Sesame production techniques involve selecting appropriate varieties, growing conditions, and production methods. Key points:
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- Optimal spacing is 60x40cm. Fertilizers like compost and NPK are applied. Pelleting seeds with materials like wood ash and rice gruel helps precision sowing.
- Irrigation is given at sowing and critical growth stages. Weeds are controlled by herbicides. Insects are managed by applying recommended pesticides. Diseases like phyllody and root rot are
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
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Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice siddusingadi
Introduction
General scenario of rice
Invigoration techniques
Seed Hardening
Seed bio-priming
Seed coating treatments
Factors affecting priming
Biofotification
Gaps in seed priming research
Future areas to be researched
Conclusion
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Seed Act and main features of seed act
Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice siddusingadi
Introduction
General scenario of rice
Invigoration techniques
Seed Hardening
Seed bio-priming
Seed coating treatments
Factors affecting priming
Biofotification
Gaps in seed priming research
Future areas to be researched
Conclusion
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Seed Act and main features of seed act
Cotton seed production in hybrids & varietiesBaskar Selvam
For production of seeds for cultivation or developing new varieties or hybrids, certain standards should be followed to get good quality and pure seeds.
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
4. Sesame
• Sesamum is often cross pollinated crop
• Cross pollination extends up to 60% by insect
• Flowers arise in leaf axis & on the stem upper
portion and branches
• Corolla colour is generally white or pale pink
5. Flowers open very early morning (3 AM
to 4 AM)
Receptivity of the stigma - up to 8 AM
Flower selfing is done by tying the
unopened corolla top by a thread
6.
7.
8. Variety Plant Flower Pod /seed Duration
(days)
TMV 3 Plants bushy, profusely
branched, leaves simple,
dark green, bottom leaves
divided, mostly three lobed,
higher up are lanceolate
and linear
Corolla bell
shaped with
outer surface
being covered
with short
hairs
seeds dark brown to
black in colour
-
TMV 4 Stem green throughout
shape angular, profuse
branching, dark green
leaves
- 4 loculed capsules, light
brown seeds, 650 kg/ha
85-90
TMV 5 Plants 95-110 cm height, 6
primary branches, green
colour stem, cordate with
acuminate tipped leaves
One flower per
axil, pale
purple corolla
Light brown coloured
capsule, four loculed,
60-80 capsule per plant,
light brown seed
80-85
TMV 6 Plants erect, 80-130cm
height, 4-6 primary
branches, green, angular
stem, cordate leaves
One flower per
axil, purple
corolla
Four loculed, one
capsule per axil, brown
seed, 700 kg/ha
85-90
Varieties
9. Variety Plant Flower Pod /seed Duration
(days)
CO 1 Branched type with
narrow angle of
branching, 120-130cm
height, 4-8 primary
branches, short
internodes on the main
stem, simple, dark green
leaves
- Bold, four loculed, one per
axil capsule; intense dark
brown seed, 1000 seed wt
3.3 g.
85-90
VRI 1 Plants 85-115 cm height,
5-9 branches, glabrous,
basally branched stem,
glabrous leaves
One flower per
axil, white flowers
with slight purple
colour on the
exterior part of
the corolla
Capsules densely
arranged on the main stem
and branches, brown seed;
1000 gm seed wt 3.11g.
70-75
VRI 2
(2005)
60-120 cm height,
glabrous, 4-8 branches
Purplish white
flower
Reddish brown seeds, 52%
oil content, 700 kg/ha
80-85
SVPR 1 Plants 92 cm height,
densely arranged
capsules on stem and
branches
White flower to
purple wash,
Green capsule, 65
capsules per plant, 4
loculed, 60 seeds per
capsule, 1000 seed wt. 3.42
g, white colour seed, 800
kg/ha
75-80
10. TMV(Sv) 7 Si 250 x ES 22 2009 85-90 750 820 High yield, 4 loculed, tolerant to root
rot disease, Lustrous brown testa, oil
content 50%Notification No: 2137
(E) / 31.08.2010
VRI 3 SVPR 1 x TKG
87
2017 75-80 995 1055 Moderately resistant to phyllody and
root rot diseases.White seed.50.1 per
cent oil content.S.O.1379(E)
27.03.2018
11.
12.
13. Land requirement
– The land should not have been cultivated with the same crop in the
previous season
– If cultivated it should be the same variety proposed for cultivation
subjected to seed certification
Isolation (m)
FS CS
Varieties 100 50
Season
It can be grown in all 3 seasons viz.,
– Rabi (October – November)
– Kharif (June – July)
– summer (February – March)
14. Seeds and sowing
Seeds pelleted with MnSO4 @ 50 mg /ha using
maida 5% as adhesive and
Arappu leaf powder as the filler material
Seeds sown both in beds and channels or ridges
and furrows
Seed treatment
Treat seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg or
treat with carbendazim @ 2 g / kg
Seed rate 3-4 kg / ha
15.
16. Definition
• It is process of packaging effective
quantities of materials
• To increase the size, shape and
weight of the seed
17.
18. Process of pelleting
• System resembles a cement mixer
• Seeds are introduced into a coating drum or pan.
• First sprayed with water followed by the addition of the
pelleting materials with binder.
• The wet seed attracts –gets coated with the dry pelleting
material - pellet gradually increases in size with each turn of
coating drum.
• Longer rotation times with greater amounts of pelleting
materials lead to greater pellet size and roundness.
19. • At the end of the pelleting process, a binder is added to
harden the outer layer of the pellet.
• This also reduces the amount of dust produced during
handling, shipping and planting.
• Cementing adhesives (gum arabic, gelatin, methyl cellulose,
polyvinyl alcohol)
• Pelleting materials (clays, limestone, calcium carbonate, talc,
vermiculite)
• Other compounds such as inoculants, fungicides, etc. may be
added to enhance seed performance
20. Advantages
• The mechanical planting
• Small and irregular shaped seeds ……
• Precision sowing: Correct plant distribution - reduces the seed rate
• Accurate dosing of seeds with chemicals.
• Packing of inoculant, protectant, nutrient, herbicide and hydrophilic
substance as well as to increase supply of oxygen.
• Soil acidity problems- may be overcome by lime pelleting of seed.
• Lime pelleting
• Better protection - reduced environmental pollution.
• Birds and small animals can not recognise the seeds.
21. Factors affecting germinability of pellets
SIZE Small Vs Large
WEIGHT
(SAW DUST)
Lower wight
PHYSICAL BARRIER Oxygen availability
Easy to dissolve, tough to break
OSMOTIC BARRIER Concentration of solutes
22. Pelleting of Sesamum seeds
Mn So4
(Micronutrient)
100 mg/Kg
Carbendazim 2 g/Kg
Pseudomonas 10 g /Kg
Wood ash
(Filler)
500 g
Rice gruel
(Adhesive )
150 ml
23.
24. 50
60
70
80
90
Control Saw dust (Dry) Saw dust
(Moist)
Sand (40%)
Percentage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Days
and
Speed
of
germination
Percentage of radicle protrusion
Germination percentage
Days for 50% germination
Days for maximum germination
Speed of germination
Seed germination of pellets compared to non-pelleted mustard
seeds
Pelleted
Non -pelleted
25. Spacing : 60 x 40 cm (11 plants / m2)
Manure’s and fertilizers
Compost : 12.5 t/ha
NPK : 50:25:25 kg/ha (basal)
MnSO4 : 5 kg/ha (basal)
DAP : Given as 1% foliar spray at 1st flowering and
again 10 days after 1st spray
Mn is essential to photosynthesis reactions, enzyme activation and root growth
(Mortvedt et al., 1999). Therefore, the steady supply of macro nutrients
and Mn (Jeyabal et al., 1997) was found to increase stem height and nodes for capsule
development in sesame.
26. Rouging
– Based on branching behaviour, capsule size & colour
and seed colour
Water management
– Irrigate at sowing and give life irrigation
– depending on soil moisture conditions,
– give one pre flowering irrigation (at 25 days),
– one at flowering,
– two at pod setting
Weed management
– Apply Alachlor @ 1.25 kg ai/ha on 20th DAS & irrigate
the crop immediately
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. Pest management
Shoot webber / pod borer / gall midge –
Apply one of the following pesticides per ha on 25, 35 and 50th DAS
Dust 25 kg of Endosulphan 4 D, Phasalone 4 D or spray Dichlorvas 76
EC 500 ml, Monocrotophos 36 WSC 625 ml endosulphan 35 EC 1000 ml,
Carbaryl 50 WP 1000 g in 500 ml of water.
32. Disease management
Phyllody
Remove and destroy the affected plants.
Intercropping with sesamum + red gram (6:1) reduces the
incidence of phyllody and root rot.
Root rot
Spot drench Carbendazim 1 g / litre or Pseudomonas fluorescence
@ 2.5 kg / ha mixed with 50 kg of well decomposed FYM / sand at
30 DAS.
Soil application of neem cake (150 kg/ha) combined with
Trichoderma viride seed treatment (4 kg/ha) effectively reduces
root rot.
33.
34. Intercultural operations
– Earthing up at fruiting stage to avoid lodging of the crop up to
harvest
Storage pests
– Dust on gunny bags
– Malathion 5 D or Phasalone 4 D or Carbaryl 10 D.
– Mix 1 kg of activated clay with 100 kg of seeds after adequate
drying of seeds.
35. Harvesting
• Harvesting at 75-80% of pods have become
brown and bottom 1 to 2 pods have dehisced
• At this stage, the pod MC is 50 % and seed MC
is 25-30%
• Examine the 10th capsule from the bottom by
opening.
• If the seeds turn black, harvest may be taken
up for the black seeded varieties.
• If harvest is delayed, the capsules will dehisce
resulting in yield reduction
36. Stacking and drying
– Plants stacked upright down in the threshing
floor, so that the immature pods of the
terminal edge also will mature
– It is done for 3 days & during that period MC
reduces to 15-18%
Threshing
– It is done manually by beating with pliable
bamboo stocks
Processing
– Seeds graded using 5/64” round perforated
metal sieves
37. Seed storage
Seeds with 7-8 % MC treated with thiram @ 2 g/kg
treated seeds can be stored up to 1 year in open
storage and up to 2 years in 700 gauge
polyethylene containers
Mid storage corrections
Soaking the seeds in double the volume Na2HPO4
(10-4 m) (3.6 g/100 l of water) can prolong the
storability of seed.
Floaters should be removed, soaked seeds should
be spread over a clean gunny bag and air dried,
dressed with carbendazim @ 2 g/kg of seeds and
stored.
38. Seed standards
Factors Foundation
Seed
Certified Seed
Pure seed % (max) 97 97
Inert matter % (max) 3 3
Other crop seed % (min) 1 1
Weed seed % (min) 1 1
Germination % (max) 80 80
Moisture content %
a) Open storage
b) Vapour proof container
10
8
10
8
Field standards
FS CS
Off types (%) 0.1 0.2