This document provides an overview of milblogging (military blogging) and discusses the controversy between the U.S. Army and milbloggers over new Army regulations limiting soldiers' ability to blog. It uses Lloyd Bitzer's concept of the "rhetorical situation" as a framework to analyze how milbloggers have justified their activities in response to the regulations. The document examines how milbloggers deployed rhetoric related to information warfare to argue their case and explores what this controversy reveals about the military's understanding of new media technologies.
This document provides a reflection on an individual debate about whether war is an inevitable result of the international system. The author argues against this statement in the debate. They begin by defining key terms like the international system and war. They then develop an argument that political beliefs and human nature, rather than the international system itself, are more to blame for war. The author draws on realist perspectives of human nature and liberal ideas about cooperation to make this case. Throughout the debate, they had to respond to counterarguments, like the security dilemma concept. In the end, they felt they made an adequate case against the motion, but could have benefited from more preparation and research to strengthen their argument.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the contributions of Norway, Spain, and Poland to NATO's 2011 military intervention in Libya known as Operation Unified Protector. It discusses three key factors that may determine if a NATO ally is willing to participate in a military operation: 1) public approval for the use of force in their country, 2) the country's national strategic culture, and 3) the perceived benefits of membership in NATO. The researchers analyzed these three variables across Norway, Spain, and Poland to understand why their contributions differed significantly, from conducting bombing operations to outright opposition, despite all being NATO allies. The findings provide insights into NATO's ability to undertake future operations and the challenges of military burden-sharing within the alliance
This study analyzed over 400 newspaper articles from El Salvador's El Diario de Hoy to understand how its framing affected public rejection of the 2012 gang truce. It examined how the coverage impacted diffusion by influencing perceptions of the truce's attributes. The study also investigated how the paper depicted political actors and whether its frames were more often of peace or war. Understanding the media's role is important as political waves and elite consensus can shift frames and impact peace processes.
Journalists used Twitter during the 2014 Gaza-Israel conflict to report events and share their perspectives. The study examined tweets by Israeli and international journalists to analyze the extent to which Twitter challenges traditional war journalism that is often elite-oriented and nationally oriented. The analysis found that while individual journalists may have more agency on Twitter to retweet critical messages and interact with outsiders, institutional, cultural and national forces still dominated coverage, particularly for journalists from the conflicting parties, similar to traditional media. Journalists on Twitter have more freedom than in the past but are still constrained by virtual national boundaries.
Brianna Jones is an office management/administrative assistant seeking to transfer who owns pets and enjoys traveling with her husband. She has a passion for helping others and likes to exercise outdoors through activities like running, soccer, hiking, gardening and camping. She is taking SP111 to fulfill a transfer requirement and to help with her public speaking anxiety by improving her debate and rationalization skills.
The document discusses the need for long-term preservation of blogs. It notes that while blogging has grown significantly, current archiving efforts are insufficient and many blogs have already disappeared from the internet. The BlogForever project aims to develop a solution for ubiquitous semantic archiving, management and dissemination of blogs and related content like comments. The proposed architecture would allow blogs to be preserved, aggregated and managed long-term to ensure authenticity, integrity and accessibility. The system is intended to benefit bloggers, universities, libraries and others who need to preserve blog collections.
Dr. Aref Nayed analyses the propaganda strategy and methods utilised by ISIS and affiliates in sophisticated video productions aimed at propagating their ideology, and recruiting the young and ignorant. The videos, he notes, are of a very high production value that seem on par with movies coming out of Hollywood studios. He also noted that the videos invoke familiar scenes from violent video games that are clearly designed to pique the interest of the youth. This propaganda, coupled with an ignorance of faith and invocation of familiar motifs such as religion and entertainment, draws vulnerable and disenfranchised youth into the ranks of nefarious organisations such as ISIS.
Overcoming ISIS Libya – a Disaster Recovery Planmovelibyaforward
In his new whitepaper, Aref Nayed Outlines a Disaster Recovery Plan for Libya. He articulates a clear, decisive action plan for immediate recovery in close partnership with a new ‘Friends of Libya’ consortium consisting of reliable and similarly-minded regional and international allies.
This document provides a reflection on an individual debate about whether war is an inevitable result of the international system. The author argues against this statement in the debate. They begin by defining key terms like the international system and war. They then develop an argument that political beliefs and human nature, rather than the international system itself, are more to blame for war. The author draws on realist perspectives of human nature and liberal ideas about cooperation to make this case. Throughout the debate, they had to respond to counterarguments, like the security dilemma concept. In the end, they felt they made an adequate case against the motion, but could have benefited from more preparation and research to strengthen their argument.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the contributions of Norway, Spain, and Poland to NATO's 2011 military intervention in Libya known as Operation Unified Protector. It discusses three key factors that may determine if a NATO ally is willing to participate in a military operation: 1) public approval for the use of force in their country, 2) the country's national strategic culture, and 3) the perceived benefits of membership in NATO. The researchers analyzed these three variables across Norway, Spain, and Poland to understand why their contributions differed significantly, from conducting bombing operations to outright opposition, despite all being NATO allies. The findings provide insights into NATO's ability to undertake future operations and the challenges of military burden-sharing within the alliance
This study analyzed over 400 newspaper articles from El Salvador's El Diario de Hoy to understand how its framing affected public rejection of the 2012 gang truce. It examined how the coverage impacted diffusion by influencing perceptions of the truce's attributes. The study also investigated how the paper depicted political actors and whether its frames were more often of peace or war. Understanding the media's role is important as political waves and elite consensus can shift frames and impact peace processes.
Journalists used Twitter during the 2014 Gaza-Israel conflict to report events and share their perspectives. The study examined tweets by Israeli and international journalists to analyze the extent to which Twitter challenges traditional war journalism that is often elite-oriented and nationally oriented. The analysis found that while individual journalists may have more agency on Twitter to retweet critical messages and interact with outsiders, institutional, cultural and national forces still dominated coverage, particularly for journalists from the conflicting parties, similar to traditional media. Journalists on Twitter have more freedom than in the past but are still constrained by virtual national boundaries.
Brianna Jones is an office management/administrative assistant seeking to transfer who owns pets and enjoys traveling with her husband. She has a passion for helping others and likes to exercise outdoors through activities like running, soccer, hiking, gardening and camping. She is taking SP111 to fulfill a transfer requirement and to help with her public speaking anxiety by improving her debate and rationalization skills.
The document discusses the need for long-term preservation of blogs. It notes that while blogging has grown significantly, current archiving efforts are insufficient and many blogs have already disappeared from the internet. The BlogForever project aims to develop a solution for ubiquitous semantic archiving, management and dissemination of blogs and related content like comments. The proposed architecture would allow blogs to be preserved, aggregated and managed long-term to ensure authenticity, integrity and accessibility. The system is intended to benefit bloggers, universities, libraries and others who need to preserve blog collections.
Dr. Aref Nayed analyses the propaganda strategy and methods utilised by ISIS and affiliates in sophisticated video productions aimed at propagating their ideology, and recruiting the young and ignorant. The videos, he notes, are of a very high production value that seem on par with movies coming out of Hollywood studios. He also noted that the videos invoke familiar scenes from violent video games that are clearly designed to pique the interest of the youth. This propaganda, coupled with an ignorance of faith and invocation of familiar motifs such as religion and entertainment, draws vulnerable and disenfranchised youth into the ranks of nefarious organisations such as ISIS.
Overcoming ISIS Libya – a Disaster Recovery Planmovelibyaforward
In his new whitepaper, Aref Nayed Outlines a Disaster Recovery Plan for Libya. He articulates a clear, decisive action plan for immediate recovery in close partnership with a new ‘Friends of Libya’ consortium consisting of reliable and similarly-minded regional and international allies.
Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digiti.docxaryan532920
Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Rhetoric Review.
http://www.jstor.org
Rhetorical Situations and Their Constituents
Author(s): Keith Grant-Davie
Source: Rhetoric Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Spring, 1997), pp. 264-279
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/465644
Accessed: 23-06-2015 16:47 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/465644?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
This content downloaded from 137.150.104.158 on Tue, 23 Jun 2015 16:47:06 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=taylorfrancis
http://www.jstor.org/stable/465644
http://www.jstor.org/stable/465644?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
KEITH GRANT-DAVIE
Utah State University
Rhetorical Situations and Their Constituents
Ken Burns's documentary film, The Civil War, has mesmerized viewers
since it first aired on PBS in 1990. Among its more appealing features are the
interviews with writers and historians like Shelby Foote and Barbara Fields,
who provide the background information and interpretation necessary to
transform battles, speeches, and letters from dry historical data into a human
drama of characters, intentions, and limitations. In effect, their commentaries
explain the rhetorical situations of the events, pointing out influential factors
within the broader contexts that help explain why decisions were made and
why things turned out as they did. Their analyses of these rhetorical situations
show us that some events might easily have turned out otherwise, while the
outcomes of other events seem all but inevitable when seen in light of the
situations in which they occurred. When we study history, our first question
may be "what happened?" but the more important question, the question whose
answer offers hope of learning for the future as well as understanding the past,
is "why did it happen?" At a fundamental level, then, understanding the
rhetorical situations of historical events helps satisfy our demand for
causality-helps us discover the exten ...
Citation 28 Buff. L. Rev. 1 1978-1979 Provided by Harvar.docxmccormicknadine86
Citation: 28 Buff. L. Rev. 1 1978-1979
Provided by:
Harvard Law School Library
Content downloaded/printed from
HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org)
Sun Jul 10 13:28:47 2016
-- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance
of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license
agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License
-- The search text of this PDF is generated from
uncorrected OCR text.
-- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope
of your HeinOnline license, please use:
https://www.copyright.com/ccc/basicSearch.do?
&operation=go&searchType=0
&lastSearch=simple&all=on&titleOrStdNo=0023-9356
THE 1978 JAMES McCORMICK MITCHELL LECTURE
PRIVACY, SECRECY, AND REPUTATION
RICHARD A. POSNER*
n a recent article I attempted to analyze privacy from the stand-
point of economics.' Because the subject of privacy is a large
and difficult one that had never been approached from an economic
angle, the article was necessarily incomplete. The present article
carries the analysis forward in a number of areas covered inade-
quately or not at all in the previous one. That article was limited
to the concept of privacy as concealment of facts and communica-
tions. This one considers several other aspects of privacy-for ex-
ample, the desire for seclusion that may lead a person to resent
telephone solicitations even if the caller makes no effort to extract
private information from him. The present article also tries to
establish some empirical foundations for the economic analysis of
privacy. Further, it extends the analysis to defamation. Blackening
another's reputation by means of false accusations is closely related
to enhancing one's own reputation by concealing discreditable
facts about oneself-which the first article argued is an important
motivation for seeking privacy. The present article also attempts
(1) to explain the rash of state statutes dealing with privacy in
credit and in employment and (2) to analyze the role of government
both as a possessor of privacy and as an invader of the privacy of
its citizens. These two parts of the article are highly tentative, how-
ever.
0 Lee and Brena Freeman Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School;
member, Senior Research Staff, Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, Uni-
versity of Chicago. This paper, a revised and amplified version of the Mitchell Lecture
given at Buffalo Law School on November 1, 1978, is part of a larger project with George
Stigler on the economics of privacy, conducted under the auspices of the Center for the
Study of the Economy and the State. I wish to thank Robert Bourgeois, for valuable re-
search assistance; Paul Bator, Gary Becker, Gerhard Casper, Richard Epstein, Charles Fried,
Claire Friedland, John Hause, R.H. Helmholz, Anthony Kronman, William Landes, George
Stigler, Geoffrey Stone, and participants in the Applications of Economics workshop at the
University of Chicago, for helpful com ...
Essay on Teamwork | Teamwork Essay for Students and Children in English .... Essay Samples On Importance of Teamwork and Leadership [Free for You]. Understanding teamwork sample essay. Are you a team player essay - mfawriting515.web.fc2.com. Descriptive essay: Team work essay. The importance of teamwork: [Essay Example], 397 words | EssayPay. Be a team player. Team Player Definition Essay. What Makes an Effective Team Work Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Introduction to Leading a Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Teamwork essay - 24/7 Homework Help.. Basketball Odyssey: A Journey of Dedication, Strength, and Teamwork .... Teamwork Essay. Essay On Teamwork Advantages.
005 Essay Example Proposal Proposals Examples ~ Thatsnotus. Research Proposal Topics by Writing a Research Proposal - Issuu. Business Proposal Essay Ideas – Telegraph. A List Of Writing Ideas And Topics For Proposal Essays, Updated. 015 Essay Example Proposal Topics Topic List Good Great College .... Business proposal topics. 30 Research Proposal Topics to Prepare a Good .... A Complete List Of Proposal Essay Topics | Total Assignment Help. Best Research Proposal Topics for Every Student. 017 Proposal Essay Topics Templates Research Uk ~ Thatsnotus.
This document discusses the concept of realism in international relations theory. It analyzes realism as an attribute of thought rather than a defined school of thought. The author presents Berki's interpretation of realism as "being adequate in one's understanding of and relationship (active and passive) to reality." The author argues that realism should not be conflated with Realism as a theoretical tradition. Rather, political realism can be understood as meeting criteria of adequacy and competence in understanding international politics. The author further argues that recognizing the nature of international society, as emphasized in the English School, better meets the criteria of political realism than approaches that focus only on anarchy, like realism.
Textual analysis is mostly used while conducting scientific studies on some relative topics of social science where it is mainly implicated by the researchers in the subjective area of communication.
The Veldt Essay. THE VELDT BY RAY BRADBURY SHORT STORY PRESENTATION amp; ACTI...Dana Burks
"The Veldt" by Ray Bradbury - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. "The Veldt" by Ray Bradbury - Free Essay Example - 576 Words .... An Analysis of "The Veldt" by Ray Bradbury Free Essay Example. The Veldt Technology Theme Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Metaphors in the Veldt - Free Essay Example - 918 Words | PapersOwl.com. The Veldt | Analytical essay - 10 i karakter. THE VELDT BY RAY BRADBURY (SHORT STORY PRESENTATION & ACTIVITIES .... “THE VELDT” THEMES. [American Literature] Ray Bradbury - The Veldt. "The Veldt" by Ray Bradburry Analysis | English (Standard) - Year 11 .... "The Veldt" Suspense Worksheet and Essay Prompt in 2021 | Essay prompts .... The Veldt by Ray Bradbury Critical Essay Notes | Teaching Resources.
Assignment Overview
Individual Project
The Post-Watergate Era
Wed, 4/26/17
Numeric
250
0
2-3 pages
View objectives for this assignment
Go To:
Assignment Details
Scenario
Learning Materials
Reading Assignment
My Work:
Online Deliverables:
Submissions
Looking for tutoring?
Go to Smarthinking
Collapse All |
Expand All
Assignment Details
Assignment Description
There’s an old adage that says that history is always written by the winners. Although this is not always the case, it is true that people's sense of historical events is often influenced by the viewpoints of the historians who write about them.
During the Watergate scandal in 1974, many policy pundits wrote columns demanding that President Richard Nixon resign from the presidency because he was, in their view, clearly culpable for the Watergate break-ins. Not all pundits felt this way, however. Click
here
and
here
to read articles that offer differing views of President Nixon at the height of the Watergate scandal.
Complete the following for this assignment:
Step 1:
Summarize the arguments made in each of the two articles regarding the conduct of President Nixon. How might each of the author’s views impact the reader’s understanding of the Watergate crisis?
Step 2:
Describe how the Watergate events changed American views toward politics and politicians. In your view, how did these events change the press coverage of politicians?
Step 3:
Speculate about how the Watergate event coverage might have been different (better or worse) in the age of social media and smartphones. Would it have lasted as long? Why or why not? Are these innovations in technology helpful or harmful to the way that people understand current events?
At least 2 credible sources are required for this assignment. Your sources should be cited using APA format; both in-text citations and references. Please use the CTU Undergraduate Writing Style Guide for assistance on APA formatting.
References
Burch, D. (1974, May 14).
In defense of Richard Nixon
. Retrieved from The Harvard Crimson Web site: http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/5/14/in-defense-of-richard-nixon-pithe/
The Washington Post. (1973, May 1).
Editorial: Watergate: The unfinished business
. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/050173-2.htm
.
002 How To Write Philosophy Essay Thatsnotus. Example Of Philosophical Essay. Philosophical Essay 2. PDF Phenomenology as Philosophy of Research: An Introductory Essay. Essays in Philosophy Exotic India Art. Philosophy Essay Sample. Essay quot;Philosophy essayquot; - grade 7 - Maria Astrella Rosano s SCIE .... Calaméo - Sample of a philosophy paper. Philosophical Essay Argument Essays Prueba gratuita de 30 días .... SCIE1000 philosophy essay - Chalmers vs Popper in Scientific philosophy .... Philosophy Essay Writing Service: Philosophy Paper Writing Services by .... Philosophical Essay Example SpeedyPaper.com. Philosophy sample essay. Fascinating Philosophy In Life Sample Essay Thatsnotus. Sample Philosophy Papers Free Will Determinism. Example Of Philosophy Essay Introduction, HD Png Download - kindpng. Reflection Essay: Philosophy essay sample. Critical philosophy essay example. How To Write A Philosophical Essay .... Purpose of education essay example. Purpose Of College Education .... How to write a philosophy essay introduction - writinghtml.web.fc2.com. Philosophical Reflection Free Essay Example. Philosophy Essay PDF Argument Lawyer. Write My Philosophy Essay: Introduction to Philosophy Essay. Life Philosophy Essay : Welcome to Reddit,. Philosophy Essay- Final SCIE1000 2018 - Philosophy Essay: SCIE1000 .... Argumentative philosophy essay. Philosophy Argumentative Paper, Essay .... 006 Philosophy Of Teaching Essay Thatsnotus. Critical Essay: Short philosophy essays. How to Write a Philosophical Essay: An Ultimate Guide. Personal Philosophy Essay Examples Telegraph. 001 Philosophy Of Education Essay Example On L Thatsnotus. On Writing a Philosophical Essay: A critical philosophy essay. Essay websites: Philosophy essay examples. 004 Essay Example Philosophy Topics Future Teachers Of Education .... College essay: Philosophy essays examples Philosophical Essay Example Philosophical Essay Example
Second Amendement And International Contextlafenix
This article argues that the debate around the meaning of the Second Amendment has lacked important historical context. Specifically, it notes that the debate in Scotland around having local militias, despite opposition from the British Parliament, helped inform the American debate around state militias. The article seeks to provide this missing transatlantic context in order to better understand the historical meaning of the right to bear arms as it was understood in the late 18th century on both sides of the Atlantic. It does not take a position on the modern interpretation of the Second Amendment but aims to reconstruct the political and legal thinking of the time period to inform the originalist debate.
How to Write an Argumentative Essay Step By Step - Gudwriter. Sample Argument Analysis English - Year 12 VCE Thinkswap. Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. 14. Sample quot;Analyze an Argumentquot; Essay. Argumentative Essay.docx Higher Education Government Free 30-day .... sample-argumentative-essay.pdf DocDroid. Top Argumentative Essay Topics for Students. Word Essay How to Write Manual with Examples EssayRuler - Easy .... What Is an Argumentative Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You .... FREE 9 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF MS Word. Sample Argumentative Essay.doc. Check my Essay: Argumentative essay writing examples. Argument Analysis - Excelsior College OWL - Example of an argument .... Structure of argument analysis essay - Argument Analysis. Argument Analysis Essay - Sakshi Gosavi z Argument Analysis Essay The .... FREE 9 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF. Descriptive Essay: Argument analysis essay. How to Write an Argumentative Essay Samples and Topics. Analysis And Argument Essay. 2 Argumentative Essay Examples Help You To Start Writing You Essay .... Evaluation Argument Essay Sample Master of Template Document. FREE 15 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF MS Word. FREE 16 Argumentative Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF MS Word. Examples Of Argument Analysis Essays. Expository essay: Argument analysis sample. FREE 10 Sample Analysis Essay Templates in MS Word PDF. Sample Argumentative Essay. Learn How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Trust My Paper. 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper Museumlegs. Example Of Argumentative Essay Paragraph Terbaru. 004 Essay Example Ideas For Argumentative Thatsnotus. 004 Paragraph Argumentative Essay Outline Onwebioinnovateco With Theme .... How to Write a Literary Analysis Essay A Step-by-Step Guide - How to ... Argument Analysis Essay Argument Analysis Essay
The Origins of War in Neorealist TheoryAuthor(s) Kenneth N..docxcarlz4
The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory
Author(s): Kenneth N. Waltz
Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 4, The Origin and Prevention of
Major Wars (Spring, 1988), pp. 615-628
Published by: The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/204817
Accessed: 17/09/2008 09:23
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless
you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you
may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mitpress.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed
page of such transmission.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the
scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that
promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of
Interdisciplinary History.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/stable/204817?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mitpress
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xvIII:4 (Spring 1988), 615-628.
Kenneth N. Waltz
The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory Like
most historians, many students of international politics have been
skeptical about the possibility of creating a theory that might help
one to understand and explain the international events that interest
us. Thus Morgenthau, foremost among traditional realists, was
fond of repeating Blaise Pascal's remark that "the history of the
world would have been different had Cleopatra's nose been a bit
shorter" and then asking "How do you systemize that?"1 His
appreciation of the role of the accidental and the occurrence of
the unexpected in politics dampened his theoretical ambition.
The response of neorealists is that, although difficulties
abound, some of the obstacles that seem most daunting lie in
misapprehensions about theory. Theory obviously cannot explain
the accidental or account for unexpected events; it deals in regu-
larities and repetitions and is possible only if these can be identi-
fied. A further difficulty is found in the failure of realists to
conceive of international politics as a distinct domain about which
theories can be fashioned. Morgenthau, f.
This document provides background information on the formation and operations of the Special Study Group, also known as the Iron Mountain commission. It describes how the idea for such a study originated in the Kennedy administration to plan more seriously for the possibility of long-term peace. The group was formed secretly in 1963 and worked for over two years, producing a report on the problems that could arise in a world without war. The document discusses how the group was selected by an ad hoc high-level government committee and given a unique mandate to approach the issues without constraints on their thinking. It also notes debate within the group over whether to publicly disclose their controversial findings.
An Introduction To Mill S Utilitarian EthicsAmy Roman
This document provides an introduction to Henry R. West's book "An Introduction to Mill's Utilitarian Ethics". It summarizes West's goals in writing the book, which are to provide an interpretation of John Stuart Mill's essay "Utilitarianism" and defend it against common objections. West aims to show Mill's version of utilitarianism is more coherent than often portrayed and a plausible ethical theory. The introduction outlines how West's book will examine key aspects of Mill's theory through different lenses, including an analysis of Mill in comparison to Jeremy Bentham and a discussion of act vs. rule utilitarian interpretations of Mill. It argues reading Mill's work as a whole, not just excerpts, is important
How To Write A Conclusion For An Essay.pdfLory Holets
Conclusion - How to write an essay - LibGuides at University of .... Best Tips and Help on How to Write a Conclusion for Your Essay. PPT - How to Write a Concluding Paragraph PowerPoint Presentation - ID .... [Download 13+] Get Example For Conclusion Paragraph Background jpg - F1 .... How To Write a Conclusion for an Essay:
How To Write A Conclusion For An Essay.pdfHeidi Prado
Conclusion - How to write an essay - LibGuides at University of .... Best Tips and Help on How to Write a Conclusion for Your Essay. PPT - How to Write a Concluding Paragraph PowerPoint Presentation - ID .... [Download 13+] Get Example For Conclusion Paragraph Background jpg - F1 .... How To Write a Conclusion for an Essay: Expert Tips and Examples .... How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper: Full Guide | EssayPro .... Unusual Conclusion For Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Essay Writing Conclusion Maker. How to start a good essay conclusion | Writing conclusions, Research .... PPT - Write a Conclusion for a Formal Lab Report PowerPoint .... How to write a captivating essay conclusion. Essay Writing Conclusion Maker – Want To Know How It Works?.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable generating fictional personal narratives without the consent of the person being portrayed.
Speaking about Muhammad, Speaking for MuslimsAuthor(s) An.docxsusanschei
This document summarizes and critiques an article by Saba Mahmood about how Muslims experienced moral injury from the Danish cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad. The summary notes that Mahmood argues Muslims felt injured not because of blasphemy against religious law, but because the cartoons damaged the ethical structure of their relationship with Muhammad as a moral exemplar. However, the document questions if this is the sole account of Muslim reactions, and suggests formal Islamic legal and intellectual traditions were also important. It also raises questions about the concept of "moral injury" and how it differs from other forms of emotional pain or discomfort people may feel from criticism of their beliefs.
The document provides guidance and reminders for writing a DBQ essay. It includes a sample prompt about analyzing Han and Roman attitudes toward technology. It provides a sample thesis addressing positive, negative, and government involvement views. It offers guidance on essay structure, including topic sentences, evidence from documents, and point of view statements. It emphasizes directly addressing the prompt in the thesis and throughout the essay. Finally, it provides examples of acceptable point of view statements that analyze an author's perspective in relation to their role or position in society.
Argumentative Essay Examples 6Th Grade Pdf / 10 Easy Argumentative .... How To Write An Argumentative Essay Example - Hair Highlight Trends. Argumentative Essay.docx | Higher Education | Government | Free 30-day .... What Is an Argumentative Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You .... Example Of Argumentative Essay Paragraph Terbaru. 50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics. Argumentative Essay Examples, Structure & Topics | Pro Essay Help. Argumentative Essay Help – Qualities of good essay writers. Sample Argumentative Essay.doc. Argumentative Essay Example. 50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics - Topics for writing an .... sample-argumentative-essay.pdf | DocDroid. 005 Sample Essay Argument Example ~ Thatsnotus. Argumentative Essay. Persuasive Essay: Introduction to argumentative essay example. Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. Argumentative essay | Professional academic writing and homework help. Argumentative essay example short Truth or Consequences .... Argumentative Essay: Definition, Outline & Examples of Argumentative ....
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digiti.docxaryan532920
Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Rhetoric Review.
http://www.jstor.org
Rhetorical Situations and Their Constituents
Author(s): Keith Grant-Davie
Source: Rhetoric Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Spring, 1997), pp. 264-279
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/465644
Accessed: 23-06-2015 16:47 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/465644?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
This content downloaded from 137.150.104.158 on Tue, 23 Jun 2015 16:47:06 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=taylorfrancis
http://www.jstor.org/stable/465644
http://www.jstor.org/stable/465644?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
KEITH GRANT-DAVIE
Utah State University
Rhetorical Situations and Their Constituents
Ken Burns's documentary film, The Civil War, has mesmerized viewers
since it first aired on PBS in 1990. Among its more appealing features are the
interviews with writers and historians like Shelby Foote and Barbara Fields,
who provide the background information and interpretation necessary to
transform battles, speeches, and letters from dry historical data into a human
drama of characters, intentions, and limitations. In effect, their commentaries
explain the rhetorical situations of the events, pointing out influential factors
within the broader contexts that help explain why decisions were made and
why things turned out as they did. Their analyses of these rhetorical situations
show us that some events might easily have turned out otherwise, while the
outcomes of other events seem all but inevitable when seen in light of the
situations in which they occurred. When we study history, our first question
may be "what happened?" but the more important question, the question whose
answer offers hope of learning for the future as well as understanding the past,
is "why did it happen?" At a fundamental level, then, understanding the
rhetorical situations of historical events helps satisfy our demand for
causality-helps us discover the exten ...
Citation 28 Buff. L. Rev. 1 1978-1979 Provided by Harvar.docxmccormicknadine86
Citation: 28 Buff. L. Rev. 1 1978-1979
Provided by:
Harvard Law School Library
Content downloaded/printed from
HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org)
Sun Jul 10 13:28:47 2016
-- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance
of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license
agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License
-- The search text of this PDF is generated from
uncorrected OCR text.
-- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope
of your HeinOnline license, please use:
https://www.copyright.com/ccc/basicSearch.do?
&operation=go&searchType=0
&lastSearch=simple&all=on&titleOrStdNo=0023-9356
THE 1978 JAMES McCORMICK MITCHELL LECTURE
PRIVACY, SECRECY, AND REPUTATION
RICHARD A. POSNER*
n a recent article I attempted to analyze privacy from the stand-
point of economics.' Because the subject of privacy is a large
and difficult one that had never been approached from an economic
angle, the article was necessarily incomplete. The present article
carries the analysis forward in a number of areas covered inade-
quately or not at all in the previous one. That article was limited
to the concept of privacy as concealment of facts and communica-
tions. This one considers several other aspects of privacy-for ex-
ample, the desire for seclusion that may lead a person to resent
telephone solicitations even if the caller makes no effort to extract
private information from him. The present article also tries to
establish some empirical foundations for the economic analysis of
privacy. Further, it extends the analysis to defamation. Blackening
another's reputation by means of false accusations is closely related
to enhancing one's own reputation by concealing discreditable
facts about oneself-which the first article argued is an important
motivation for seeking privacy. The present article also attempts
(1) to explain the rash of state statutes dealing with privacy in
credit and in employment and (2) to analyze the role of government
both as a possessor of privacy and as an invader of the privacy of
its citizens. These two parts of the article are highly tentative, how-
ever.
0 Lee and Brena Freeman Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School;
member, Senior Research Staff, Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, Uni-
versity of Chicago. This paper, a revised and amplified version of the Mitchell Lecture
given at Buffalo Law School on November 1, 1978, is part of a larger project with George
Stigler on the economics of privacy, conducted under the auspices of the Center for the
Study of the Economy and the State. I wish to thank Robert Bourgeois, for valuable re-
search assistance; Paul Bator, Gary Becker, Gerhard Casper, Richard Epstein, Charles Fried,
Claire Friedland, John Hause, R.H. Helmholz, Anthony Kronman, William Landes, George
Stigler, Geoffrey Stone, and participants in the Applications of Economics workshop at the
University of Chicago, for helpful com ...
Essay on Teamwork | Teamwork Essay for Students and Children in English .... Essay Samples On Importance of Teamwork and Leadership [Free for You]. Understanding teamwork sample essay. Are you a team player essay - mfawriting515.web.fc2.com. Descriptive essay: Team work essay. The importance of teamwork: [Essay Example], 397 words | EssayPay. Be a team player. Team Player Definition Essay. What Makes an Effective Team Work Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Introduction to Leading a Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Teamwork essay - 24/7 Homework Help.. Basketball Odyssey: A Journey of Dedication, Strength, and Teamwork .... Teamwork Essay. Essay On Teamwork Advantages.
005 Essay Example Proposal Proposals Examples ~ Thatsnotus. Research Proposal Topics by Writing a Research Proposal - Issuu. Business Proposal Essay Ideas – Telegraph. A List Of Writing Ideas And Topics For Proposal Essays, Updated. 015 Essay Example Proposal Topics Topic List Good Great College .... Business proposal topics. 30 Research Proposal Topics to Prepare a Good .... A Complete List Of Proposal Essay Topics | Total Assignment Help. Best Research Proposal Topics for Every Student. 017 Proposal Essay Topics Templates Research Uk ~ Thatsnotus.
This document discusses the concept of realism in international relations theory. It analyzes realism as an attribute of thought rather than a defined school of thought. The author presents Berki's interpretation of realism as "being adequate in one's understanding of and relationship (active and passive) to reality." The author argues that realism should not be conflated with Realism as a theoretical tradition. Rather, political realism can be understood as meeting criteria of adequacy and competence in understanding international politics. The author further argues that recognizing the nature of international society, as emphasized in the English School, better meets the criteria of political realism than approaches that focus only on anarchy, like realism.
Textual analysis is mostly used while conducting scientific studies on some relative topics of social science where it is mainly implicated by the researchers in the subjective area of communication.
The Veldt Essay. THE VELDT BY RAY BRADBURY SHORT STORY PRESENTATION amp; ACTI...Dana Burks
"The Veldt" by Ray Bradbury - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. "The Veldt" by Ray Bradbury - Free Essay Example - 576 Words .... An Analysis of "The Veldt" by Ray Bradbury Free Essay Example. The Veldt Technology Theme Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Metaphors in the Veldt - Free Essay Example - 918 Words | PapersOwl.com. The Veldt | Analytical essay - 10 i karakter. THE VELDT BY RAY BRADBURY (SHORT STORY PRESENTATION & ACTIVITIES .... “THE VELDT” THEMES. [American Literature] Ray Bradbury - The Veldt. "The Veldt" by Ray Bradburry Analysis | English (Standard) - Year 11 .... "The Veldt" Suspense Worksheet and Essay Prompt in 2021 | Essay prompts .... The Veldt by Ray Bradbury Critical Essay Notes | Teaching Resources.
Assignment Overview
Individual Project
The Post-Watergate Era
Wed, 4/26/17
Numeric
250
0
2-3 pages
View objectives for this assignment
Go To:
Assignment Details
Scenario
Learning Materials
Reading Assignment
My Work:
Online Deliverables:
Submissions
Looking for tutoring?
Go to Smarthinking
Collapse All |
Expand All
Assignment Details
Assignment Description
There’s an old adage that says that history is always written by the winners. Although this is not always the case, it is true that people's sense of historical events is often influenced by the viewpoints of the historians who write about them.
During the Watergate scandal in 1974, many policy pundits wrote columns demanding that President Richard Nixon resign from the presidency because he was, in their view, clearly culpable for the Watergate break-ins. Not all pundits felt this way, however. Click
here
and
here
to read articles that offer differing views of President Nixon at the height of the Watergate scandal.
Complete the following for this assignment:
Step 1:
Summarize the arguments made in each of the two articles regarding the conduct of President Nixon. How might each of the author’s views impact the reader’s understanding of the Watergate crisis?
Step 2:
Describe how the Watergate events changed American views toward politics and politicians. In your view, how did these events change the press coverage of politicians?
Step 3:
Speculate about how the Watergate event coverage might have been different (better or worse) in the age of social media and smartphones. Would it have lasted as long? Why or why not? Are these innovations in technology helpful or harmful to the way that people understand current events?
At least 2 credible sources are required for this assignment. Your sources should be cited using APA format; both in-text citations and references. Please use the CTU Undergraduate Writing Style Guide for assistance on APA formatting.
References
Burch, D. (1974, May 14).
In defense of Richard Nixon
. Retrieved from The Harvard Crimson Web site: http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/5/14/in-defense-of-richard-nixon-pithe/
The Washington Post. (1973, May 1).
Editorial: Watergate: The unfinished business
. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/050173-2.htm
.
002 How To Write Philosophy Essay Thatsnotus. Example Of Philosophical Essay. Philosophical Essay 2. PDF Phenomenology as Philosophy of Research: An Introductory Essay. Essays in Philosophy Exotic India Art. Philosophy Essay Sample. Essay quot;Philosophy essayquot; - grade 7 - Maria Astrella Rosano s SCIE .... Calaméo - Sample of a philosophy paper. Philosophical Essay Argument Essays Prueba gratuita de 30 días .... SCIE1000 philosophy essay - Chalmers vs Popper in Scientific philosophy .... Philosophy Essay Writing Service: Philosophy Paper Writing Services by .... Philosophical Essay Example SpeedyPaper.com. Philosophy sample essay. Fascinating Philosophy In Life Sample Essay Thatsnotus. Sample Philosophy Papers Free Will Determinism. Example Of Philosophy Essay Introduction, HD Png Download - kindpng. Reflection Essay: Philosophy essay sample. Critical philosophy essay example. How To Write A Philosophical Essay .... Purpose of education essay example. Purpose Of College Education .... How to write a philosophy essay introduction - writinghtml.web.fc2.com. Philosophical Reflection Free Essay Example. Philosophy Essay PDF Argument Lawyer. Write My Philosophy Essay: Introduction to Philosophy Essay. Life Philosophy Essay : Welcome to Reddit,. Philosophy Essay- Final SCIE1000 2018 - Philosophy Essay: SCIE1000 .... Argumentative philosophy essay. Philosophy Argumentative Paper, Essay .... 006 Philosophy Of Teaching Essay Thatsnotus. Critical Essay: Short philosophy essays. How to Write a Philosophical Essay: An Ultimate Guide. Personal Philosophy Essay Examples Telegraph. 001 Philosophy Of Education Essay Example On L Thatsnotus. On Writing a Philosophical Essay: A critical philosophy essay. Essay websites: Philosophy essay examples. 004 Essay Example Philosophy Topics Future Teachers Of Education .... College essay: Philosophy essays examples Philosophical Essay Example Philosophical Essay Example
Second Amendement And International Contextlafenix
This article argues that the debate around the meaning of the Second Amendment has lacked important historical context. Specifically, it notes that the debate in Scotland around having local militias, despite opposition from the British Parliament, helped inform the American debate around state militias. The article seeks to provide this missing transatlantic context in order to better understand the historical meaning of the right to bear arms as it was understood in the late 18th century on both sides of the Atlantic. It does not take a position on the modern interpretation of the Second Amendment but aims to reconstruct the political and legal thinking of the time period to inform the originalist debate.
How to Write an Argumentative Essay Step By Step - Gudwriter. Sample Argument Analysis English - Year 12 VCE Thinkswap. Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. 14. Sample quot;Analyze an Argumentquot; Essay. Argumentative Essay.docx Higher Education Government Free 30-day .... sample-argumentative-essay.pdf DocDroid. Top Argumentative Essay Topics for Students. Word Essay How to Write Manual with Examples EssayRuler - Easy .... What Is an Argumentative Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You .... FREE 9 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF MS Word. Sample Argumentative Essay.doc. Check my Essay: Argumentative essay writing examples. Argument Analysis - Excelsior College OWL - Example of an argument .... Structure of argument analysis essay - Argument Analysis. Argument Analysis Essay - Sakshi Gosavi z Argument Analysis Essay The .... FREE 9 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF. Descriptive Essay: Argument analysis essay. How to Write an Argumentative Essay Samples and Topics. Analysis And Argument Essay. 2 Argumentative Essay Examples Help You To Start Writing You Essay .... Evaluation Argument Essay Sample Master of Template Document. FREE 15 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF MS Word. FREE 16 Argumentative Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF MS Word. Examples Of Argument Analysis Essays. Expository essay: Argument analysis sample. FREE 10 Sample Analysis Essay Templates in MS Word PDF. Sample Argumentative Essay. Learn How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Trust My Paper. 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper Museumlegs. Example Of Argumentative Essay Paragraph Terbaru. 004 Essay Example Ideas For Argumentative Thatsnotus. 004 Paragraph Argumentative Essay Outline Onwebioinnovateco With Theme .... How to Write a Literary Analysis Essay A Step-by-Step Guide - How to ... Argument Analysis Essay Argument Analysis Essay
The Origins of War in Neorealist TheoryAuthor(s) Kenneth N..docxcarlz4
The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory
Author(s): Kenneth N. Waltz
Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 4, The Origin and Prevention of
Major Wars (Spring, 1988), pp. 615-628
Published by: The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/204817
Accessed: 17/09/2008 09:23
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless
you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you
may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mitpress.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed
page of such transmission.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the
scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that
promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of
Interdisciplinary History.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/stable/204817?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mitpress
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xvIII:4 (Spring 1988), 615-628.
Kenneth N. Waltz
The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory Like
most historians, many students of international politics have been
skeptical about the possibility of creating a theory that might help
one to understand and explain the international events that interest
us. Thus Morgenthau, foremost among traditional realists, was
fond of repeating Blaise Pascal's remark that "the history of the
world would have been different had Cleopatra's nose been a bit
shorter" and then asking "How do you systemize that?"1 His
appreciation of the role of the accidental and the occurrence of
the unexpected in politics dampened his theoretical ambition.
The response of neorealists is that, although difficulties
abound, some of the obstacles that seem most daunting lie in
misapprehensions about theory. Theory obviously cannot explain
the accidental or account for unexpected events; it deals in regu-
larities and repetitions and is possible only if these can be identi-
fied. A further difficulty is found in the failure of realists to
conceive of international politics as a distinct domain about which
theories can be fashioned. Morgenthau, f.
This document provides background information on the formation and operations of the Special Study Group, also known as the Iron Mountain commission. It describes how the idea for such a study originated in the Kennedy administration to plan more seriously for the possibility of long-term peace. The group was formed secretly in 1963 and worked for over two years, producing a report on the problems that could arise in a world without war. The document discusses how the group was selected by an ad hoc high-level government committee and given a unique mandate to approach the issues without constraints on their thinking. It also notes debate within the group over whether to publicly disclose their controversial findings.
An Introduction To Mill S Utilitarian EthicsAmy Roman
This document provides an introduction to Henry R. West's book "An Introduction to Mill's Utilitarian Ethics". It summarizes West's goals in writing the book, which are to provide an interpretation of John Stuart Mill's essay "Utilitarianism" and defend it against common objections. West aims to show Mill's version of utilitarianism is more coherent than often portrayed and a plausible ethical theory. The introduction outlines how West's book will examine key aspects of Mill's theory through different lenses, including an analysis of Mill in comparison to Jeremy Bentham and a discussion of act vs. rule utilitarian interpretations of Mill. It argues reading Mill's work as a whole, not just excerpts, is important
How To Write A Conclusion For An Essay.pdfLory Holets
Conclusion - How to write an essay - LibGuides at University of .... Best Tips and Help on How to Write a Conclusion for Your Essay. PPT - How to Write a Concluding Paragraph PowerPoint Presentation - ID .... [Download 13+] Get Example For Conclusion Paragraph Background jpg - F1 .... How To Write a Conclusion for an Essay:
How To Write A Conclusion For An Essay.pdfHeidi Prado
Conclusion - How to write an essay - LibGuides at University of .... Best Tips and Help on How to Write a Conclusion for Your Essay. PPT - How to Write a Concluding Paragraph PowerPoint Presentation - ID .... [Download 13+] Get Example For Conclusion Paragraph Background jpg - F1 .... How To Write a Conclusion for an Essay: Expert Tips and Examples .... How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper: Full Guide | EssayPro .... Unusual Conclusion For Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Essay Writing Conclusion Maker. How to start a good essay conclusion | Writing conclusions, Research .... PPT - Write a Conclusion for a Formal Lab Report PowerPoint .... How to write a captivating essay conclusion. Essay Writing Conclusion Maker – Want To Know How It Works?.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable generating fictional personal narratives without the consent of the person being portrayed.
Speaking about Muhammad, Speaking for MuslimsAuthor(s) An.docxsusanschei
This document summarizes and critiques an article by Saba Mahmood about how Muslims experienced moral injury from the Danish cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad. The summary notes that Mahmood argues Muslims felt injured not because of blasphemy against religious law, but because the cartoons damaged the ethical structure of their relationship with Muhammad as a moral exemplar. However, the document questions if this is the sole account of Muslim reactions, and suggests formal Islamic legal and intellectual traditions were also important. It also raises questions about the concept of "moral injury" and how it differs from other forms of emotional pain or discomfort people may feel from criticism of their beliefs.
The document provides guidance and reminders for writing a DBQ essay. It includes a sample prompt about analyzing Han and Roman attitudes toward technology. It provides a sample thesis addressing positive, negative, and government involvement views. It offers guidance on essay structure, including topic sentences, evidence from documents, and point of view statements. It emphasizes directly addressing the prompt in the thesis and throughout the essay. Finally, it provides examples of acceptable point of view statements that analyze an author's perspective in relation to their role or position in society.
Argumentative Essay Examples 6Th Grade Pdf / 10 Easy Argumentative .... How To Write An Argumentative Essay Example - Hair Highlight Trends. Argumentative Essay.docx | Higher Education | Government | Free 30-day .... What Is an Argumentative Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You .... Example Of Argumentative Essay Paragraph Terbaru. 50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics. Argumentative Essay Examples, Structure & Topics | Pro Essay Help. Argumentative Essay Help – Qualities of good essay writers. Sample Argumentative Essay.doc. Argumentative Essay Example. 50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics - Topics for writing an .... sample-argumentative-essay.pdf | DocDroid. 005 Sample Essay Argument Example ~ Thatsnotus. Argumentative Essay. Persuasive Essay: Introduction to argumentative essay example. Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. Argumentative essay | Professional academic writing and homework help. Argumentative essay example short Truth or Consequences .... Argumentative Essay: Definition, Outline & Examples of Argumentative ....
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
SAP S/4 HANA sourcing and procurement to Public cloud
Lawson Loosing The Blogs Of War
1. Loosing the Blogs of War: The Advent of “Milblogging” in the post-9/11
U.S. Military
Sean Lawson
Department of Science and Technology Studies
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
July 30, 2007
Introduction
1.1
On 5 May 2007, in a videotaped message, the President of the United States addressed a
group of active and retired U.S. military men and women, along with a number of family
members, spouses, and friends of military men and women, thanking them for their
unique contributions in the war on terrorism.1 The men and women that he addressed
were the attendees of the second annual Milblog Conference, held in Arlington, Virginia,
just minutes from the nation’s capitol. Their unique contribution to the war on terrorism
stemmed from their activities in cyberspace, namely, their activities as military bloggers,
or “milbloggers,” as they have come to be known. President Bush was not alone in his
praise of milbloggers. One conference participant read an email sent to him by General
David Petraeus, commanding general of U.S. forces in Iraq, praising the activity of
milbloggers.2 Several Senators, including Democratic Senator and outspoken war critic
1
The video can be found at Sean Dustman, “The Milblog Conference,” Doc in the Box (May 5, 2007),
http://docinthebox.blogspot.com/2007/05/milblog-conference.html, accessed on 7/30/2007.
2
Blackfive sited the letter here: Blackfive, “The 2007 Milblog Conference-Flash Report,” Blackfive (May
7, 2007), http://www.blackfive.net/main/2007/05/the_2007_milblo.html, accessed on 7/6/2007.. It read, in
part, “...I wanted to offer my thanks to you for what you’ve done and also to thank, via you, the bloggers
who have worked to provide accurate descriptions of the situation on the ground here in Iraq and
elsewhere. Milbloggers have become increasingly important, of course, given the enormous growth in
individuals who get their news online in the virtual world instead of through newspapers and television. So
please extend my appreciation to them for performing this task -- and, of course, for doing it in ways that
does not violate legitimate operational security guidelines. Best from Baghdad --General Dave Petraeus”
1
2. Ted Kennedy also sent letters of support.3 To many, their words appeared to be the latest
salvo in an ongoing struggle between the Army and milbloggers over the publication in
April of revised Army OPSEC (Operations Security) regulations which, in part, seemed
to more strictly limit the ability of soldiers to blog, send emails, or post to public forums
on the Internet.
This paper will draw from the literature on the notion of “rhetorical situation” to
examine milblogger justifications of their online activities in the face of the new Army
regulations in particular, as well as recent DoD attempts to limit access to online social
networking sites more generally. In so doing, it will place milblogging within a broader
historical and intellectual context by examining the ways that milblogger articulations of
the value of milblogging have reflected larger patterns of thought within the U.S. defense
establishment regarding the meaning of the Information Age and new media technologies
for military affairs. It will demonstrate that as the two “sides” in the controversy have
worked through this uncharted territory, milbloggers have responded by deploying a
rhetoric of information warfare that is well-known within the military. Such rhetoric,
viewed through the lens of rhetorical situation, yields valuable insights into milblogger
motivations. It also provides an on-the-ground view of the uneven and often contested
manner in which the U.S. military has understood the meaning of the Information Age
and new media technologies for military affairs. Finally, an examination of this
particular controversy demonstrates the continuing usefulness of the notion of rhetorical
situation, providing justification for attempts at a postmodern re-construction/re-
interpretation of the concept.
The Rhetorical Situation
1.2
This paper adopts the notion of rhetorical situation as first articulated by Lloyd Bitzer
(1968), and subsequently re-constructed and re-interpreted by a number of other scholars
over the last forty years, as a framework for analyzing the current Army-milblogger
controversy. As such, I adopt Bitzer’s definition of rhetoric as action, as opposed to the
colloquial understanding of rhetoric as mere verbal decoration, trickery, or hollow,
3
Blackfive provided copies of both letters in the same post. See Ibid.
2
3. meaningless speech. Bitzer explains that “a work of rhetoric is pragmatic; it comes into
existence for the sake of something beyond itself; it functions ultimately to produce
action or change in the world; it performs some task. In short, rhetoric is a mode of
altering reality, not by the direct application of energy to objects, but by the creation of
discourse which changes reality through the mediation of thought and action. The rhetor
alters reality by bringing into existence a discourse of such a character that the audience,
in thought and action, is so engaged that it becomes mediator of change.”4 Bitzer
describes that “something beyond itself” as “a situation of a certain kind”--i.e. a
“rhetorical situation.”5
In Bitzer’s initial formulation, a rhetorical situation is composed of three basic
elements beyond the “speaker” or “rhetor”: 1) the “exigence,” 2) the “audience,” and 3)
the “constraints.” Bitzer defines an “exigence” as “an imperfection marked by urgency;
it is a defect, obstacle, something waiting to be done, a thing which is other than it should
be.” He further specifies a particular class of exigence, the “rhetorical exigence.” He
explains that “not all [exigences] are rhetorical exigences” because not all exigences can
be modified: “An exigence which cannot be modified is not rhetorical.” He lists “death,
winter, and some natural disasters” as non-rhetorical exigences because no amount of
rhetorical discourse, nor any other mode of human action, can change their inevitability.
Thus, “An exigence is rhetorical when it is capable of positive modification and when
positive modification requires discourse or can be assisted by discourse.”6
The second element of a rhetorical situation is the “audience”. Bitzer insists that
because rhetoric aims to produce change through affecting the thoughts, decisions, and
actions of humans, “rhetoric always requires an audience--even in those cases when a
person engages himself or ideal mind as audience.”7 Again, Bitzer qualifies his
definition, distinguishing any “audience” in general, what he calls “a body of mere
hearers or readers,” from a “rhetorical audience”. He writes, “A rhetorical audience
4
Lloyd F. Bitzer, “The Rhetorical Situation,”Philosophy & Rhetoric 1, no. 1. (1968), 3-4.
5
Ibid., 4.
6
Ibid., 6-7.
7
Ibid., 7-8.
3
4. consists only of those persons who are capable of being influenced by discourse and of
being mediators of change.”8
Finally, both the speaker and the audience will be subject to a number of
“constraints,” the third element in the rhetorical situation. Bitzer explains that
“constraints” are “made up of persons, events, objects, and relations which are parts of
the situation because they have the power to constrain decision and action needed to
modify the exigence. Standard sources of constraint include beliefs, attitudes,
documents, facts, traditions, images, interests, motives, and the like; and when the orator
enters the situation, his discourse not only harnesses constraints given by situation but
provides additional important constraints.”9 In short, certain aspects of the situation will
limit what the speaker can say. Likewise, certain aspects of the situation will also limit
the possible decisions and actions of the audience. The speaker will seek to use the given
constraints to his or her advantage, attempting to channel the thought processes of the
audience in a particular way and to constrain the realm of possible decisions and actions
that could be taken by the audience such that those decisions or actions available to the
audience would bring about the change to the exigence that the speaker seeks.
Since Bitzer’s original articulation of the concept of the rhetorical situation, a
number of other scholars have worked to re-interpret and reconstruct the concept in light
of the growing postmodernist sensibilities within the humanities and social sciences. A
number of scholars initially took issue with Bitzer’s explanation of the impacts of both
situation and exigence upon the formation of rhetorical discourse. Richard E. Vatz was
first to criticize Bitzer for taking a naïve realist view of the nature of rhetorical situations.
Contra Bitzer, Vatz took an extreme relativist position by arguing that “No situation can
have a nature independent of the perception of its interpreter or independent of the
rhetoric with which he chooses to characterize it.”10 Ultimately, he contended that facts
and meaning are arbitrary and subjective: “The very choice of what facts or events are
relevant is a matter of pure arbitration... To the audience, events become meaningful only
through their linguistic depiction... Therefore, meaning is not discovered in situations, but
8
Ibid., 8.
9
Ibid., 8.
10
Richard E. Vatz, “The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation,”Philosophy & Rhetoric 6, no. 3. (1973), 154.
4
5. created by rhetors.”11 Arthur B. Miller took a more moderate view than Vatz. He did
argue that Bitzer’s view of the role of exigence was too deterministic, that in fact, there
exists much more flexibility among speaker and audience where the interpretation of the
exigence is involved, and that the constraints imposed by the exigence are not so strict as
Bitzer would lead us to believe. Likewise, and similar to Vatz, Miller argued that “within
the limits specified by each exigence, the ultimate or perceived nature of the exigence
depends upon the constraints of the perceiver. Thus, the ultimate character of an
exigence is a conclusion in the mind of its perceiver.”12 However, Miller did not take the
same, extreme relativist view as Vatz because he still admitted the existence of the
situation and the exigence, noting that while the exigence might not determine the
speaker’s response, it nonetheless “specifies the limits of the topic of communication and
simultaneously provides opportunities within those limits for adapting to hearers.”13
The best resolution of the conflict over whether situations and exigences are real or
“merely” constructs comes in the work of David M. Hunsaker and Craig R. Smith. The
two recognized both “the generating power of a rhetorical exigence,” as well as “the
ability of a communicator to manipulate perception of that exigence,” to say nothing of
“the variety of audience perceptions of exigence and communicator, and the capacity of
an auditor to perceive selectively,” issues that were not initially raised by Bitzer, Vatz, or
Miller.14 Basically, to the question, “Are exigences real or constructs?” Hunsaker and
Smith answer with a resounding “Yes--both!” Hunsaker and Smith also expand upon the
notion of a rhetorical exigence by adding the notion of the “issue.” They define an
“issue” as “the articulation of a perceived choice of belief or action.”15 This perceived
choice of belief or action is a product of the rhetorical exigence: “A rhetorical exigence
creates potential issues for rhetorical discourse... [T]he exigence...is the ground from
11
Ibid., 157.
12
Arthur B. Miller, “Rhetorical Exigence,”Philosophy & Rhetoric 5, no. 2. (1972), 111-112.
13
Ibid., 118.
14
David M. Hunsaker and Craig R. Smith, “The Nature of Issues: A Constructive Approach To Situational
Rhetoric,”Western Speech Communication 40, no. 3. (1976), 145.
15
Ibid., 144.
5
6. which potential issues arise.”16 Thus, by adding the concept of the “issue” they point to
the fact that rhetorical exigences do not just lead to any kind of discourse, but rather, they
often lead to discourse which is focused upon the perceived need for change, for choices
to be made about our beliefs and actions. The rhetorical exigence both allows or
encourages the emergence of some issues, while simultaneously disallowing or
discouraging others. Thus, the articulation of “issues,” like the articulation of the
exigence itself, is also subject to a myriad of constraints.
Next, Barbara A. Biesecker addressed the relationship between speaker and audience
in her attempt to rethink the concept of rhetorical situation through Derrida’s thematic of
differánce. She criticizes Bitzer’s initial formulation for taking an essentialist view of the
identities of speakers and audiences, arguing that in Bitzer’s formulation speakers and
audiences enter a rhetorical situation with their identities already fixed such that the
process of discourse, while it may exert influence over thought, decision, and action, does
not ultimately affect the identities of the participants.17 In contrast, she argues that
identities are never entirely stable, that they are always in a process of flux, in a state of
becoming rather than in a state of being. Thus, she asserts that “the rhetorical event may
be seen as an incident that produces and reproduces the identities of subjects and
constructs and reconstructs linkages between them” and that “the rhetorical situation [is]
an event that makes possible the production of identities and social relations.”18 That is,
participants in the rhetorical situation do not merely show up with their identities fully
formed. Their identities were always already in a state of flux and the process of
rhetorical discourse helps to further shape their identities and their relations to one
another.
Finally, a number of scholars have worked to refine the idea of “constraints.” While
Bitzer acknowledged that situations might recur, leading to the recurrence of particular
forms of response,19 Kathleen Jamieson points to the fact that particular forms of
16
Ibid., 146.
17
Barbara A. Biesecker, “Rethinking the Rhetorical Situation from Within the Thematic of Differance,”
Philosophy & Rhetoric 22, no. 2. (1989), 110-111.
18
Ibid., 126.
19
Bitzer, “The Rhetorical Situation.”, 13.
6
7. response, what she calls “rhetorical forms” or “genres,” tend to recur even if the
situations that initially spawned them do not. That is, old rhetorical forms will often be
used to respond to new situations; new situations do not always produce new, unique
responses.20 What’s more, these genres can actually work as constraints upon both the
speaker and the audience, shaping their perceptions and responses. This is particularly
true in the case of large institutions where the “Establishment and maintenance of
definable institutional forms of rhetoric serve to define the institution itself... A genre
perpetuates a distinguishable institutional rhetoric by creating expectations which any
future institutional spokesmen feel obliged to fulfill rather than frustrate.”21 Combined
with Biesecker’s insights, this means that speakers and audiences are not only mutually
constructing their own identities through the process of rhetorical discourse; but rather,
they are also helping to construct the identity of the organizations to which they belong,
to which their own personal identities are intimately bound.
Marry Garret and Xiaosui Xiao went one step further, pointing out that such
discourse traditions can also affect the way that speakers and audiences initially perceive
situations and exigences. In their case study which looked at the Chinese response to the
Opium Wars, they noted that “the very question of whether and how an exigency would
be perceived, as well as the way in which responses were constructed, depended in large
part on the discourse tradition... [T]he discourse tradition is both a source and a limiting
horizon for the rhetor and for the audience of the rhetorical situation.”22 By way of the
constraining effects that it can have upon the participants’ initial perceptions of situations
and exigences, a discourse tradition does not merely recur as a result of the recurrence of
a situation to which it corresponds; but rather, “a discourse tradition produces the
conditions for its own continuity, recirculation, and reproduction.”23
20
Kathleen M. Hall Jamieson, “Generic Constraints and the Rhetorical Situation,”Philosophy & Rhetoric 6,
no. 3. (1973), 163.
21
Ibid., 165
22
Mary Garret and Xiaosui Xiao, “The Rhetorical Situation Revisited,” RSQ: Rhetoric Society Quarterly
23, no. 2. (1993), 37-38.
23
Ibid., 39.
7
8. A Battle of Exigences and Issues
1.3
The current Army-Milblogger controversy began on 2 May 2007 with a series of posts on
the Wired Magazine defense news blog site, “Danger Room,” which exclaimed “New
Army Rules Could Kill G.I. Blogs (Maybe E-mail, Too)” and “Army Squeezes Soldier
Blogs, Maybe to Death.”24 The news was immediately picked up and widely circulated
and commented upon by milbloggers. On the same day, Blackfive, one of the most
prominent milblogs, in a blog post titled, “The END of Military Blogging,” proclaimed
that “the new OPSEC regulations...will end military blogging as we know it. Yes, that’s
right--the end of soldier blogging from the war zones.”25
The situation to which the milbloggers were responding had been in existence for
two weeks prior to its identification by Wired and subsequent articulation as an
existential threat to milblogging. On 19 April 2007, the Army itself had announced on its
website that Army Regulation 530-1: “Operations Security” (OPSEC) had been
“updated” as of 17 April 2007, including changes to language pertaining to soldiers’
abilities to post to blogs and other public forums on the Internet. The regulation reads, in
part,
24
Noah Shactman, “Army Squeezes Soldier Blogs, Maybe to Death,” Danger Room (May 2, 2007),
http://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/news/2007/05/army_bloggers, accessed on 7/18/2007 and Noah
Shactman, “New Army Rules Could Kill G.I. Blogs (Maybe E-mail, Too),” Danger Room (May 2, 2007),
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/new_army_rules_.html, accessed on 7/18/2007. Over the next
several days, Danger Room ran a number of related stories. See David Axe, “Clarifying the Blog Rule
Clarification (Updated),” Danger Room (May 4, 2007),
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/clarifying_the_.html, accessed on 7/18/2007; David Axe, “Army’s
Blog Rebuttal,” Danger Room (May 3, 2007),
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/armys_blog_rebu.html, accessed on 7/6/2007; Noah Shactman,
“Army to Bloggers: We Won’t Bust You. Promise,” Danger Room (May 3, 2007),
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/army_to_blogger.html, accessed on 7/18/2007; Noah Shactman,
“Pentagon Whispers; Milbloggers Zip Their Lips,” Danger Room (May 8, 2007),
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/pentagon_whsipe.html, accessed on 7/18/2007; and Noah
Shactman, “Army’s Info-Cop Speaks,” Danger Room (May 2, 2007),
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/the_army_has_is.html, accessed on 7/18/2007.
25
Blackfive, “The END of Military Blogging,” Blackfive (May 2, 2007),
http://www.blackfive.net/main/2007/05/new_opsec_regul.html, accessed on 6/11/2007.
8
9. All Department of the Army (DA) personnel (active component, reserve
component to include U.S. Army Reserve, Army National Guard, and DA
civilians), and DOD contractors will—
...
c. Prevent disclosure of critical and sensitive information in any public
domain to include but not limited to the World Wide Web, open source
publications, and the media.
...
g. Consult with their immediate supervisor and their OPSEC Officer for an
OPSEC review prior to publishing or posting information in a public
forum.
(1) This includes, but is not limited to letters, resumes, articles for
publication, electronic mail (e-mail), Web site postings, web log (blog)
postings, discussion in Internet information forums, discussion in Internet
message boards or other forms of dissemination or documentation.26
Just weeks later, the Department of Defense added fuel to the fire once again by banning
access from military computers to popular online social networking sites like YouTube
and MySpace, citing both bandwidth and OPSEC concerns.27
For its part, the Army was responding to the unprecedented advent of real-time,
globally broadcast, individual soldier communications from the battlefield. Of course,
soldier communication from the battlefield is not new; throughout history it has been
common for soldiers in combat to keep diaries and to send letters home to their loved
ones. Since September 11, 2001, however, we have seen the advent of milblogging as a
26
Army Regulation 530-1: Operations Security (OPSEC) (Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of
the Army, 2007), 4.
27
See Blackfive, “Military Ban on YouTube and MySpace,” Blackfive (May 15, 2007),
http://www.blackfive.net/main/2007/05/military_ban_on.html, accessed on 6/11/2007; Noah Shactman,
“Military Hypes, Bans YouTube (Updated),” Danger Room (May 15, 2007),
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/iraqslogger_one.html, accessed on 7/18/2007; Leo Shane III and T.
D. Flack, “DOD blocking YouTube, others,” Stars and Strpes, May 13, 2007; and Sharon Weinberger, “No
More YouTube, MySpace for U.S. Troops,” Danger Room (May 13, 2007),
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/no_youtube_mysp.html, accessed on 7/18/2007.
9
10. new medium of soldier communication. Beginning with U.S. operations in Afghanistan
in November 2001, a number of U.S. military personnel began to create blogs as personal
journals and as a means of communicating with friends and family back home. With the
onset of U.S. operations in Iraq in 2003, the number of milblogs increased dramatically
and has continued to increase ever since. Today there are thousands of milblogs written
by military personnel and their families.28 While they continue to serve as tools of
personal memory and communication, many have morphed into popular and influential
sites devoted to news, opinion, and discussion of military affairs and the war on
terrorism. One prominent milblogger argues that, in general, milblogs provide more
“uncensored, unmediated, intimate, [and] immediate” information about the war and the
military than either the MSM (milblogger slang for “mainstream media”) or the
government.29
It is the supposedly uncensored, unmediated, intimate, and immediate characteristics
of milblogs that the Army has seen as an exigence--”an imperfection marked by
urgency,” “a defect,” “a thing which is other than it should be.” For the Army, the
exigence seems to demand choices regarding beliefs and actions where operations
security is concerned--i.e. the exigence of milblogging is articulated as an OPSEC issue.
Major Ray Ceralde, author of the AR 530-1 revisions, specifically identified blogs as
potential sources of potentially valuable “open-source information” which could be used
by U.S. adversaries: “‘The Internet, personal Web sites, blogs (Web logs)--those are
examples of where our adversaries are looking for open-source information about us.
Open-source information isn’t classified and may look like nothing more than innocuous
bits of information, a piece here, a piece there, like pieces of a puzzle. But when you put
enough of the pieces together you begin to realize the bigger picture and that something
could be going on.’“ But the Army response indicates that milblogging is not just any
exigence, but a rhetorical exigence, one that is perceived as amenable to positive
modification through discourse via the use of rhetoric (i.e. regulations) which has the
28
For example, the milblogging portal site, Milblogging.com, listed 1,766 milblogs in its directory as of
July 30, 2007. See http://milblogging.com.
29
Matthew Currier Burden, The Blog of War: Front-Line Dispatches from Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 5.
10
11. power to change the thought, decision, and action of an audience (i.e. soldiers generally,
milbloggers specifically), making audience members agents of change. The Army news
release of 19 April 2007 explained that “Regulation changes [the rhetorical response] also
address how technology, specifically the Internet [the general situation from which the
exigence of milblogging emerges], has changed the face of OPSEC [the issue] since the
last major revision to the regulations in 1995.”30
For their part, it is clear that milbloggers have not perceived the same exigences and
issues within the current situation. While they have frequently noted and discussed the
unique OPSEC challenges that their activities pose, they have not seen milblogging as
only or even primarily an OPSEC issue, and certainly not as “a thing which is other than
it should be.” Rather, for milbloggers, the Army’s response has become the rhetorical
exigence. It is an exigence which seems to call into question Army beliefs and actions
where the proper conduct of war in the Information Age is concerned. So, for
milbloggers, the exigence is not their own activities, but rather, the Army’s response to
their activities. The exigence is not an issue of OPSEC, but rather, an issue of
information warfare.
A number of examples of milblogger responses to the updated Army regulations and
the subsequent DoD ban on certain social networking sites will serve to illustrate the
point.31 In general, milbloggers have seen MSM coverage of the war in Iraq as overly
30
J. D. Leipold, “Army Releases New OPSEC Regulation,” ARMY.MIL/NEWS (April 19, 2007),
http://www.army.mil/-news/2007/04/19/2758-army-releases-new-opsec-regulation/, accessed on 7/18/2007.
31
To collect data on milblogger responses to the news of the revised Army regulations, I created a Google
Custom Search Engine to search a sampling of milblogs
(http://www.google.com/coop/cse?cx=016044799310762944640%3Amvlady9k2zy). Since trying to
sample all milblogs (close to 2,000) would produce an overwhelming amount of data, I limited my search
to the top 10 sites as ranked by milblogging.com (http://www.milblogging.com/), ringsurf.com
(http://www.ringsurf.com/netring?ring=MiliBlogs;id=2;action=list), and Truth Laid Bear
(http://truthlaidbear.com/communitypage.php?community=milblogs), respectively. Interestingly,
examining three top 10 lists yielded 27 milblogs, indicating that there is not much overlap between the lists.
Next, I added the blogs of all of the participants of the 2007 Milblog Conference, plus the D-Ring blog,
which is specifically devoted to issues of new media in the military. That brought the total number of
11
12. negative; they have seen Army and DoD attempts to counter such coverage as ineffective
at best; and they have seen themselves as playing a key role in both countering negative
media coverage and making up, to some degree, for Army and DoD incompetence in the
battle for domestic hearts and minds.
One media report covering the 2007 Milblog Conference noted that ”Many
milbloggers, including some on active duty, expressed frustration with war coverage by
‘the mainstream media.’“ The report continued, quoting one of the conference’s
organizers as saying, “‘The Bush administration and the DoD [Department of Defense]
have not been very effective in the information war.’“32 That conference organizer,
identified only as “Andi C.,” also made similar comments on her blog, “Andi’s World.”
The day that Wired’s “Danger Room” broke the story about the revised Army OPSEC
regulations, Andi wrote, “Let’s face it, we’re not good at information warfare, to say the
least. Information supplied by official Department of Defense channels is often viewed as
pure propaganda and therefore discounted by many.” She continued, ”I question
whether those who shape policy that applies to milbloggers fully understand the value
and importance of milblogging, particularly combat blogging... I have been heartened by
their [Department of Defense] efforts, albeit slow, to use blogs, new media and other
forms of technology to engage the public, but stories like this one leave many feeling that
we’re taking one step forward and two steps back. It’s a difficult balance and it’s going to
take some time to get it right.”33
Several other prominent milbloggers made similar arguments over the next two days.
After declaring the end of milblogging, Blackfive argued that “we are losing the
Information War on all fronts. Fanatic-like adherence to OPSEC will do us little good if
searched milblogs to 44. The search string used to query the selected milblogs was, “army (regulations OR
restrictions OR ban) AND (milblogs OR milblogging OR blogging).”
32
Quoted in Michael Lawhorn, “‘Milblogs’ Present Iraq War from Military Point of View,”FOXNews.com,
May 24, 2007.
33
Andi, “Army Issues New OPSEC Guidelines,” Andi’s World (May 2, 2007),
http://andisworld.typepad.com/welcome_to_andis_world/2007/05/army_issues_new.html, accessed on
6/11/2007.
12
13. we lose the few honest voices that tell the truth about The Long War.”34 A post on the
“OPFOR” site read, “There is no word in any of the world’s languages that can
effectively capture the pure stupidity of this decision. Political fights need political
warriors. And make no mistake, this war is a political fight. It’s like stripping the Army
of tanks before they’re supposed to invade Germany.”35 Finally, the site “Q and O”
asserted that “In a war where it is critical that the voices of those actually engaged in the
fight be heard and positive information find its way into the main stream, the Army’s
announced policy yesterday was both draconian and poorly thought out.”36 The blogger
“Laughing Wolf” of the blog “Blackfive” extended the criticism, explaining that “several
people who have been working on a modest proposal for trying to make some substantive
changes to the information front” identify the current problem as
1. Military PAO [Public Affairs Office] activities are based on an (early)
industrial-age model, with some slight modifications that come from
experience in WWII.
2. Many in leadership and rear-echelon positions are not comfortable with
Web 0.5, much less Web 2.0--a condition that applies to industry as well
as government.
3. The combination of these two factors, along with several others, means
that current information activities are neither effective, efficient, or
acceptable.”37
The subsequent DoD announcement that access to social networking sites like
YouTube and MySpace would be blocked on all Department computers elicited a similar
response from the military blogosphere. The “D-Ring” blog, which is devoted entirely to
issues of new media in the military, called social networking sites like YouTube and
MySpace “a guaranteed benefit to the DoD’s information battle.” D-Ring continued,
34
Blackfive, “The END of Military Blogging.”
35
John, “Aw, Hell,” OPFOR (May 2, 2007), http://op-for.com/2007/05/aw_hell.html, accessed on
6/11/2007.
36
McQ, “Army Backs Down on Milblogs,” The QandO Blog (May 3, 2007),
http://www.qando.net/details.aspx?Entry=5917, accessed on 6/11/2007.
37
Laughing_Wolf, “Milblogging, Revamping, and a New Approach,” Blackfive (May 3, 2007),
http://www.blackfive.net/main/2007/05/milblogging_rev.html, accessed on 6/12/2007.
13
14. “Beyond this connectivity providing a morale boost for troops, it also has significant
benefit in helping to tell the military story. Yes, PAOs will have access to these sites.
And yes, service members can use them (if they can get to a computer where they can
access them.) But the value of these blocked sites—and all of Web 2.0—is for grassroots
users to come together organically and share their experience. By restricting access to
YouTube and MySpace, the military is also restricting the ability of any service member
to help engage in the ‘hearts and minds’ war.”38
Not surprisingly, milbloggers are more optimistic about their own abilities to deliver
the victories in “the information war” that more traditional military public affairs
activities have failed to provide. Andi C. argued that “boots on the ground are good at
information warfare and their honest, first-hand accounts are priceless and important in
many ways, especially in a historical sense”39 and that the Army and DoD “could learn a
thing or two from milbloggers.”40 Many of the attendees at the 2007 Milblog Conference
agreed. The aforementioned media report quoted one blogger from the “OPFOR” site as
saying, “‘The mainstream media’s real issue is one of reporting and analyzing in the
context of some sort of bigger picture... That’s where the bloggers come in. It’s really
more about balance.’ Conference panelists said they saw milblogging as a way for
ordinary people to provide that balance. ‘Technology is allowing ordinary people who are
experts to get their message out much more efficiently.’“41
As an alternative to the current regulations, Blackfive argued that the Army should
“allow for unit bloggers, and restrict bloggers with the same rules as the military gives
embed reporters (with UCMJ [Uniform Code of Military Justice] exceptions). Maybe,
then, we can start winning some battles on the information front.”42 OPFOR agreed,
advocating that “the military of the future [should] embrace bloggers more closely and
38
”DoD defends decision to block MySpace, YouTube,” The D-Ring (May 18, 2007),
http://dring.wordpress.com/2007/05/18/dod-defends-decision-to-block-myspace-youtube/, accessed on
7/18/2007.
39
Andi, “Army Issues New OPSEC Guidelines.”
40
Lawhorn, “‘Milblogs’ Present Iraq War from Military Point of View.”
41
Ibid.
42
Blackfive, “The END of Military Blogging.”
14
15. make its content accessible over a wide variety of platforms. ‘I would like to see a unit
blogger,’ he explained, ‘some sort of central Web site where we get to see the combined
blogs of each brigade combat team...that can go out over podcasts, the Internet, etc.’“43
Again, it was Laughing Wolf of Blackfive who had the most far-reaching vision of
future changes. After identifying the problem with the current policy, he argued
4. Blogs and Milblogs have shown some of what can be accomplished
using more modern technology and models, as well as an innovative
mindset.
5. Blogs and Milblogs, for all they have accomplished, are not the answer;
but, rather an early prototype of one part of larger information effort and
new model of information operations.
6. This new model will change information operations on a fundamental
level, in much the same way that combat arms has been reshaped over the
last two hundred years.44
He was careful, however, not to be misunderstood by his readers as advocating a
technological fix. He wrote, “As such, it is not a technology issue but, rather, a
fundamental change in the social and psychological framework (dynamics) of society.”45
That is, the current exigence is an issue of information warfare requiring choices where
our beliefs about and conduct of information-age warfare are concerned.
Information Warfare as Discourse Tradition
1.4
Milblogger responses during the recent controversy have been constrained by both their
prior responses to similar situations, as well as broader discourse traditions within the
U.S. defense community. First, in line with Bitzer’s observation that some responses
recur because the situations that fostered them recur, one should note that the current
controversy does not mark the first time that milbloggers have taken up the issue of
OPSEC and/or restrictions upon blogging. Likewise, their responses this time around
have been practically identical to prior responses. For example, much of the current
43
Lawhorn, “‘Milblogs’ Present Iraq War from Military Point of View.”
44
Laughing_Wolf, “Milblogging, Revamping, and a New Approach.”
45
Ibid.
15
16. criticism leveled by milbloggers against the military’s handling of the “information war”
has been leveled in the past. In October 2006, for example, a post on the “Andi’s World”
site titled “The Future of Milblogs” read, in part, “Rules on what can and can’t be
publicly posted are absolutely necessary. However, it seems that some segments of the
military have shot themselves in the foot by going overboard. As a result, many first-hand
accounts of the situation on the ground are stifled, and the public has to rely on often-
slanted and sometimes-bogus media coverage.”46 In that same month, in a different post,
Andi pointed out that “Some milbloggers, including myself, have often complained about
the flat-footed nature of the DoD when it comes to information dissemination and
fighting back against the mainstream media. Others believe the DoD has a hostility
towards, or misunderstanding of milblogs. One very influential milblogger has told me
repeatedly, ‘they just don’t get it.’“47
Next, the view that milblogs offer a solution to the current problem, or at least point
in the direction of a solution, has been articulated before. In the “Future of Milblogs”
post cited above, Andi went on to say, “In my opinion, milbogs have been far more
effective in countering the mainstream media than the Department of Defense, and I’m
not sure why the DoD has yet to realize their value and embrace their effectiveness... As I
mentioned here, I’m hopeful that the DoD is coming around to the idea that milblogs are
useful, and have a place in this information war.”48 As early as December of 2005 a post
on the site, “Porphyrogenitus,” claimed that “Milbloggers, in my non-humble opinion,
have done more for the war effort and more to correct misleading reports than the entire
Army Public Affairs Branch has (note: this is not a slam on them, but praise for the
MilBlog community). The Army should be encouraging troops to give *more*
information on their first-hand impressions and how things are going, not less. ‘Winning
46
Andi, “The Future of MilBlogs,” Andi’s World (October 16, 2006),
http://andisworld.typepad.com/welcome_to_andis_world/2006/10/the_future_of_m.html, accessed on
6/11/2007.
47
Andi, “This and That,” Andi’s World (October 13, 2007),
http://andisworld.typepad.com/welcome_to_andis_world/2006/10/this_and_that.html, accessed on
6/11/2007.
48
Andi, “The Future of MilBlogs.”
16
17. the War’ begins at home--we’re not going to be defeated here [meaning in Iraq], but may
have to pull out because of people’s impressions at home, which in my opinion seem to
be shaped by misleading reports of what the overall picture here is.”49
So, responses to the recent controversy are not entirely unique; they consist of a
number of core arguments that have been made before, in response to similar situations
where fears of tightened, official restrictions on blogging were raised within the
milblogger community. However, viewed in a boarder historical context, we see that
milblogger perceptions of and responses to the recent controversy were not only
constrained by the similarity of the situations, but also by an “information warfare”
discourse tradition that long preceded the advent of milblogging. There are a number of
instances where the “information warfare” assumptions that underlie the milblogger
response come to the surface. These include statements that identify the increased
importance of the non-physical, political, narrative, or informational aspects of the
current war, or war in general. For example, Andi from “Andi’s World” was quoted as
saying, “‘We’re not only fighting a physical war, we’re fighting an information war as
well.’“50 OPFOR argued that “Political fights need political warriors.”51 Finally, a post
from “Q and O” asserted that we are “In a war where it is critical that the voices of those
actually engaged in the fight be heard and positive information find its way into the main
stream...”52 These are just a number of instances where such assumptions are made
explicit. However, one can see them just under the surface in most of the responses that
have been cited above. These assumptions have been conditioned by a great deal of prior
discussion within the military about the meaning of the Information Age for the conduct
of warfare, a far-reaching discussion, begun even before the end of the Cold War, that I
will call the “information warfare discourse tradition.”
As far back as the 1980s, members of the U.S. defense community were beginning to
think about what the developments in computer, information processing, and
49
”One Complaint,” Porphyrogenitus (December 18, 2005),
http://www.porphyrogenitus.net/archives/week_2005_12_18.html, accessed on 6/12/2007.
50
Lawhorn, “‘Milblogs’ Present Iraq War from Military Point of View.”.
51
John, “Aw, Hell.”
52
McQ, “Army Backs Down on Milblogs.”
17
18. communications technologies would mean for the future of conflict. Since that time, a
number of theories of Information Age warfare have been developed, including “fourth
generation warfare” (4GW), “asymmetric warfare,” “neocortical warfare,” “SOFTWAR,”
“noosphere politics,” “netwar,” and others. All refer to potential adversaries who would
employ creative combinations of both new and old technology and organizational forms
to exploit U.S. weaknesses. They all refer to forms of war particularly suited to conflict
in the Information Age. They all emphasize the increasing importance of the non-
physical, political, narrative, or informational aspects of warfare in the Information Age.
For those who have argued in favor of such theories, the September 11 attacks and
subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq seem to have provided overwhelming evidence
that a major shift has occurred in the nature of global conflict.
The term “fourth generation warfare” first appeared in an article in the Marine Corps
Gazette in 1989, even before the end of the Cold War, and was largely the product of a
group of military thinkers who were an outgrowth of the Military Reform Movement of
the late 1970s and 1980s. The authors of the article predicted several characteristics of
future conflict, many of which now seem almost prophetic. For our purposes it is most
important to note that they envisioned a form of war which emphasized “collapsing the
enemy internally rather than physically destroying him.” In this form of warfare, the
target becomes a civilian population’s support for the war effort, as well as that
population’s cultural landmarks, values, etc. They believed that the global media would
play a crucial role in such “psychological operations.” They wrote,
Psychological operations may become the dominant operational and
strategic weapon in the form of media/information intervention…Fourth
generation adversaries will be adept at manipulating the media to alter
domestic and world opinion to the point where skillful use of
psychological operations will sometimes preclude the commitment of
combat forces. A major target will be the enemy population’s support of
its government and the war. Television news may become a more
powerful operational weapon than armored divisions.53
53
William S. Lind, Col. Keith Nightengale, Capt. John F. Schmitt, Col. Joseph W. Sutton and Col. Gary I.
Wilson, “The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation,”Marine Corps Gazette , no. October.
(1989).
18
19. In 1996, U.S. Air Force Colonel Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. published an article,
“Sometimes the Dragon Wins: A Perspective on Information-Age Warfare,” which also
made a number of propositions about the nature of future conflict. Like others before
him, he argued that “The impact of information-age technology on the global media will
be the most immediate and most powerful influence on information-age warfare.” In
addition to public opinion impacts, he argued that global media could become the “poor
man’s intelligence service,” a point which would seem to favor the Army’s position in
the current controversy. He also predicted, however, that information-age warfare may
become even more bloody than older forms of conflict as adversaries of the U.S. seek to
crush its will to fight by using the global media infrastructure to disseminate images of
purposeful brutality against civilian populations, a point which would seem to favor the
milbloggers. One could think, for example, of the spate of televised beheadings from
Iraq to see that Dunlap’s prediction was not without merit.54
The following year, in a RAND report devoted to “preparing for conflict in the
Information Age,” Richard Szafranski introduced the notion of “neocortical warfare,”
which was based on the tenet that to influence the will of one’s opponent is the basic goal
of conflict and that, therefore, all means capable of influencing the will, not just the use
of force, should be employed. He explained that “Neocortical warfare is warfare that
strives to control or shape the behavior of enemy organisms, but without destroying the
organisms. It does this by influencing, even to the point of regulating, the consciousness,
perceptions and will of the adversary’s leadership: the enemy’s neocortical system.” He
encouraged his readers to “accept that adversaries will wage—are waging even as you
read this—neocortical warfare against us.”55 As such, he recommended that “we should
devote the weight of effort and more resources to the deliberate and continual pursuit of
nonviolent influence over the adversary. The object is to understand the enemy well
enough to condition or determine the choices the adversary makes.”56 Grant Hammond,
54
Charles J. Dunlap Jr, “Sometimes the Dragon Wins: A Perspective on Info-Age Warfare,”Phil Taylor’s
WebSite (1996), available from http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&folder=66&paper=1924.
55
Richard Szafranski, “Neocortical Warfare? The Acme of Skill,” in In Athena’s Camp: Preparing for
Conflict in the Information Age, ed. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt (Santa Monica: RAND, 1997)., 404.
56
Ibid., 408
19
20. a professor at the Air Force’s Air War College summed up this sentiment well: “The
game is chess, not checkers: it involves maneuver, positioning, timing, and consequences
several moves ahead. One wins by convincing an adversary to concede, not by
destroying him through taking his pieces from the board.”57
In the context of a conflict situation, the power to alter an opponent’s decisions
through the targeted use of images and messages has variously been called “information
warfare,” “perception management,” “psychological operations,” and even
“SOFTWAR,” which Chuck deCaro has defined as “the hostile use of global television to
shape another nations will by changing its vision of reality.”58 The notion of SOFTWAR
resonates with RAND analysts John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt’s concept of
“noosphere politics.” In 1999, they argued that “The world is turning anew into a highly
charged battleground of ideas; it is not just a world in which material resources are the
objects of protracted, often violent competition. In this emerging world, the key to
success will likely lie in managing informational capabilities and resources skillfully—
i.e., strategically.”59 They asserted that in such an environment “‘soft power’ is taking
precedence over traditional, material ‘hard power.’“ The information-based, soft power
paradigm that they advocated emphasized “the primacy of ideas, values, norms, laws, and
ethics.” They were critical of U.S. policy at that time, arguing that the U.S. had yet to
adapt to the new environment and that a paradigm shift was necessary to deal with the
challenges of the Information Age.60
Finally, in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, Arquilla and
Ronfeldt published an article in First Monday titled “Networks, Netwars, and the Fight
for the Future,” which explained the attacks in terms of their ongoing efforts to theorize
information-age conflict. They argued that, at the narrative level, groups like al-Qa’ida
rely on “The right story [that] can thus help keep people connected in a network whose
57
Grant T. Hammond, “Paradoxes of War,”Joint Forces Quarterly , no. Spring. (1994)
58
Chuck deCaro, “Operationalizing SOFTWAR,” in Cyberwar 2.0: Myths, Mysteries, and Reality, ed. Alan
D. Campen and Douglas H. Dearth (Fairfax, VA: AFCEA International Press, 1998)., 199.
59
John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, The Emergence of Noopolitik: Towards an American Information
Strategy (Santa Monica: RAND, 1999)., 1.
60
Ibid., ix-x.
20
21. looseness makes it difficult to prevent defection.” They concluded, therefore, that public
diplomacy is more important than ever, reminding the reader that “Military campaigns
also depend on whose story wins.”61
The summary above is but a cursory look at but a few of the most influential of the
countless articles in military professional journals and trade publications, contractor and
think tank reports, and thesis papers written by U.S. officers that have made many of the
same observations and recommendations. Of course, most milbloggers are not directly
referencing these works, but it is clear that milblogger responses are infused with what
Richard Doyle might call the “rhetorical software” of information warfare which has
been developed in a discourse tradition stretching back almost 20 years. The fact that
milbloggers are typically not making explicit reference to these or other works is an
indication of the high “transaction value” that such ideas have in the current marketplace
of military ideas. Doyle writes, “Indeed, the contagion of the unthought suggests that the
influence of rhetorical software rises as it is ‘forgotten’, ignored, or, what amounts to the
same thing, assumed.”62 Even if official policy is not always in line with such ideas, such
ideas have nonetheless become commonplace, easily recognizable, and accepted to a
degree that allows milbloggers to invoke them in response to the Army and DoD’s recent
actions without the need for explicit references.
The Milblogger Response: A Rhetorical-Situational Analysis
1.5
The case of the recent Army-milblogger controversy and the notion of rhetorical situation
can inform one another in a number of valuable ways. The Army-milblogger controversy
provides justification for efforts made towards a postmodern re-interpretation and re-
construction of Bitzer’s original model, demonstrating the continued usefulness of the
concept. Likewise, examining the controversy in terms of rhetorical situation sheds light
upon milblogger strategies and motivations.
61
David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla, “Networks, Netwars, and the Fight for the Future,”First Monday 6,
no. 10 (2001), available from http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_10/ronfeldt/.
62
Richard Doyle, On Beyond Living: Rhetorical Transformations of the Life Sciences (Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 1997), 10.
21
22. Consistent with the criticisms and extensions made by Vatz, Miller, and Hunsaker
and Smith, the Army-milblogger controversy is a situation in which speakers and
audiences do not always agree on what the exigence is or what the issues are that are
raised by the exigence. In this case, the two parties see different exigences. The Army
sees milblogging itself as an exigence and an OPSEC issue. Thus its regulations are
themselves a rhetorical response (with milbloggers as audience). However, for
milbloggers, the Army regulations themselves are the exigence. In this case, the exigence
is created by one of the parties in the rhetorical situation; it is not merely external to the
participants in the situation. The Army perceives (or in Vatz’s terms creates) an exigence
for which new regulations on milblogs are the response which seeks to bring about a
change to the exigence by altering the actions of the audience. But, soon enough, the
milbloggers respond to the Army regulations as an exigence; milbloggers become the
speaker(s) and the Army (as well as other milbloggers, the media, the “public,” etc.)
become the audience.
Next, the differences in the ways that the Army and milbloggers have perceived and
articulated the exigence indicate that none of these perceptions or articulations were
inevitable. There was a choice of issues for milbloggers to pursue once faced with the
exigence of Army regulations. The exigence could have been articulated primarily as a
civil liberties/free speech issue (the track taken by the Electronic Frontier Foundation in a
lawsuit filed on behalf of milbloggers in 2006).63 It could have been articulated primarily
as an OPSEC issue (the Army’s own position). Instead, milbloggers articulated the
exigence as an information warfare issue. The milblogger choice of issues sheds
important light upon their self-perceptions and motivations. By articulating this exigence
in terms of information warfare, they have cast it as a professional, technical issue,
indicating that they still see themselves as within the military fold; their audience is other
military professionals. One would suspect that articulating the exigence as an issue of
civil liberties/free speech, for example, would have more impact upon the general public
63
”Surveillance of Soldier’s Blogs Sparks EFF Lawsuit,” Electronic Frontier Foundation (January 31,
2007), http://www.eff.org/news/archives/2007_01.php#005103, accessed on 2/8/2007. For one milblogger
reaction to the EFF lawsuit, see Cpl_M, “The EFF and MilBlogs,” A Soldier’s Perspective (February 6,
2007), http://www.soldiersperspective.us/2007/02/06/the-eff-and-milblogs/, accessed on 2/8/2007.
22
23. and a media that milbloggers themselves see as anti-military, a media always on the look-
out for dissenting voices from within. Indeed, the media has often portrayed the issue in
David/Goliath, insider/outsider, authority/dissenter terms. But a look at milblogger
responses indicates that they have cast the exigence in a much different way, as an issue
and in terms that seem to simultaneously undercut the Army’s position, as well as the
possibility of their occupying the position of oppressed outsiders. Lest the Army claim
that milbloggers are rebels who have gone “off reservation,” so to speak, the milbloggers
can respond by showing that far from casting themselves as outsiders, they have tried to
cast themselves as the consummate insiders, seemingly more concerned with U.S. victory
and more knowledgeable about information warfare than the Army itself.
This raises the issue of the relationship between “speaker” and “audience.” As
Biesecker has argued, the rhetorical situation is an arena in which the participants’
identities are mutually constructed. In this case, neither the identity of the milbloggers
nor the military more generally are fixed prior to the rhetorical situation, making it
difficult to talk about the two “sides” of the controversy, or about the “speaker(s)” and
“audience(s)”. Milbloggers are at once “inside” in the sense that they are part of the
military (at least those milbloggers who are members of the military) and “outside” in the
sense that they have set themselves against “the powers that be” (at least in this particular
instance), and because many prominent milbloggers are not members of the military (e.g.
retired military, family, spouses, etc.). Likewise, the information warfare discourse
tradition is itself evidence of an ongoing debate within the military over what it means to
conduct war in the Information Age, a debate about the military’s past, present, and
future identities. The dispute over Army regulation of milblogging is at once an internal
feud over what an Information Age military should be, how it should understand and
conduct war (i.e. the identity of the military as a whole), but also a struggle for the
identity of the milblogger community.
Even beyond Biesecker’s idea that speaker and audience mutually construct one
another’s identities (at least partially) during the process of discourse, this case
demonstrates that the very categories of “speaker” and “audience” are problematic. The
relationships and boundaries between “speaker” and “audience” are not clear or straight
forward. The two interact in complex ways and the boundaries between the two are
23
24. blurred at best. The two are often not even singular entities; there can be multiple
speakers and multiple audiences in one rhetorical situation. The positions of speaker and
audience can change over time, with particular individuals or organizations occupying
one position at one point and the other position at another point. Sometimes audiences
speak to themselves. In the case of tightly knit communities or professional groups, for
example, discourse can be more “horizontal” than “vertical,” with multiple speakers
simultaneously talking across one another to address each other and/or other members of
the same group. In such cases, the alternation between speaker and audience can be so
great that the boundaries seem to disappear entirely. The multiplicity, simultaneity, and
velocity of communications in the “blogosphere” seems to erase the categories of
“speaker” and “audience” entirely, replacing them with one giant, electronic free-for-all.
While the categories of “speaker” and “audience” can still be useful for a synchronic
examination of a rhetorical situation, they risk becoming meaningless or even misleading
when examining such situations diachronically.
The previous section demonstrated that, consistent with the insights of Jamieson,
Garret and Xiao, new rhetorical situations do not necessarily lead to new responses.
Rhetors can, and often do, respond to new situations by deploying traditional forms of
discourse. Milblogger responses illustrate this phenomenon. Milblogger responses to
Army regulations were not unique to that situation. Rather, they responded by deploying
a rhetoric of information warfare that had developed and had been widely accepted
within the defense establishment long before the advent of milblogging or Army attempts
to regulate milblogging. In many ways, the rhetoric of information warfare that
milbloggers have deployed precedes and supersedes Army regulations--i.e. the
milbloggers assert a largely agreed-upon universal over a controversial particular. Or, in
Kierkegaardian terms, it may be more correct to say that they assert a particular over a
universal by making their particular an embodiment of a universal.64 Where regulations
or laws versus individual or group actions are concerned, the regulation/law is the
universal and the individual/group actions are the particular--i.e. particular milblogger
64
Soren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling and The Sickness Unto Death, trans. Walter Lowrie (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1954).
24
25. actions should be subject to more universal rules, laws, or regulations. However, in this
case, the milbloggers are able to assert their particular actions above the universal
regulations by appealing to a universal that is either higher to or equal to the regulations
in question. Military regulations are not in place for their own sake, but rather are meant
to promote a set of values that are prior to and higher than the regulations themselves. By
aligning themselves with those higher, a priori values, the particular of milblogger action
is transformed into the embodiment of a universal which supersedes the regulation.
Milblogger responses then become seemingly more well-grounded in well-known,
largely-accepted theories of Information Age warfare than the Army’s own regulations,
making the Army seem either uninformed, hypocritical, or both.
Conclusion
1.6
This paper has used the notion of rhetorical situation to examine the recent Army-
milblogger controversy, demonstrating the ways that each can inform our understanding
of the other. The notion of rhetorical situation helps us to better identify and understand
the exigences and issues that have motivated the actors in the recent controversy, as well
as the way that the process of discourse is helping the actors to construct their identities.
Conversely, an examination of the controversy provides numerous examples which
justify efforts at a postmodern re-interpretation and re-construction of Bitzer’s original
model of the rhetorical situation.
But this paper provides but one perspective on one event in the history of
milblogging. There is much work left to be done, and further examination of milblogging
is in order, both by scholars of the military, as well as by scholars of new media and
communication. For scholars of the military, a closer look at milblogging could provide
valuable insight into recent civil-military relations, especially the relationship between
the military and the media. Study of milblogging could shed light on the penetration of
military theory and doctrine within the military population, as well as how soldiers,
sailors, airmen, and marines understand and internalize those theories and doctrines. The
recent controversy, in particular, provides a window into the uneven acceptance and
understanding of new media and information technologies within the military, providing
an on-the-ground perspective into how the military is coping with the demands of the
25
26. Information Age. Additionally, efforts like those underway at Blackfive to
collaboratively create analyses and policy recommendations indicate that milblogs could
become important new sites of military knowledge production, in addition to more
traditional sites such as professional journals, institutions of professional military
education, think tanks, contractors, etc.
Finally, for scholars of new media and communication, milblogging provides an
excellent case study of online community formation. There seems to have been no intent
among early milbloggers to create such a community and certainly not to create a social
or political movement, nor an online, volunteer public affairs or information operations
corps. Yet, that has been the emergent effect nonetheless. To the degree that milbloggers
are successful in their attempts to take on some of the duties of public affairs or
information operations, or at least to bring about serious reform in those areas,
milblogging could provide a great case study of what has been called volunteerism,
“passionate labor,” or “crowd sourcing” on the Web.65 In short, it should be clear that the
advent of milblogging provides an incredibly rich field of inquiry for both those
interested in military affairs, as well as those interested in new media and
communication.
65
See Hector Postigo, “Emerging Sources of Labor on the Internet: The Case of America Online
Volunteers,”International Review of Social History , no. 48. (2003) and Hector Postigo, “From Pong to
Plante Quake: Post-Industrial Transitions from Leisure to Work,”Information, Communication and Society
6, no. 4. (2003).
26
27. References:
Army Regulation 530-1: Operations Security (Opsec). Washington, DC: Headquarters,
Department of the Army, 2007.
“DoD defends decision to block MySpace, YouTube.” The D-Ring. May 18, 2007.
http://dring.wordpress.com/2007/05/18/dod-defends-decision-to-block-myspace-
youtube/. Accessed on 7/18/2007.
“One Complaint.” Porphyrogenitus. December 18, 2005.
http://www.porphyrogenitus.net/archives/week_2005_12_18.html. Accessed on
6/12/2007.
“Surveillance of Soldier’s Blogs Sparks EFF Lawsuit.” Electronic Frontier Foundation.
January 31, 2007. http://www.eff.org/news/archives/2007_01.php#005103.
Accessed on 2/8/2007.
Andi. “Army Issues New OPSEC Guidelines.” Andi’s World. May 2, 2007.
http://andisworld.typepad.com/welcome_to_andis_world/2007/05/army_issues_n
ew.html. Accessed on 6/11/2007.
———”The Future of MilBlogs.” Andi’s World. October 16, 2006.
http://andisworld.typepad.com/welcome_to_andis_world/2006/10/the_future_of_
m.html. Accessed on 6/11/2007.
———”This and That.” Andi’s World. October 13, 2007.
http://andisworld.typepad.com/welcome_to_andis_world/2006/10/this_and_that.h
tml. Accessed on 6/11/2007.
Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt. The Emergence of Noopolitik: Towards an American
Information Strategy. Santa Monica: RAND, 1999.
Axe, David. “Army’s Blog Rebuttal.” Danger Room. May 3, 2007.
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/armys_blog_rebu.html. Accessed on
7/6/2007.
———”Clarifying the Blog Rule Clarification (Updated).” Danger Room. May 4, 2007.
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/clarifying_the_.html. Accessed on
7/18/2007.
Biesecker, Barbara A. “Rethinking the Rhetorical Situation From Within the Thematic of
Diff‚rance.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 22, no. 2 (1989): 110-30.
Bitzer, Lloyd F. “The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 1, no. 1 (1968): 1-14.
27
28. Blackfive. “Military Ban on YouTube and MySpace.” Blackfive. May 15, 2007.
http://www.blackfive.net/main/2007/05/military_ban_on.html. Accessed on
6/11/2007.
———”The 2007 Milblog Conference-Flash Report.” ——— May 7, 2007.
http://www.blackfive.net/main/2007/05/the_2007_milblo.html. Accessed on
7/6/2007.
———”The END of Military Blogging.” ——— May 2, 2007.
http://www.blackfive.net/main/2007/05/new_opsec_regul.html. Accessed on
6/11/2007.
Burden, Matthew Currier. The Blog of War: Front-Line Dispatches From Soldiers in Iraq
and Afghanistan. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006.
Cpl_M. “The EFF and MilBlogs.” A Soldier’s Perspective. February 6, 2007.
http://www.soldiersperspective.us/2007/02/06/the-eff-and-milblogs/. Accessed on
2/8/2007.
deCaro, Chuck. “Operationalizing SOFTWAR.” In Cyberwar 2.0: Myths, Mysteries, and
Reality, edited by Alan D. Campen and Douglas H. Dearth, 199-204. Fairfax, VA:
AFCEA International Press, 1998.
Doyle, Richard. On Beyond Living: Rhetorical Transformations of the Life Sciences. viii,
176 p vols. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997.
Dunlap Jr, Charles J. “Sometimes the Dragon Wins: A Perspective on Info-Age
Warfare.” Phil Taylor’s Web Site (1996).
Dustman, Sean. “The Milblog Conference.” Doc in the Box. May 5, 2007.
http://docinthebox.blogspot.com/2007/05/milblog-conference.html. Accessed on
7/30/2007.
Garret, Mary, and Xiaosui Xiao. ““The Rhetorical Situation Revisited”.” RSQ: Rhetoric
Society Quarterly 23, no. 2 (1993): 30-40.
Hall Jamieson, Kathleen M. “Generic Constraints and the Rhetorical Situation.”
Philosophy & Rhetoric 6, no. 3 (1973): 162-70.
Hammond, Grant T. “Paradoxes of War.” Joint Forces Quarterly, no. Spring (1994): 7-
16.
Hunsaker, David M., and Craig R. Smith. “The Nature of Issues: A Constructive
Approach to Situational Rhetoric.” Western Speech Communication 40, no. 3
(1976): 144-56.
John. “Aw, Hell.” OPFOR. May 2, 2007. http://op-for.com/2007/05/aw_hell.html.
Accessed on 6/11/2007.
28
29. Kierkegaard, Soren. Fear and Trembling and the Sickness Unto Death. Translated by
Walter Lowrie. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1954.
Laughing_Wolf. “Milblogging, Revamping, and a New Approach.” Blackfive. May 3,
2007. http://www.blackfive.net/main/2007/05/milblogging_rev.html. Accessed
on 6/12/2007.
Lawhorn, Michael. “‘Milblogs’ Present Iraq War From Military Point of View.”
FOXNews.com, May 24, 2007.
Leipold, J. D. “Army Releases New OPSEC Regulation.” ARMY.MIL/NEWS. April 19,
2007. http://www.army.mil/-news/2007/04/19/2758-army-releases-new-opsec-
regulation/. Accessed on 7/18/2007.
Lind, William S., Col. Keith Nightengale, Capt. John F. Schmitt, Col. Joseph W. Sutton,
and Col. Gary I. Wilson. “The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth
Generation.” Marine Corps Gazette, no. October (1989): 22-26.
McQ. “Army Backs Down on Milblogs.” The QandO Blog. May 3, 2007.
http://www.qando.net/details.aspx?Entry=5917. Accessed on 6/11/2007.
Miller, Arthur B. “Rhetorical Exigence.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 5, no. 2 (1972): 111-18.
Postigo, Hector. “Emerging Sources of Labor on the Internet: The Case of America
Online Volunteers.” International Review of Social History, no. 48 (2003): 205-
23.
———”From Pong to Plante Quake: Post-Industrial Transitions From Leisure to Work.”
Information, Communication and Society 6, no. 4 (2003): 593-607.
Ronfeldt, David, and John Arquilla. “Networks, Netwars, and the Fight for the Future.”
First Monday 6, no. 10 L2 - _http://www (2001).
Shactman, Noah. “Army Squeezes Soldier Blogs, Maybe to Death.” Danger Room. May
2, 2007.
http://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/news/2007/05/army_bloggers.
Accessed on 7/18/2007.
———”Army to Bloggers: We Won’t Bust You. Promise.” Danger Room. May 3, 2007.
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/army_to_blogger.html. Accessed on
7/18/2007.
———”Army’s Info-Cop Speaks.” Danger Room. May 2, 2007.
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/the_army_has_is.html. Accessed on
7/18/2007.
29
30. ———”Military Hypes, Bans YouTube (Updated).” Danger Room. May 15, 2007.
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/iraqslogger_one.html. Accessed on
7/18/2007.
———”New Army Rules Could Kill G.I. Blogs (Maybe E-mail, Too).” Danger Room.
May 2, 2007. http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/new_army_rules_.html.
Accessed on 7/18/2007.
———”Pentagon Whispers; Milbloggers Zip Their Lips.” Danger Room. May 8, 2007.
http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/pentagon_whsipe.html. Accessed on
7/18/2007.
Shane III, Leo, and T. D. Flack. “Dod Blocking Youtube, Others.” Stars and Strpes, May
13, 2007.
Szafranski, Richard. “Neocortical Warfare? The Acme of Skill.” In In Athena’s Camp:
Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age, edited by John Arquilla and David
Ronfeldt, 395-416. Santa Monica: RAND, 1997.
Vatz, Richard E. “The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 6, no. 3
(1973): 154-61.
Weinberger, Sharon. “No More YouTube, MySpace for U.S. Troops.” Danger Room.
May 13, 2007. http://blog.wired.com/defense/2007/05/no_youtube_mysp.html.
Accessed on 7/18/2007.
30