abilities.
1) Ibn Khaldun was a prominent Muslim philosopher, historian and social scientist from Tunisia. He is considered one of the forerunners of modern sociology, historiography and economics.
2) Ibn Khaldun wrote an important work called Muqaddimah, which established the foundations of several social sciences like sociology, anthropology, historiography and economics.
3) In Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun introduced concepts like asabiyyah (social cohesion), the dynamics of group solidarity, and the cycles of growth and decline of civilizations.
Al-Farabi was an influential 10th century philosopher born in Transoxania who studied many subjects including philosophy, logic, politics, and mathematics. He proposed theories on human nature, the ideal ruler, and the formation and varieties of states. He described four types of cities - virtuous, ignorance, immoral, and erring - based on their adherence to attaining true happiness for citizens. His political philosophy aimed to advance human societies using some of Plato's approaches while balancing reason and revelation.
Introduction
Contributions
Historical Background
Political Terminology
Critique of the Democracy
Importance of (Nowjawan)Youth
Culture and Civilization
Sociological thought
Concept of “KHUDI”
Concept of “MARD-e-MUMin
The fourth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Lenin, theories, smash the state, class enemies, the vanguard party, democratic centralism, the Bolshevik party, the Communist party.
IBN KHALDUN (1332-1406) analyzed the rise and decline of states and civilizations. He identified key factors including:
- States rise due to strong group solidarity (asabiyyah) and are founded on military might and financial support.
- Decline is due to the weakening of religious influence, the rise of luxury, and rulers becoming isolated from and controlled by unrelated groups.
- Decline happens in five stages: overcoming enemies, autocratic rule, leisure, contentment, and finally wastefulness and lavishness.
- Urbanization influences factors like population size, occupations, income levels, social behaviors, and rates of change between nomadic (badawa
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology. He emphasized empirical evidence over normative theories and identified tribal solidarity ("asabiyya") as the driving force behind the rise and fall of civilizations. His major work, Muqaddimah, analyzed the psychological, economic, environmental and social factors that contribute to the development of human societies. He viewed society as a living organism and studied how social change occurs in cyclical patterns over generations. Ibn Khaldun is regarded as the father of sociology due to his pioneering research on social dynamics, the concept of asabiyya, and his scientific methodology in studying history and society.
Al-Mawardi was an influential Islamic jurist, scholar, and political theorist from Baghdad. In his work Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, he outlined the qualifications and duties of the caliph, or Islamic leader, including that the caliph must uphold justice, protect the faith, and ensure security, prosperity, and hope for the future. He discussed the appointment and roles of governors and ministers, the qualifications of voters in electing a caliph, and grounds for deposing a caliph if he loses his moral or physical abilities.
1) Ibn Khaldun was a prominent Muslim philosopher, historian and social scientist from Tunisia. He is considered one of the forerunners of modern sociology, historiography and economics.
2) Ibn Khaldun wrote an important work called Muqaddimah, which established the foundations of several social sciences like sociology, anthropology, historiography and economics.
3) In Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun introduced concepts like asabiyyah (social cohesion), the dynamics of group solidarity, and the cycles of growth and decline of civilizations.
Al-Farabi was an influential 10th century philosopher born in Transoxania who studied many subjects including philosophy, logic, politics, and mathematics. He proposed theories on human nature, the ideal ruler, and the formation and varieties of states. He described four types of cities - virtuous, ignorance, immoral, and erring - based on their adherence to attaining true happiness for citizens. His political philosophy aimed to advance human societies using some of Plato's approaches while balancing reason and revelation.
Introduction
Contributions
Historical Background
Political Terminology
Critique of the Democracy
Importance of (Nowjawan)Youth
Culture and Civilization
Sociological thought
Concept of “KHUDI”
Concept of “MARD-e-MUMin
The fourth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Lenin, theories, smash the state, class enemies, the vanguard party, democratic centralism, the Bolshevik party, the Communist party.
IBN KHALDUN (1332-1406) analyzed the rise and decline of states and civilizations. He identified key factors including:
- States rise due to strong group solidarity (asabiyyah) and are founded on military might and financial support.
- Decline is due to the weakening of religious influence, the rise of luxury, and rulers becoming isolated from and controlled by unrelated groups.
- Decline happens in five stages: overcoming enemies, autocratic rule, leisure, contentment, and finally wastefulness and lavishness.
- Urbanization influences factors like population size, occupations, income levels, social behaviors, and rates of change between nomadic (badawa
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology. He emphasized empirical evidence over normative theories and identified tribal solidarity ("asabiyya") as the driving force behind the rise and fall of civilizations. His major work, Muqaddimah, analyzed the psychological, economic, environmental and social factors that contribute to the development of human societies. He viewed society as a living organism and studied how social change occurs in cyclical patterns over generations. Ibn Khaldun is regarded as the father of sociology due to his pioneering research on social dynamics, the concept of asabiyya, and his scientific methodology in studying history and society.
The fifth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Marx, The Capital, Communist Manifesto, dialectical materialism, socialism, forms of Marxism, classical Marxism, the utopians, Hegels, mode of production, Hegel's thesis, Hegelian dialectic, Marx theory of history, stages of Marxism, communism, classless society,
class conflict, exploitation, capitalism, proletariat, the proletarian revolution, orthodox communism, Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, reification, Frankfurt School.
This document discusses the behavioral approach in political science. It began as a post-World War II protest movement against traditional approaches. Key exponents like Charles Merriam advocated studying political phenomena through observation and measurable data to make the field more scientific and value-free. The behavioral approach focuses on the political behaviors of individuals and groups within political systems. It aims to understand political events by analyzing observable human behavior rather than values or outcomes. However, critics argue that political science cannot be entirely value-free and human behavior is not static.
Shah Wali Ullah was an 18th century Islamic scholar born in 1703 in Delhi who led religious reforms among Muslims in South Asia. He established madrassas to spread Islamic teachings, translated the Quran into Persian, and worked to unite divided Muslim sects. His teachings emphasized a return to pure Islamic principles and helped revive Islam in the subcontinent during a period of political chaos and decline of the Mughal empire. He sent missionaries across regions to spread his message and wrote over 50 books explaining Islam. His emphasis on religious education and unity among Muslims inspired later reformers and contributed to the preservation of Islam in the region.
Modernization and reform movements in Muslim educationKaiyisah Yusof
Some of the Egypts' reformists are:
1. Sayyid Jamaluddin Al- Afghani (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897)
2. Shaikh Muhammad Abduh (1849 – 11 July 1905)
3. Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865 - 22 August 1935)
Ibn Khaldun was an influential 14th century Muslim scholar, historian and sociologist. He is considered a forerunner of modern sociology, historiography and economics for his theories on social conflict, the rise and fall of civilizations, and other social sciences. In his magnum opus, Muqaddimah, he developed theories around the concepts of asabiyyah (social cohesion) and umran (civilization) to explain the rise and fall of dynasties and empires. The Muqaddimah covered topics like sedentary and nomadic cultures, social organization, politics, economics and other intellectual sciences in a philosophical and sociological manner that was ahead of his time.
This document discusses various approaches to studying civil-military relations, including social science, political science, and considering factors like law, philosophy, psychology, and economics. It examines the relationship between civilian groups and armed groups, and between the military and social classes. It also outlines the roles and nature of civilians versus the military in areas like state building, development, and security. It provides models for analyzing the output of different combinations of strong and weak civilians and military. Overall, the document takes a multifaceted approach to analyzing civil-military relations in Myanmar by considering individual, state and international levels.
Philosophy of Allama Iqbal I Philosophy of Self and KhudiAamir Hussain
Allama Iqbal stands alone as a reviver of Islamic philosophy in the post-classical era, making a serious attempt to grapple with problems of modern Western philosophy within an Islamic context. He articulated his philosophical position in The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, based on six lectures delivered in Madras, wherein he called for a re-examination of the intellectual foundations of Islamic philosophy.
This document provides an overview of Muhammad Iqbal's philosophical thoughts as presented by Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak. It discusses Iqbal's background and education, his major works, influences from Western philosophers like Nietzsche and Bergson, his critique of pseudo-mysticism and wahdatul wujud, his emphasis on dynamism and appreciation of science, influence of Rumi, comparison to Al-Ghazali, view of the prophet's personality, and his eclectic approach to philosophy. It examines Iqbal's perspective on understanding the West and East and encouragement to appreciate the arts and sciences of the West.
- Plato was an influential ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens, one of the earliest known institutions of higher learning in the Western world. He wrote dialogues on various topics, including politics, ethics, metaphysics, and aesthetics.
- Al-Farabi was an influential Muslim philosopher and scientist who was one of the major figures in the golden age of Islam. He incorporated Aristotelian and Neoplatonic thought into an Islamic philosophical framework. He proposed the idea of a virtuous city ruled by a wise philosopher-king and discussed the traits and functions of the ideal supreme ruler.
- Both Plato and Al-Farabi proposed ideal models of government and society ruled by philosopher-
Turkey has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The president is head of state with ceremonial powers, while executive power lies with the prime minister and Council of Ministers. Legislative power is held by the unicameral Grand National Assembly. Key principles of the Turkish political system established after the fall of the Ottoman Empire include Kemalism, secularism, and modernization. Major political parties include the governing conservative Justice and Development Party and the secularist Republican People's Party.
The document summarizes the key political factors that led to East Pakistan's separation from West Pakistan in 1971, resulting in the formation of Bangladesh. It discusses how the failure of Pakistan's political leadership and institutions to properly manage regional political parties weakened national unity. Specifically, it notes that the Muslim League declined as a national party, allowing regional parties like the Awami League in East Pakistan to gain strength. It also examines issues like the language dispute, economic disparities, the impact of martial laws, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's six point demands, all of which increased Bengali nationalist sentiment. Ultimately, the political leadership was unable to address these centrifugal forces, leading to East Pakistan declaring independence.
1) Al-Ghazali was an influential Muslim theologian and philosopher born in 1058 CE in Persia. He studied under many prominent scholars and held a prestigious teaching position.
2) Al-Ghazali proposed a political system for the Islamic caliphate consisting of 13 institutions including the Caliph, governors, military leaders, and departments of industry, judiciary, and treasury.
3) As a ruler, Al-Ghazali advised being just, avoiding anger and pride, maintaining humility, and governing based on Islamic law and consultation with religious scholars. He emphasized maintaining peace with subjects.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It defines balance of power as a distribution of power among states that prevents any one state from becoming too powerful. It operates through alliances, military buildups, and dividing powerful states. Balance of power is seen as important by some scholars but faces criticism for being uncertain and accepting war. Soft power, regional agreements, and economic ties are now also part of maintaining balances of power.
The rise of dictators in Europe following World War 1 led to the growth of authoritarian regimes like Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany. In Italy, Benito Mussolini rose to power in 1922 by marching on Rome with his black shirt fascist supporters. In Germany, Adolf Hitler blamed other countries and ethnic minorities for Germany's poor economy, allowing him to become Chancellor in 1933. Both dictators violated the Treaty of Versailles by militarizing their countries in preparation for war. The oppressive policies of Hitler against Jews, like the Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht, further solidified the Nazi regime's transition towards totalitarianism and aggression.
Almond, Almond’s Developmental Approach to Political SystemMahrukh Cheema
The document summarizes Gabriel Almond's structural functional approach to political science. It outlines Almond's view of a political system and the key concepts in his approach, including political structure, culture, and the functions of a system. Almond believed that political development occurs as systems differentiate structurally and cultures become more secular and rational. His approach provided a framework for comparing systems but was criticized for being ideologically conservative and not fully accounting for non-Western contexts.
This document provides biographical information about Abu Nasr Al-Farabi and his contributions to philosophy and education. It discusses that he was born in 872 AD in modern-day Kazakhstan and received an education in various subjects like philosophy, logic, and sciences in Baghdad. It highlights that he integrated Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy with Islamic philosophy and emphasized the importance of cultivating virtue and creating an ideal society through education. The document also provides details about Al-Ghazali's life and philosophies, including his views that the purpose of education is to help students abide by religious teachings and achieve salvation.
Ibn khaldun-ppt Nausher 13.5.23 brief.pdfNausherKhan4
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology and social science. He emphasized the importance of empirical facts and developed theories of social change and tribal solidarity as drivers of change. He is best known for his Muqaddimah, considered a masterpiece in literature on philosophy of history and sociology, where he analyzed factors contributing to the rise and fall of civilizations. Ibn Khaldun introduced concepts like asabiya (social solidarity) and emphasized non-political factors like environment, economy, and psychology in analyzing historical events.
The fifth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Marx, The Capital, Communist Manifesto, dialectical materialism, socialism, forms of Marxism, classical Marxism, the utopians, Hegels, mode of production, Hegel's thesis, Hegelian dialectic, Marx theory of history, stages of Marxism, communism, classless society,
class conflict, exploitation, capitalism, proletariat, the proletarian revolution, orthodox communism, Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, reification, Frankfurt School.
This document discusses the behavioral approach in political science. It began as a post-World War II protest movement against traditional approaches. Key exponents like Charles Merriam advocated studying political phenomena through observation and measurable data to make the field more scientific and value-free. The behavioral approach focuses on the political behaviors of individuals and groups within political systems. It aims to understand political events by analyzing observable human behavior rather than values or outcomes. However, critics argue that political science cannot be entirely value-free and human behavior is not static.
Shah Wali Ullah was an 18th century Islamic scholar born in 1703 in Delhi who led religious reforms among Muslims in South Asia. He established madrassas to spread Islamic teachings, translated the Quran into Persian, and worked to unite divided Muslim sects. His teachings emphasized a return to pure Islamic principles and helped revive Islam in the subcontinent during a period of political chaos and decline of the Mughal empire. He sent missionaries across regions to spread his message and wrote over 50 books explaining Islam. His emphasis on religious education and unity among Muslims inspired later reformers and contributed to the preservation of Islam in the region.
Modernization and reform movements in Muslim educationKaiyisah Yusof
Some of the Egypts' reformists are:
1. Sayyid Jamaluddin Al- Afghani (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897)
2. Shaikh Muhammad Abduh (1849 – 11 July 1905)
3. Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865 - 22 August 1935)
Ibn Khaldun was an influential 14th century Muslim scholar, historian and sociologist. He is considered a forerunner of modern sociology, historiography and economics for his theories on social conflict, the rise and fall of civilizations, and other social sciences. In his magnum opus, Muqaddimah, he developed theories around the concepts of asabiyyah (social cohesion) and umran (civilization) to explain the rise and fall of dynasties and empires. The Muqaddimah covered topics like sedentary and nomadic cultures, social organization, politics, economics and other intellectual sciences in a philosophical and sociological manner that was ahead of his time.
This document discusses various approaches to studying civil-military relations, including social science, political science, and considering factors like law, philosophy, psychology, and economics. It examines the relationship between civilian groups and armed groups, and between the military and social classes. It also outlines the roles and nature of civilians versus the military in areas like state building, development, and security. It provides models for analyzing the output of different combinations of strong and weak civilians and military. Overall, the document takes a multifaceted approach to analyzing civil-military relations in Myanmar by considering individual, state and international levels.
Philosophy of Allama Iqbal I Philosophy of Self and KhudiAamir Hussain
Allama Iqbal stands alone as a reviver of Islamic philosophy in the post-classical era, making a serious attempt to grapple with problems of modern Western philosophy within an Islamic context. He articulated his philosophical position in The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, based on six lectures delivered in Madras, wherein he called for a re-examination of the intellectual foundations of Islamic philosophy.
This document provides an overview of Muhammad Iqbal's philosophical thoughts as presented by Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak. It discusses Iqbal's background and education, his major works, influences from Western philosophers like Nietzsche and Bergson, his critique of pseudo-mysticism and wahdatul wujud, his emphasis on dynamism and appreciation of science, influence of Rumi, comparison to Al-Ghazali, view of the prophet's personality, and his eclectic approach to philosophy. It examines Iqbal's perspective on understanding the West and East and encouragement to appreciate the arts and sciences of the West.
- Plato was an influential ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens, one of the earliest known institutions of higher learning in the Western world. He wrote dialogues on various topics, including politics, ethics, metaphysics, and aesthetics.
- Al-Farabi was an influential Muslim philosopher and scientist who was one of the major figures in the golden age of Islam. He incorporated Aristotelian and Neoplatonic thought into an Islamic philosophical framework. He proposed the idea of a virtuous city ruled by a wise philosopher-king and discussed the traits and functions of the ideal supreme ruler.
- Both Plato and Al-Farabi proposed ideal models of government and society ruled by philosopher-
Turkey has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The president is head of state with ceremonial powers, while executive power lies with the prime minister and Council of Ministers. Legislative power is held by the unicameral Grand National Assembly. Key principles of the Turkish political system established after the fall of the Ottoman Empire include Kemalism, secularism, and modernization. Major political parties include the governing conservative Justice and Development Party and the secularist Republican People's Party.
The document summarizes the key political factors that led to East Pakistan's separation from West Pakistan in 1971, resulting in the formation of Bangladesh. It discusses how the failure of Pakistan's political leadership and institutions to properly manage regional political parties weakened national unity. Specifically, it notes that the Muslim League declined as a national party, allowing regional parties like the Awami League in East Pakistan to gain strength. It also examines issues like the language dispute, economic disparities, the impact of martial laws, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's six point demands, all of which increased Bengali nationalist sentiment. Ultimately, the political leadership was unable to address these centrifugal forces, leading to East Pakistan declaring independence.
1) Al-Ghazali was an influential Muslim theologian and philosopher born in 1058 CE in Persia. He studied under many prominent scholars and held a prestigious teaching position.
2) Al-Ghazali proposed a political system for the Islamic caliphate consisting of 13 institutions including the Caliph, governors, military leaders, and departments of industry, judiciary, and treasury.
3) As a ruler, Al-Ghazali advised being just, avoiding anger and pride, maintaining humility, and governing based on Islamic law and consultation with religious scholars. He emphasized maintaining peace with subjects.
The document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It defines balance of power as a distribution of power among states that prevents any one state from becoming too powerful. It operates through alliances, military buildups, and dividing powerful states. Balance of power is seen as important by some scholars but faces criticism for being uncertain and accepting war. Soft power, regional agreements, and economic ties are now also part of maintaining balances of power.
The rise of dictators in Europe following World War 1 led to the growth of authoritarian regimes like Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany. In Italy, Benito Mussolini rose to power in 1922 by marching on Rome with his black shirt fascist supporters. In Germany, Adolf Hitler blamed other countries and ethnic minorities for Germany's poor economy, allowing him to become Chancellor in 1933. Both dictators violated the Treaty of Versailles by militarizing their countries in preparation for war. The oppressive policies of Hitler against Jews, like the Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht, further solidified the Nazi regime's transition towards totalitarianism and aggression.
Almond, Almond’s Developmental Approach to Political SystemMahrukh Cheema
The document summarizes Gabriel Almond's structural functional approach to political science. It outlines Almond's view of a political system and the key concepts in his approach, including political structure, culture, and the functions of a system. Almond believed that political development occurs as systems differentiate structurally and cultures become more secular and rational. His approach provided a framework for comparing systems but was criticized for being ideologically conservative and not fully accounting for non-Western contexts.
This document provides biographical information about Abu Nasr Al-Farabi and his contributions to philosophy and education. It discusses that he was born in 872 AD in modern-day Kazakhstan and received an education in various subjects like philosophy, logic, and sciences in Baghdad. It highlights that he integrated Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy with Islamic philosophy and emphasized the importance of cultivating virtue and creating an ideal society through education. The document also provides details about Al-Ghazali's life and philosophies, including his views that the purpose of education is to help students abide by religious teachings and achieve salvation.
Ibn khaldun-ppt Nausher 13.5.23 brief.pdfNausherKhan4
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology and social science. He emphasized the importance of empirical facts and developed theories of social change and tribal solidarity as drivers of change. He is best known for his Muqaddimah, considered a masterpiece in literature on philosophy of history and sociology, where he analyzed factors contributing to the rise and fall of civilizations. Ibn Khaldun introduced concepts like asabiya (social solidarity) and emphasized non-political factors like environment, economy, and psychology in analyzing historical events.
Ibn Khaldun was an influential 14th century Arab historian and philosopher. He is considered a forerunner of modern sociology, history, and economics. In his magnum opus, Muqaddimah, he developed theories around the rise and fall of civilizations and the role of nomadic vs sedentary societies. He believed that as civilizations become more urbanized and complex, they become more vulnerable to collapse without strong group solidarity. Ibn Khaldun's work had a significant impact on later social sciences and remains influential today.
An introduction to the Introduction to the World History Victor Motti
This document provides an overview of Ibn Khaldun, a 14th century North African scholar, and Ali Al-Wardi's analysis of his work. Ibn Khaldun developed social cycle theory to explain the rise and fall of civilizations. He challenged prevailing Aristotelian logic by arguing forms must evolve with changing material conditions. Ibn Khaldun's concept of "asabiyyah", or social solidarity, described the reciprocal relationship between idealism and materialism in societies. While a brilliant theorist, Ibn Khaldun also demonstrated opportunistic behavior in politics. Al-Wardi asserts Ibn Khaldun developed his sociopolitical theory to justify his own controversial life and practices.
Stuart Hall outlines two paradigms in cultural studies: culturalism and structuralism. Culturalism, associated with Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson, sees culture as the lived experiences and practices of social groups. Structuralism, associated with Levi-Strauss and Althusser, sees culture and experience as the effect of underlying symbolic structures and frameworks. Hall discusses the emergence of cultural studies and how structuralism interrupted the cultural strand, creating stark contrasts around the role of experience.
Social Anth. Module 1 Topics 1&2 (1) (1).pptxcharlycabal12
Bridging global and local perspectives, anthropologists decode universal human truths in diverse cultures. Their expertise aids politicians in addressing community challenges, guides multinationals in local adaptation, and supports educators in fostering intercultural understanding. Anthropologists, breaking down cultural barriers, amplify marginalized voices, offering crucial insights for catalyzing positive societal change.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of social science as an academic discipline. It discusses how early philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Ibn Khaldun, and others conducted analyses that laid the foundations for later social science fields. Key figures of the Enlightenment like Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau further developed social contract theory and approaches. The document then outlines how 19th century scholars like Durkheim formalized social science by establishing sociology as a quantifiable, empirical field of study.
This document summarizes the history and development of social sciences. It mentions that significant early contributions were made by scholars like Al-Biruni in the Islamic world and Kautilya in South Asia. The field of social science began emerging in the 17th-18th centuries in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment with thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Grotius. Auguste Comte coined the term "sociology" and established it as a field in the 19th century, while thinkers like Marx and Durkheim made major contributions. The term "social science" was established in the 1820s and has continued to grow and integrate various disciplines over time.
This document summarizes the history and development of social sciences. It mentions that significant early contributions were made by scholars like Al-Biruni in the Islamic world and Kautilya in South Asia. The field of social science began emerging in the 17th-18th centuries in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment with thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Grotius. Auguste Comte coined the term "sociology" and established it as a field in the 19th century, while scholars like Marx and Durkheim made major contributions. The term "social science" was established in the 1820s and has continued to grow and integrate various disciplines over time.
Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali (1058-1111 AD) was an influential Muslim scholar who made major contributions to several fields including religion, philosophy, and Sufism. He sought to address divisions between rationalists and traditionalists by finding a middle ground in his works. Ibn Rushd (1126-1198 AD) was an important philosopher from Al-Andalus who wrote commentaries on Aristotle and advocated for philosophy. He criticized al-Ghazzali's skepticism of philosophy. Al-Kindi (805-873 AD) was an early Islamic philosopher and scientist who wrote on various topics and helped introduce Greek philosophy to the Islamic world. Al-Farabi (872-950 AD)
Pitirim Sorokin was a Russian sociologist who developed a cyclical theory of social change. He believed that societies fluctuate between sensate and ideational cultures over time, with periods of transition in between. Sensate cultures are practical, materialistic, and hedonistic, while ideational cultures emphasize spiritual and religious aspects of life. Sorokin analyzed trends in art, literature, economics and other areas across many societies and concluded they all followed this regular pattern of alternating cultural orientations. His theories were outlined in his influential book Social and Cultural Dynamics.
Post-Islamist Intellectual Trends in Pakistan: Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and His Di...HusnulAmin5
Eurocentric and essentialist approaches are applied to make sense of the complex
Muslim societies. These approaches reduce complex social processes to certain
immutable, fixed and unchanging traits. With such reductive theoretical lens, such
readings of Islam, presuppose an inherent rigidity in the nature of Islamic text. When
Muslim societies and its social trajectories are understood in the light of such
immutable texts, as a logical conclusion, Islam turns out to be incompatible with
modern values of liberty and democracy. Islam and Muslim societies are constructed
as entities essentially distinct from Europe and the West. Even if a transition from
authoritarian form of political order to a more democratic one is intended, it will
have to be a secularized form of Islamic democracy wherein the separation of religion
and state is ensured. However, in the recent past, a growing number of academic
enquiries have challenged the validity of such reductive and essentialist approaches
toward understanding Muslim societies and its societal trajectories. Multiple
intellectual voices and social trends have been identified that construct harmonious
relationship between Islam and democracy, and in more general terms, between Islam
and modernity. Some scholars argue that reformation of religious thought followed by
the articulation of an “Islamic Theory of Secularism” may pave the way for
democratization in Muslim societies. As intermediaries, between the Divine text and
the general public, the role of scholars, institutions and social movements is thus
crucial in creating bonds of complicity (or otherwise) between Islam and democracy.
As an empirical example, this research explores and highlights the emergence of an
intellectual community in Pakistan led by a religious scholar Javed Ahmad Ghamidi.
The genesis, intellectual biography and unprecedented popularity gained by Ghamidi
and his close associates, also reveal mutation, discontinuity and change from their
previous religious position. The present paper aims to achieve two humble purposes: to
discuss the emergence of a post-Islamist intellectual trend with specific focus on
Ghamidi, and to provide a descriptive analysis of Ghamidi’s post-Islamist turn, and
the way he and his interpretive community construct a harmonious relationship
A Western education is highly Eurocentric, but pretends to be objective and universal. In particular, social sciences are lessons extracted from European historical experience on how to organized society. The false claim, embodied in the word "science", is that these are universally applicable. Shock and Awe of Western technological prowess has led to unquestioning acceptance of this claim. In turn, this has led to the attempt to shape all societies around the world on European patterns. This has caused massive harm, as these European conceptions of society are in dramatic conflict with local cultures. There is an urgent need to recognize and reject Eurocentric Social Science, and rebuild the study of diverse societies on broader intellectual bases. Islamic epistemology provides such alternative foundations, which are discussed in this set of slides
Postcolonial Pioneers in Cultural Studied ___by Akram Al-QuzahyAkram Al-Quzahy
The document discusses five key pioneers of postcolonialism in cultural studies: Edward Said, Seyla Benhabib, Frantz Fanon, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak. It provides a brief biographical overview and summary of each thinker's major contributions, such as Said's concept of Orientalism, Fanon's work on decolonization in The Wretched of the Earth, and Bhabha's theories of hybridity and cultural in-betweenness. The document concludes that all of these thinkers made important contributions to developing the field of postcolonial cultural studies by examining the relationship between culture, literature and their historical colonial contexts.
The Birth and Growth of Social Science.pdfAldwinHipolito
The document traces the origins and development of the social sciences from ancient Greek civilization through the modern period. Key events and thinkers that influenced the emergence of social sciences as distinct disciplines include the scientific revolution, enlightenment thinkers, secularization of education, and industrialization. Prominent early social scientists discussed include Comte, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Boas who established foundational theories and approaches.
This document provides an overview of cultural studies and its various types. It defines culture and cultural studies, discussing how cultural studies draws from fields like Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism. It then summarizes the five main types of cultural studies: British cultural materialism, New Historicism, American multiculturalism, postmodernism and popular culture, and postcolonial studies. For each type, it provides a brief definition and some relevant concepts or theorists. The document concludes by citing several sources that inform cultural studies as a field.
The document discusses Islamic principles of human resource management as outlined in the Quran and teachings of prophets. It provides examples of how early Muslim leaders implemented fair labor practices and policies. It argues contemporary Western-style HRM has failed workers while the Islamic model emphasizes human rights, justice, accountability and participatory decision making. The document advocates for wider adoption of Islamic banking and finance models which are presented as more ethical alternatives to conventional systems.
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2. Ibn Khaldun(1332-1406 AD)
He was born in Tunisia in 1332 AD
Ibn Khaldun is the Sheikh of all social scientists.
He was a philosopher of history and the first social scientist.
He was the first major Islamic thinker who emphasized empirical thought over
normative theory.
Ibn Khaldun made three very important contributions to social sciences.
He emphasized the importance of empirical facts, developed a theory of change
and identified tribal solidarity as the driver of change.
3. Scope
1. As An Individual
AMuslim Scholar
2. The Community
Structure,Normsand Development
3. Nature of theInformation Sources
Orthodox, Philosophy& Intellectual Sciences
4. Conclusion
What canwelearnt
5. Biography
Arab Scholar
Medieval era
Name IbnKhaldun[Abū Zayd ‘Abdu r-Raḥmanbin Muḥammadbin Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī]
Birth 27 May, 1332/732 AH
Death 19 March,1406/808 AH
School/ Tradition Ash'ari[It wasinstrumentalindrastically changingthedirection of Islamictheology, separating itsdevelopment
radically from that of theology intheChristian world.]
Main Interests Sociology, History, Historiography,Demography,Economics,
Philosophyof History,
Notable Ideas Asabiyah
Influences Al-Razi [a fundamentaland enduring contributionsto thefields of medicine,alchemy, and philosophy,
recorded inover 184 booksand articles invariousfields of science.]
Influenced Al-Maqrizi, Socialsciences[remarkable inthiscontext for hisunusuallykeeninterestintheIsmaili
Fatimid dynasty and its role inEgyptian history]
6. Quotation attributed to Ibn Khaldun
"Hewhofinds a newpath isa pathfinder, evenif
thetrail hasto be foundagain by others;and he
whowalksfar ahead of hiscontemporariesisa
leader, eventhoughcenturiespassbefore heis
recognized as such."
7. About Ibnu Khaldun
AbuZayd 'Abd al-RahmanIbnuKhaldun
received a good education.
served asassistantand secretary to several governmentofficials.
career wasdependent onthegood will of hissuperiors,
changedjobsfrequently whenpolitical winds shifted.
led anextremely eventful life, traveling to, amongother places,
Mecca,Damascus.Palestineand Seville, and occasionallyfinding
enoughleisuretimeto teach,study, and write.
Amongthenotable personalities IbnKhaldunencountered in his
adventureswere KingPedroI of Castile and Timur.
8. Education& Early Years
Familysocialand political activist
received a classicalArabic education,
studyingthe Qur'an andArabic linguistics,thebasisfor an
understanding of theQur'an, Hadith [1] and Fiqh [2]
mathematics,logic andphilosophy
lost both hisparents to an epidemic of theplague whichhitTunis,
whenhewas17 yearsold
Ina typical Muslimfamily, follow family tradition iscommon,that is
where hestrovefor a political career
Andhelife adventurebegin, in whichhespendstime inprison,
reachesthehighestoffices and falls again into exile.
1 Hadith relating to thewordsand deedsof ProphetMuhammadSAW.
2 Fiqhisanexpansionof Islamiclaw, complementedby therulingsof Islamicjuriststo direct thelives of
9. His writing
most significant work is the Muqaddimah.
"introduction" to history, he discussed historical method and
provided the necessary criteria for distinguishing historical
truth from error.
considered one of the most phenomenal works on the
philosophy of history ever written where he related the social
impact of a community or event.
In this action, this play a big impact to the Muslim society,
where we are going to share about the Muqaddimah and the
sociological view.
10. His Adventure
continued education, social and
political began
play an important role in the political
leadership of Sevilla
Become a judge and held post in may courts
of the Maghrib & Andalunisa (Spain)
one reasons why he have travel because he
to find that scholar from that institution in
order to fulfill his knowledge desire
12. Muqaddimah
What is Muqaddima?
Teachingis a Craft
Animportant role in providing conceptualand
paradigmatic frameworks aswell asan
epistemological foundation of the study of human
society.
13. Muqad
dimah
He is best known for his Muqa-ddimah (known as Prolegomenon in English),
which was discovered, evaluated and fully appreciated first by 19th century
European scholarship Western scholars recognized him as one of the greatest
philosophers to come out of the Muslim world.
He sought to write a world history preambled by a first volume aimed at an
analysis of historical events. Muqaddimah was based on Ibn Khaldun's unique
approach and original contribution and became a masterpiece in literature on
philosophy of history and sociology.
The chief concern of this monumental work was to identify psychological,
economic, environmental and social facts that contribute to the advancement of
human civilization and the currents of history.
In this context, he analysed the dynamics of group relationships and showed
how group-feelings, al-'Asabiyya, give rise to the ascent of a new civilisation and
political power and how, later on, its diffusion into a more general civilization
invites the advent of a still new 'Asabiyya in its pristine form.
14. He identified an almost rhythmic repetition of rise and fall in human
civilization, and analysed factors contributing to it.
His contribution to history is marked by the fact that, unlike most earlier writers
interpreting history largely in a political context, he emphasised environmental,
sociological, psychological and economic factors governing the apparent events.
This revolutionised the science of history and also laid the foundation of
Umraniyat (Sociology).
The other volumes of his world history Kitab al-I'bar deal with the history of
Arabs, contemporary Muslim rulers, contemporary European rulers, ancient
history of Arabs, Jews, Greeks, Romans, Persians, etc., Islamic History, Egyptian
history and North-African history, especially that of Berbers and tribes living in
the adjoining areas.
15. Concept
of
Asabiyya:
Asabiyya or asabiyah means social solidarity, social integration, and social
cohesion. It is the force which unites people with one another. However, their
patterns of behavior brought them closer.
Asabiyya was important for economic, intellectual and political development of
society.
According to Ibn-e-Khaldoon the tribes are successful because they have highest
Asabiyya.
He also explains that the more the tribes deviate from Asabiyya, the more is the
element of deviance; religious movements sharpen the force of Asabiyya and no
movement can succeed without it.
Ibn e Khaldoon was of the view that man is an animal, but he becomes human
with the cooperation of all social elements that become a source of satisfaction of
needs.
16. Ibn- Khaldoon's methodology:
In Muqaddima, he explained the method of logic and science. He gave his research based on the findings that there is
a close relationship between history, political and social events, and they work on the basis of cause and effect
relationship.
Theory of rural and urban society:
He described some characters of human societies over the animal societies and the need of supreme governor for
them. His terms for rural and urban society were “Badank” and “Harda” respectively. They had strong Asabiya.
Society as living organism:
Society is like a living organism and organisms consist of body parts. Society is composed of culture and people.
Both can get sick, can grow, both can die and both feel pain when one part gets hurt.
Social change:
The societies that loose Asabiyya are bound to undergo changes. This change is a cyclic process in which there are
fixed stages. Each stage takes 40 years and total 120 years. Each stage has its own demographic, economic, religious
and political characteristics based on growth, development and decay.
17. Father of sociology:
Ibn e Khaldoon’s findings and reseach on social changes, concept of asabiya and Muqaddima, gave
him the status of father of sociology.
He coined the term Umraniya and introduced the scientific method of study.
The last volume deals largely with the events of his own life and is known as Al-Tasrif. This
was also written in a scientific manner and initiated a new analytical tradition in the art of
writing autobiography.
Ibn Khaldun's influence on the subject of history, philosophy of history, sociology, political science
and education has remained paramount ever since his life.
His books have been translated into many languages, both in the East and the West, and have
inspired subsequent development of these sciences.
18. THEMAGNUM OPUS "AL-MUQADDIMAH"
This impressive document is a gist of his
wisdom and hard earned experience.
use his political and first had knowledge of
the people of Maghrib to formulate many of
his ideas.
discussion of Tribal societies and social
forces would be the most interesting part of
his thesis.
His theories of the science of Umran
(sociology) are all pearls of wisdom
19. TheStructureof Muqaddimah
Chap 1 : Human civilization in general
Chap 2 : Bedouin civilization, savage nation and
tribes and their condition of life, including several
basic and explanatory statements
Chap 3 : On dynasties, royal authority, the
caliphate, government ranks and all the goes with
these things (basic & supplementary propositions)
20. TheStructureof Muqaddimah
Chap4 : Countries & cities and all formssedentary
civilization. Theconditionsoccuringthere. Primary and
secondaryconsiderationsin thisconnection
Chap5 : Onthevariousaspectsof makinga living, such
asprofit and the crafts. Theconditionsthat occurinthis
connection.A numberof problemsare connectedwith this
subject.
Chap6 : Thevariouskindsof sciences.Themethodsof
instruction.Theconditionsthat obtain inthese condition
21. TheNorms
Sedentarycultural isthegoal of civilisation.
Theend of its life spanand brings about it corruption
Citiesthat are theseatsof royal authority fall into
ruinwhenruling dynasty crumblesand falls into ruin
Certain Citieshavecrafts that others lack
22. TheNorms
Theexistenceof group feeling incitiesand the
superiority of theinhabitantsover others
Thedialects of theurban population
24. From Umran Badawi (Rural) to Umran Hadari (Urban)
This discussion relating to Ibn Khaldun’s work. It
examined his theory of asabiyah and then in the last
piece expanded on it and focused more deeply on
asabiyah. In this piece relating to Ibn Khaldun’s work
wrap up by looking at the transitory process that
takes place in society where group-forms undergo
transformation or evolution, thus, from Umran
Badawi (Rural) to Umran Hadari (Urban).
25. Continued
Ibn Khaldun, therefore, uses umran badawi more broadly and beyond
the framework of nomadic life to include human groupings with ties to
each other beyond shared ancestry including trade partners and
political allies.
Thus, people involved in agriculture, vegetable farming, animal
husbandry, and so on, in all geographical areas outside the major
towns, Ibn Khaldun refers to them as umran badawi.
In contrast, the umran hadari (sedentary people, urban
dwellers/residents or the urbanite society) lacks a sense of solidarity as
individuals pursue self-interest, life of luxury, and compete for limited
resources often in an egocentric manner.
26. Continued
Life is based on material pursuit of happiness underpinned by hedonism and
extravagance leading to moral decadence and social disequilibrium. Ibn
Khadun explains:
They corrupt the city generally in respect to business and civilization.
Corruption of the individual inhabitants is the result of painful and trying efforts
to satisfy the needs caused by their (luxury) customs; (the result) of the bad
qualities they have acquired in the process of satisfying (those needs); and of
the damage the soul suffers after it has obtained them.
Immorality, wrongdoing, insincerity, and trickery, for the purposes of making a
living in a proper or an improper manner, increase among them.
The soul comes to think about (making a living), to study it, and to use all
possible trickery for the purpose. People are now devoted to lying, gambling,
cheating, fraud, theft, perjury, and usury.
27. Continued
Umran hadari is civilized or a sedentary way of life characteristic of urban living or
urbanism. People in this group are distinguished by their decadence and self-indulgent
living. They lack the willingness to cooperate with each other and if cooperation is ever
undertaken then some self-benefit is expected as an outcome.
The dichotomy between umran badawi and umran hadari is expressed in the contrast
between rural living (ruralism) and urban life (urbanism). With the use of asabiyah Ibn
Khaldun offered the explanation and reasons for the rise and fall of societies. In
asabiyah where the emphasis is on unity, group consciousness, and shared purpose, he
found the basis for the progress of human collectivities.
In the way of explanation, he created the stages and division of societies where a society
go through a change process; from nomadic to sedentary and gave them names –
umran badawi and umran hadari.
28. Continued
The dynamic change from umran badawi to umran hadari is cyclical in nature.
Since states and dynasties represent umran hadari, Ibn Khaldun claims that
they cannot be established without strong asabiyah. Asabiyah is critical for
state formation or the development of urbanism.
Nomadic people strive for urbanism; it is their goal. They possess strong
asabiyah and, therefore, they can achieve this goal. Once they have achieved
basic necessities of life, as hard workers they start working towards securing
comfort, luxury, and delight of sedentary life.
With strong asabiyah, courage, fearlessness, and willingness to fight nomadic
people defeat the sedentary people and establish their own dynasty. Once the
dynasty is established the people become absorbed, over time, into a
sedentary lifestyle.
29. Continued
This lifestyle, inherently self-destructive inevitably
contributes to the gradual erosion of asabiyah. Sedentary
lifestyle, by nature, has the effect of weakening the feeling
of social cohesion and when social cohesion is seriously
decreased simultaneously is damaged the military
strength, social structure, and the state power.
In the natural cycle of rise and fall, the cycle come to full
circle when the dynasty is subdued and replaced by a
group of pre-sedentary people with stronger asabiyah.
30. Continued
It is true that dynasties rise and fall but there is, according
to Ibn Khaldun, a solution to the “dying factor” which
causes the demise of dynasties. The solution is that it
helps the dynasty stay in power, not for ever because there
is no such thing, but for longer.
In times of dynastical crisis or decline the power can be
maintained or restored with the emergence of a “good” and
strong leader who can unify and consolidate the people
with his own asabiyah.
31. Relevance to Contemporary
Sociology
IbnuKhaldunandAugusteComte
Bothemphasizeda historical method & did not propose
statistical methods
Bothdistinguished their sciencesfrom what proceeded
them
Bothbelieved humannature in the same everywhere
Bothrecognised the importance of social change
33. Philosophy:IslamicandWest
Islamic
Believe the ultimate
truth about man and
society must referred
to the
Quran,
the prophetic tradition
(hadith) and (fiqih)
West
Primary of rational
inquiry over revelation
in both the theoretical
& practical sciences
34. 6 Evolution of Values: East & West
Ethical Norms
Social Construct
Social Habits
and Behavior
Local Customs
and Traditions
35. 7 The Islamic Paradigm
Divine Guidance
& Wahi
Universal Values
Social Customs
and Behavior
• Divine guidance from
beyond guides through
wahi (revelation) in an
objective manner
• It is not a subjective,
intuitive, mystical, purely
rational or personal
encounter
36. The Various Kinds of Intellectual
Sciences
Logic
Metaphysical &
Spiritual Matters
Physics
Mathematical Sciences
Geometry
Arithmetic
Music
Astronomy