The document contains definitions and explanations of key terms related to learning and conditioning. It provides descriptions of concepts like observational learning, unconditioned responses, positive and primary reinforcers, shaping, acquisition, extinction, and classical and operant conditioning. Theories and experiments conducted by psychologists like Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner, Bandura, Garcia, Rescorla, and Tolman are also referenced in explaining different principles of learning.

1. Learning Review
Flashcards for Terms on the Test

2. Definition
• The type of learning that occurs when a pers
on observes and imitates others is called…

3. Answer
• Observational Learning

4. Definition
• A response that is natural, automatic, or not
learned, is called a(n)…

5. Answer
• Unconditioned Response

6. Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer increases the f
requency of the behavior it follows when it i
s added to the environment.

7. Answer
• Positive Reinforcer

8. Definition
• The method of __________ involves exposi
ng a person to a harmless stimulus until he o
r she is no longer afraid of it.

9. Answer
• Flooding

10. Definition
• On a ___________ schedule, reinforcement
s are provided only after a certain number o
f correct responses have been made.

11. Answer
• Fixed Ratio

12. Definition
• A type of stimulus that was formerly ne
utral and takes on new meaning by bein
g associated with something else is call
ed a(n)

13. Answer
• Conditioned Stimulus

14. Definition
• This kind of reinforcement occurs when a b
ehavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

15. Answer
• Continuous Reinforcement

16. Definition
• ___________ is the method of teaching co
mplex behaviors by breaking them down int
o manageable parts.

17. Answer
• Shaping

18. Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is learned and
becomes effective by first being paired wit
h such reinforcers as food and shelter.

19. Answer
• Primary Reinforcer

20. Definition
• Reinforcements are applied with a set amou
nt of time between them on a________ sche
dule.

21. Answer
• Fixed Interval

22. Definition
• __________ is the learning that occurs whil
e a neutral stimulus is paired with an uncon
ditioned stimulus and it is repeated over and
over. The initial learning of new response.

23. Answer
• Acquisition

24. Definition
• Form of classical conditioning in which a fo
od comes to be avoided

25. Answer
• Taste Aversion

26. Definition
• This type of stimulus elicits a response not
normally associated with it after being paire
d with an unconditional stimulus.

27. Answer
• Conditioned Stimulus

28. Definition
• Form of learning by successive approximati
ons. Used to teach animals tricks.

29. Answer
• Shaping

30. Definition
• Act of responding in the same way to stimul
i that seem similar. For example, a dog sali
vates to a bell and to a buzzer with a similar
tone.

31. Answer
• Generalization

32. Definition
• Elicits no response before conditioning

33. Answer
• Neutral Stimulus

34. Definition
• Method of overcoming fears by pairing a pl
easing stimulus with a feared one.

35. Answer
• Counter conditioning

36. Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is desired
because the animal learns to value it, lik
e praise.

37. Answer
• Secondary Reinforcer

38. Definition
• Method of overcoming fear that involves rel
axation and gradual exposure to the feared s
timulus

39. Answer
• Systematic Desensitization

40. Definition
• Revival of an extinguished response when t
he unconditioned stimulus suddenly reappea
rs.

41. Answer
• Spontaneous Recovery

42. Definition
• Form of learning based on the consequences
of actions

43. Answer
• Operant Conditioning

44. Definition
• Act of responding differently to stimuli that
are not similar. For example, a dog salivate
s to a bell but not a knock on the wooden do
or.

45. Answer
• Discrimination

46. Definition
• When a conditioned response stops occurrin
g because the unconditioned stimulus is no l
onger presented

47. Answer
• Extinction

48. Definition
• Reinforcement that encourages a behavior b
y meeting an organism's basic biological ne
eds like food, water, or sex drive.

49. Answer
• Primary Reinforcer

50. Definition
• A natural stimulus that causes an automatic
response

51. Answer
• Unconditioned Stimulus

52. Definition
• This person studied cats and came up with t
he “Law of Effect” that states that animals
will repeat behaviors that are rewarded.

53. Answer
• Thorndike

54. Definition
• This person conditioned Little Albert to be s
cared of white fury objects.

55. Answer
• John Watson

56. Definition
• This person is the father of operant conditio
ning and believed that all animals learn thro
ugh reinforcement and punishment.

57. Answer
• B.F. Skinner

58. Definition
• This person’s experiment with rats showed t
hat animals do think during classical conditi
oning because they need to predict the UCS
is coming after the NS.

59. Answer
• Robert Rescorla

60. Definition
• This person studied taste aversion in rats usi
ng flavored water with a drug that would m
ake the rats sick.

61. Answer
• John Garcia

62. Definition
• This person’s rat maze experiment where ra
ts formed a cognitive map of the maze show
ed that animals learn without reinforcement
demonstrating the concept of latent learning.

63. Answer
• E.C. Tolman

64. Definition
• This person studied how children learned th
rough observation in his famous Bobo Doll
Experiment

65. Answer
• Albert Bandura

66. Definition
• His experiment with dogs proved that anima
ls can learn reflexive behaviors to unnatural
stimuli.

67. Answer
• Ivan Pavlov