Lcng 101

1
cleanenergyfuels.com
LNG-CNG 101

2
LNG-CNG: Overview
Your Speaker:
Henry Pham Hai, B.M.E, M.B.A
Regional Sales Manager
IMW Industries
Your Host:
Amy Little
Marketing & Training Coordinator
IMW Industries
Basics of Natural Gas,
Processing, Cooling,
Compressing, Storage
& Fleet Fueling

3
Agenda
 About Clean Energy Fuels and IMW
 Basics of Natural Gas
 CNG – LNG Processing
 LNG Fueling Station Technology
 LNG Vehicle Fueling
 Other LNG Applications
 CNG Fueling Station Technology
 CNG Vehicle Fueling
 Other CNG Applications

4
Your Speaker
Henry Pham Hai - B.M.E, M.B.A
Regional Sales Manager,
IMW Industries
Mr. Hai has 20 years of experience in the O&G industry, Regional Sales
Manager of IMW Industries, now part of Clean Energy Fuels.
Henry has been responsible for the business development and marketing
support on CNG - LNG vehicles fueling facilities for municipal bus and
waste hauling industries, and public CNG - LNG fueling stations.
Henry holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the Hanoi University of
Technology and an MBA from Maastricht School of Business.

5
Clean Energy Fuels History
 Started as Pickens Fuel Corporation by T. Boone Pickens and Andrew
J. Littlefair, Clean Energy President and CEO in 1997, and now the
largest natural gas fueling provider in the US.
 Clean Energy is committed to delivering the benefits of natural gas
fuel to fleet operators across America.
 Provides natural gas vehicle infrastructure and fuel:
 LNG and CNG fueling stations.
 LNG and CNG fuel sales.
 Assistance with grant funding, vehicle leasing, and financial
incentives.
 Vehicle Facility Modifications to allow vehicle maintenance.

6
About IMW
• IMW has been manufacturing industrial machinery since 1912, and has
evolved to be a leading manufacturer of natural gas compression
systems, serving all major markets Globally. Equipment is currently
operating mid-east to North of the Arctic Circle.
• Quality Products, Leader in CNG Compression & LNG Fueling Solutions
• Provide full range of LNG solutions from NorthStar LNG
• A variety of configurations for all applications

7
A Clean Energy Company
 IMW operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Clean Energy Fuels Corp.
(NASDAQ: CLNE). Clean Energy is the largest provider of natural gas
fuel for transportation in North America and a global leader in the
expanding natural gas vehicle market.
 Clean Energy has operations in CNG and LNG vehicle fueling,
construction and operation of CNG and LNG fueling stations,
biomethane production, and compressor technology.

8
Natural Gas Facts
▪ Formed through the decomposition of organic material trapped below the Earth’s
surface.
▪ Produced from gas wells or as part of crude oil production.
▪ Distributed to end-users through the utility infrastructure or bulk transportation
systems.
▪ Used extensively in residential, commercial, industrial, and power generation
applications.

9
Natural Gas Industry
Source: Energy Information Administration, 2010

10
Natural Gas Measurement Units
▪ Volume units
– Cubic foot (ft3)
– Cubic meter (m3)
• 1 m3 ≈ 35.31 ft3
– million metric standard cubic meters per day
(MMSCMD)
– million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD)
▪ Standard reference conditions (ISO 13443 and ISO
2314)
– Reference temperature: 15°C (59°F)
– Reference pressure: 101.325 kPa (14.69 psia)
▪ Standard volume equivalencies
– 1 standard cubic foot (scf) ≈ 1000 ~ 1050 Btu
– 1 standard cubic meter (scm) ≈ 36973.76 Btu
– 1 MBtu ≈ 1000 scf ≈ 28.31 scm

11
What Is Natural Gas?
▪ Gross Calorific Value (also known as Higher Heating Value):
950–1050 Btu/scf
▪ Specific Gravity (at 15°C, 1 atm): 0.56–0.70

12
The Fire Tetrahedron
HEAT
Chemical
Chain
Reaction
AIR
(OXYGEN)
FUEL
All components must be present for combustion to take place.

13
Flammable Limits for Natural Gas
0% 5% 15% 100%
10%
% gas in air
BURNING
VELOCITY

14
Relative Densities of Some Gases
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.8
AIR
NATURAL GAS .60
ACETYLENE .95
PROPANE 1.52
BUTANE 2.01
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6

15
Growing Global Demand for Natural Gas
Source: IEA, The Golden Age of Gas, 2011

16
Natural Gas Reserves
Source: Oil & Gas Journal, as of January 1, 2012

17
Natural Gas Value Chain

18
Constituents of Natural Gas

19
Basics of LNG - What is LNG 1
 LNG is natural gas that has been refrigerated to -260 Deg. F.
 Liquefaction reduces the volume by 600:1.
 Density of LNG is approximately 3.5 lb/gal at 0 psi, roughly
half the density of diesel fuel.
 LNG is stored at the liquefaction plant in multi-million gallon
storage tanks (typically). The liquefier might be a dedicated
facility for LNG vehicles (Clean Energy two, Boron, CA and
Willis, TX) or might be peak shavers which sell excess LNG
into the LNG vehicle market.
 LNG is predominately methane (typically >98%) with trace
amounts of ethane, propane, etc.

20
Basics of LNG - What is LNG 2
 LNG is colorless, odorless, and non-toxic.
 When vaporized and mixed with air LNG is flammable.
 Cold methane vapor is denser than air and can settle in
enclosed areas, while warm methane vapor is lighter than air
and disperses.
 LNG can also be made from landfill gas, therefore is a
renewable, more carbon-neutral fuel.

21
Basics of LNG - LNG Hazards
 Methane is flammable in air in concentrations of 5% to 15%.
– Below 5% the mixture is too lean to burn.
– Above 15% the mixture to rich to burn.
 Potential for frostbite and freezing due to low temperatures.
– Eyes especially vulnerable to sprayed or splashed LNG.
 Potential for asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen,
especially in enclosed areas.

22
Basics of LNG - LNG Safety and Hazard Prevention
 Recommended Personnel Protective Equipment:
– Cryogenic Gloves
– Face shield
– Closed shoes or boots
– Long sleeve shirt and long pants recommended.
 Hazard Prevention:
– Follow recommended operating and maintenance procedures.
– Use Personnel Protective Equipment
– If there is a leak, avoid direct contact.
– Don’t handle cold hoses and piping without proposer gloves.
– Keep ignition sources away for tank and piping. No smoking.
– Perform vehicle maintenance in proper area.

23
Basics of LNG - First Aid
 First Aid:
– Treat methane burns as other types of burns – cool affected area,
bandage if necessary, and seek medical assistance.
– Treat frostbite by warming slowly (do not run) and seek medical
assistance.
– Treat asphyxia by providing fresh air, rescue breathing if necessary, and
seek medical assistance.
– Seek medical assistance for eye injury caused by LNG.

24
LNG Station Technology
 Main Components of an LNG Station:
– LNG Storage Tank
– LNG Dispense Pump
– LNG Dispenser
– LNG Offload System
– Safety System
– PLC Control System

25
LNG Station Technology – LNG Storage Tank
 Most Clean Energy stations have single
18,000 gallon storage tank, 175 psi
working pressure
 Clean Energy stations have provision to
add second tank.
 Considerations
– Daily amount dispensed
– Spill containment size
– Set back to property line
– Desired on-site days of storage
– Vertical vs. horizontal

26
LNG Station Technology – LNG Dispensing Pump
 ACD TC-34 most commonly used
dispense pump.
 Installed in ASME sump adjacent to
tank.
 Designed for 40 LNG gpm flow rate per
dispenser, one or two dispensers.
 Second pump commonly in place for
redundancy.
 Pump speed varied by control system
to optimize filling.

27
LNG Station Technology – LNG Dispensers
 Newest dispensers have integral card
reader and receipt printer (Gilbarco
frame and electronics with NorthStar
LNG piping).
 Weights and Measures design type
approval.
 Unit of measure is DGE, 6.06 lb/DGE.
 Vehicle venting, when necessary, can
be through fill nozzle for Westport
HPDI or separate vent hose for other
types.
 Designed for automatic operation.

28
LNG Station Technology – LNG Offload System
 NorthStar has been using same type of
pump as dispense pump.
 Allows faster cooldown, easy priming,
and commonality of parts.
 Other types of pumps available.
 Offload connection located on back of
station to allow dispensing while
offloading is occurring.
 Typical pumping time is 70 minutes,
approx. 1-1/2 hours start to finish.

29
LNG Station Technology – Safety System
 Emergency Shut Down System, manual reset only
 Fire Detectors
 Methane Detectors
 Emergency Stop Buttons
 Emergency Shutdown Valves
 Remove electrical power from all LNG equipment
 Spill containment wall sized for entire tank contents
 Auto dialer or fire alarm control panel
 Dispenser flow limits

30
LNG Station Technology – PLC Control System
 Integrated PLC control system to minimize operator input.
 PLC monitors and operates LNG tanks, LNG pumps, and
dispensers.
 CE stations include web server for remote access through
VPN.
 PLC programmed to automatically recover from many faults.
 Some conditions may require technician assistance, such as
sensor failure. Auto dialer calls out to technician.
 PLC contains adjustable operating parameters, normally only
adjusted at commissioning, or to optimize operation.
 PLC also performs data collection that can be used for
optimization or alarm analysis.

31
LNG Station Technology – Considerations
 Fuel at existing public station, or build private station?
 Public stations:
– Maintenance and operations handled by station owner
– Are stations on common routes or near fleet yard?
 Private back lot stations:
– Maintenance and operation by fleet owner, or contracted out.
– Capital cost, or is grant funding available?
– Start with small mobile fueler?
– Sizing station for initial plus future expansion.
– Is space available at fleet yard?

32
LNG Station Technology – Sizing
 Select number of dispensers based on number of vehicles to
be fueled per day
– 2 LNG dispensers minimum recommended for redundancy
– Rule of thumb 50 vehicles per dispenser per day, but every situation is
different.
 Select number of dispense pumps based on number of
dispensers
– 1 pump can feed 2 dispensers.
– Consider second pump for redundancy
 Size storage tank for throughput
– One 10,000 gallon delivery every 3 or 4 days or so is comfortable;
consider larger tanks or multiple tanks if throughput is higher than a
delivery every 2 days.
 General recommendation: Do not over-size tanks or
dispensers; adds cost and adds heat load on station

33
 Heavy-duty vehicles
– >50 DGE/truck/day
 Pipeline gas cooled to -260 F
 Store 2x (energy)/volume as CNG
 Produced at LNG plants & delivered to
LNG station & stored in cryogenic trailers
 Dispensed at 15+ DGE/minute
LNG Vehicle Fueling - Basics

34
LNG Vehicle Fueling - OEM Trucks Available

35
LNG Vehicle Fueling - LNG Fuel Tanks
LNG Common Tanks
LNG Tank
Nominal Size
Effective Size Effective Size Dry Weight Wet Weight
(Gal) (Gal) (DGE) (lbs) (lbs)
119 102 60 495 870
150 128 75 620 1,093
Westport GX 119 94 58 785 1,155

36
LNG Vehicle Fueling – High Pressure/Low
Pressure Engine Systems
 Westport HPDI
– HPDI now out of production, but included an onboard high pressure
pump.
• Uses colder, low pressure LNG than spark ignited system.
 For Saturated Systems for Spark Ignited Engines:
– Spark ignited engines traditionally need low pressure at engine 50 to 80
psi is typical.
– LNG warmed in station to provide suitable pressure
– Recently Chart Industries and Westport have introduced pumping and
pressure building systems (Chart Charger and IcePak).

37
LNG Vehicle Fueling - Infrastructure

38
LNG – Advantages and Considerations
Advantages
 Fuel costs less than diesel
 Lower GHG emissions than diesel
 LNG composition is 97% CH4
 No diesel fuel or exhaust after-
treatment to manage (SI engines)
 Diesel-like fueling
 Greater fuel density/volume
– Greater range than CNG, per volume
– Substantially lower weight of storage
 Less expensive tanks vs. CNG
equivalent
Considerations
 Cryogenic tanks
 Special handling when fueling (PPE)
 Pressure and temperature
management of fuel to engine
 Potential boil off (use it or lose it) if
vehicles are parked for extended
period (typically 7 to 10 hold time,
depending on tank design and
liquid level)
 Building modifications for indoor
maintenance
 Fueling station availability

39
LNG Vehicle Fueling – Clean Energy

40
LNG Vehicle Fueling – Clean Energy

41
LNG Vehicle Fueling - RapidLNG

42
LNG Vehicle Fueling – UTILITY LNG

43
Other LNG Applications
 LNG Rail Locomotives
– Initial trials underway with several rail carriers
– Locomotives may be retrofitted with dual fuel diesel/LNG system
– New locomotives may be dedicated LNG.
– LNG carried in 20,000 gallon or larger tender car with on-board pumps
– Regulatory environment evolving for other-the-rail operation.

44
 Off Highway High Horsepower, such as Mining
– Initial trials underway with heavy-haul mining trucks.
– Likely to be retrofitted with dual-fuel diesel/LNG systems.
– Less onerous regulatory requirements than rail.

45
 Marine
– Initial US projects underway for LNG powered shipping.
– More commonly used in Europe already.
– Requires additional infrastructure development in US for further
implementation (dedicated liquefiers, for example).

46
 Power Generation
– LNG can be used as replacement for propane or oil in many applications
– Goal is reduced fuel costs, balanced against infrastructure cost to switch
to LNG.
– Stranded islands with no local energy source investigating LNG.
 Storage and Vaporization
– Can be used as temporary replacement for pipeline natural gas.
– Replacement for propane for heat (e.g. asphalt plants).

47
CNG Facts
▪ Natural gas can be compressed to reduce its
volume and achieve a higher storage
capacity.
▪ Generally, NGV applications use 3000–3600
psig (206–248 barg).
▪ CNG can be stored in certified high-pressure
cylinders. These include:
– Type 1: all steel;
– Type 2: hoop wrapped composite;
– Type 3: fully wrapped composite; and
– Type 4: fully wrapped and non-metallic liner.
▪ CNG may be used for industrial applications
where natural gas pipe network is not
available (bulk CNG transportation).

48
CNG Advantages
Methane (CH4)
Affordable
Highly
efficient
Environmentally
clean
Extremely
safe
Readily
available

49
Temperature Effect on CNG Volume
As natural gas is compressed, pressure
increases, volume decreases, and
temperature increases.

50
World CNG Statistics
Source: The Gas Vehicles Report, April 2011
▪ Total CNG stations: 20,741
▪ Total CNG vehicles: 14,573,419
▪ Annual CNG used: 23.8 B cubic meters
▪ Annual oil offset: 150,000,000 barrels
▪ Annual GHG offset: 11,000,000 tonnes

51
Natural Gas Compression Basis
 Gas Compressors
▪ Gas compressors increase the pressure of
gas by reducing its volume.
▪ The most common type of compressor
used in CNG applications is the positive-
displacement reciprocating compressor.
▪ Reciprocating compressors have
crankshaft-driven pistons that move back
and forth to achieve suction and
compression of gas.
▪ IMW uses a W-shape reciprocating
compressor that has three throws and
allows up to five stages of compression.
IMW50 Compressor

52
Natural Gas Multi-Stage Compression
▪ Multi-stage compression is required when the compression ratio is too high to be
achieved through single-stage compression.
▪ The gas is compressed in succeeding cylinders to reduce the compression ratio
across each cylinder.
▪ Cylinders have intercoolers installed between them.

53
CNG Vehicle Fueling - Common CNG Applications
 Taxis
 Light duty vehicles (pickup trucks, cars, vans)
 Buses
 Refuse trucks
 Over-the-road tractor trailers

54
Product Overview: Compressors

55
Product Overview: Inlet Gas Dryers
Single-tower, twin tower, manual-regenerating, and self-regenerating

56
Product Overview: Dispensers and Fill Posts
Light-duty, high-flow, time-fill, metered and unmetered

57
Product Overview: CNG Storage Assemblies
ASME, DOT, buffer, 3-bank cascade and bulk CNG trailers in a variety of sizes

58
Product Overview: Pressure Reducing Systems
Full range of step-down gas regulation and reheating

59
CNG Vehicle Fueling - CNG Basics
 Light, medium, and heavy duty vehicles
– Heavy > than 50 DGE/Day
 NG delivered by pipeline to fueling station
 Dried, compressed & stored at 4,500 psi and
dispensed at 3,600 psi
 Dispensed at 3-11 gge/minute
 Stored in several cylinders onboard the vehicle

60
Standard CNG Distribution System
Virtual Pipeline
OR

61
Virtual Pipeline Concept

62
Mother Station: Concept Flowchart
Optional NGV filling equipment

63
Daughter Station: Concept Flowchart
Virtual Pipeline

64
Daughter Decompression Station
 High Horse Power Industrial Applications
Virtual Pipeline Decanting Panel

65
Daughter CNG Industrial: Concept Flowchart

66
Fast-Fill 3-Bank CNG Station: Concept Flowchart
Priority/
ESD
panel

67
CNG Vehicle Fueling - Stations

68
Standard CNG Station Layout

69
CNG Fuel Tanks
CNG Common Tanks
Configuration
Nominal Size Effective Size Dry Weight Wet Weight
(DGE) (DGE) (lbs) (lbs)
4 Tanks BOC 60 45 1,150 1,450
5 Tanks BOC 75 55 1,650 2,025
2 Tanks Side Rail 82 60 1,200 1,650

70
CNG Vehicle Fueling Advantages and Considerations
Advantages
 Greater infrastructure than LNG
– Light and medium duty especially
 Simple fuel systems
– Easy to fuel like gasoline
 No diesel fuel or after-treatment to
manage (SI engines)
 Gas/Vapor instead of cryogenic
 No fuel loss if parked for an
extended period of time
Considerations
 Fuel storage tanks
– Heat of compression (loss of storage
capacity on fast-fill)
– Weigh more than LNG
• Potential impact to payloads and revenue
– Range limitations
– More expensive than LNG
– Takes 2x to 5x longer to fill than LNG
 Cost of compression
– Energy and maintenance with a
compression station
 LDC inconsistencies in NG
composition (Methane # <75)

71
CNG Vehicle Fueling - Station Availability
 CNG stations more widespread than LNG stations.
 Clean Energy owns and operates 400+ CNG stations and 120+
LNG stations, most public access but others private.
 Either LNG or CNG stations can also be constructed on
backlots for private dedicated fleet fueling.
 Grant availability also a consideration to defray capital
expense.

72
CNG Vehicle Fueling - LCNG
 Many CE stations have LCNG fueling (Liquid LNG to CNG)
 Can be used to provide CNG fueling where natural gas pipeline
is not available.
 Much lower electrical consumption than CNG compressors of
same throughput (approx. 1:10)
 LCNG composition typically more consistent and higher
methane than pipeline gas.
 LCNG typically more expensive to produce due to cost of
trucked-in LNG.

73
CNG Vehicle Fueling - LCNG

74
Conclusion
- Tremendous Opportunities in LNG – CNG and LCNG
- Let’s work together to take advantage
- Questions?

75
Questions?

Lcng 101

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Lcng 101

Similar to Lcng 101 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Lcng 101