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1. Learn RUBY Programming at
AMC Square Learning
•An interpreted language
• a.k.a dynamic, scripting
• e.g., Perl
•Object Oriented
• Single inheritance
•High level
• Good support for system calls, regex and CGI
•Relies heavily on convention for syntax

2. Hello World
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
puts “Hello world”
$ chmod a+x helloWorld.rb
$ helloWorld.rb
Hello world
$
• shell script directive to run ruby
• Needed to run any shell script
• Call to method puts to write out
“Hello world” with CR
• Make program executable

3. Basic Ruby
•Everything is an object
•Variables are not typed
•Automatic memory allocation and garbage
collection
•Comments start with # and go to the end of the line
• You have to escape # if you want them elsewhere
•Carriage returns mark the end of statements
•Methods marked with def … end

4. Control structures
If…elsif…else…end
case when <condition> then
<value>… else… end
unless <condition> … end
while <condition>… end
until <condition>… end
#.times (e.g. 5.times())
#.upto(#) (e.g. 3.upto(6))
<collection>.each {block}
• elsif keeps blocks at same level
• case good for checks on multiple
values of same expression; can use
ranges
grade = case score
when 90..100 then “A”
when 80..90 then “B”
else “C”
end
• Looping constructs use end (same as
class definitions)
• Various iterators allow code blocks to
be run multiple times

5. Ruby Naming Conventions
• Initial characters
• Local variables, method parameters, and method names 
lowercase letter or underscore
• Global variable  $
• Instance variable  @
• Class variable  @@
• Class names, module names, constants  uppercase letter
• Multi-word names
• Instance variables  separate words with underscores
• Class names  use MixedCase
• End characters
• ? Indicates method that returns true or false to a query
• ! Indicates method that modifies the object in place rather than
returning a copy (destructive, but usually more efficient)

6. Another Example
class Temperature
Factor = 5.0/9
def store_C(c)
@celsius = c
end
def store_F(f)
@celsius = (f - 32)*Factor
end
def as_C
@celsius
end
def as_F
(@celsius / Factor) + 32
end
end # end of class definition
Factor is a constant
5.0 makes it a float
4 methods that get/set an
instance variable
Last evaluated statement is
considered the return
value

7. Second Try
class Temperature
Factor = 5.0/9
attr_accessor :c
def f=(f)
@c = (f - 32) * Factor
end
def f
(@c / Factor) + 32
end
def initialize (c)
@c = c
end
end
t = Temperature.new(25)
puts t.f # 77.0
t.f = 60 # invokes f=()
puts t.c # 15.55
attr_accessor creates setter and
getter methods automatically for a
class variable
initialize is the name for a
classes’ constructor
Don’t worry - you can always override
these methods if you need to
Calls to methods don’t need () if
unambiguous

8. Input and Output - tsv files
f = File.open ARGV[0]
while ! f.eof?
line = f.gets
if line =~ /^#/
next
elsif line =~ /^s*$/
next
else
puts line
end
end
f.close
ARGV is a special array
holding the command-
line tokens
Gets a line
If it’s not a comment or a
blank line
Print it

9. Processing TSV filesh = Hash.new
f = File.open ARGV[0]
while ! f.eof?
line = f.gets.chomp
if line =~ /^#/
next
elsif line =~ /^s*$/
next
else
tokens = line.split /t/
h[tokens[2]] = tokens[1]
end
end
f.close
keys =
h.keys.sort {|a,b| a <=> b}
keys.each {|k|
puts "#{k}t#{h[k]}" }
Declare a hash table
Get lines without n or rn - chomp
split lines into fields delimited with tabs
Store some data from each field into the
hash
Sort the keys - sort method takes a block
of code as input
each creates an iterator in which k is set
to a value at each pass
#{…} outputs the evaluated expression in
the double quoted string

10. Blocks
•Allow passing chunks of code in to methods
•Receiving method uses “yield” command to call
passed code (can call yield multiple times)
•Single line blocks enclosed in {}
•Multi-line blocks enclosed in do…end
•Can use parameters
[ 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 ].each {|i| puts i }
Keys = h.keys.sort {|a,b| a <=> b }

11. Running system commands
require 'find'
Find.find('.') do
|filename|
if filename =~ /.txt$/i
url_output =
filename.gsub(/.txt$/i, ".html")
url = `cat #{filename}`.chomp
cmd = "curl #{url} -o #{url_output}";
puts cmd
`#{cmd}`
end
end
• require reads in another
ruby file - in this case a
module called Find
• Find returns an array, we
create an iterator filename
to go thru its instances
• We create a new variable to
hold a new filename with the
same base but different .html
extension
• We use backticks `` to run a
system command and
(optionally) save the output
into a variable
• curl is a command in mac os to
retrieve a URL to a file, like wget in
unix

12. CGI example
require 'cgi'
cgi = CGI.new("html3")
size = cgi.params.size
if size > 0 # processing form
in = cgi.params['t'].first.untaint
cgi.out { cgi.html { cgi.head
cgi.body { "Welcome, #{in}!" }
} }
else
puts <<FORM
Content-type: text/html
<HTML><BODY><FORM>
Enter your name: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT
NAME=t><INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT>
</FORM></BODY></HTML>
FORM
end
• CGI requires library
• Create CGI object
• If parameters passed
• Process variable t
• untaint variables if using
them in commands
• No parameters?
• create form using here
document “<<“

13. Reflection
...to examine aspects of the program from within the program itself.
#print out all of the objects in our system
ObjectSpace.each_object(Class) {|c| puts c}
#Get all the methods on an object
“Some String”.methods
#see if an object responds to a certain method
obj.respond_to?(:length)
#see if an object is a type
obj.kind_of?(Numeric)
obj.instance_of?(FixNum)

14. Thank You