The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory
Author(s): Kenneth N. Waltz
Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 4, The Origin and Prevention of
Major Wars (Spring, 1988), pp. 615-628
Published by: The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/204817
Accessed: 17/09/2008 09:23
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Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xvIII:4 (Spring 1988), 615-628.
Kenneth N. Waltz
The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory Like
most historians, many students of international politics have been
skeptical about the possibility of creating a theory that might help
one to understand and explain the international events that interest
us. Thus Morgenthau, foremost among traditional realists, was
fond of repeating Blaise Pascal's remark that "the history of the
world would have been different had Cleopatra's nose been a bit
shorter" and then asking "How do you systemize that?"1 His
appreciation of the role of the accidental and the occurrence of
the unexpected in politics dampened his theoretical ambition.
The response of neorealists is that, although difficulties
abound, some of the obstacles that seem most daunting lie in
misapprehensions about theory. Theory obviously cannot explain
the accidental or account for unexpected events; it deals in regu-
larities and repetitions and is possible only if these can be identi-
fied. A further difficulty is found in the failure of realists to
conceive of international politics as a distinct domain about which
theories can be fashioned. Morgenthau, f.
This document discusses different approaches to international relations theory. It begins by providing historical context on the emergence of international relations as an academic discipline after World War I. It then outlines some of the major theoretical approaches that developed, including realism, liberalism, and Marxism. A key focus is classical realism as developed by Hans Morgenthau. Morgenthau argued that international politics is defined by the struggle for power between states. The document also examines other classical realist concepts like the balance of power, the relationship between interests and justice, and the importance of international society and order. It provides an overview of how classical realism views these different elements of international relations.
Theories of International Relations essayNatasha Alves
This document discusses and compares classical realism and neorealism as international relations theories. It defines the key differences between the two approaches, including that classical realism views power as an end in itself driven by human nature, while neorealism sees power as a means to ensure state survival in an anarchic system. The document uses the 2003 US invasion of Iraq as a case study to illustrate how classical realism and neorealism would explain the motivation for the invasion differently, with classical realism focusing more on individual leaders and neorealism emphasizing structural factors of maintaining a balance of power. Overall, the document argues that while classical realism and neorealism share realist assumptions, there are significant
Structural Realism after
the Cold War
Kenneth N. Waltz
Some students of in-
ternational politics believe that realism is obsolete.1 They argue that, although
realism’s concepts of anarchy, self-help, and power balancing may have been
appropriate to a bygone era, they have been displaced by changed conditions
and eclipsed by better ideas. New times call for new thinking. Changing
conditions require revised theories or entirely different ones.
True, if the conditions that a theory contemplated have changed, the theory
no longer applies. But what sorts of changes would alter the international
political system so profoundly that old ways of thinking would no longer be
relevant? Changes of the system would do it; changes in the system would not.
Within-system changes take place all the time, some important, some not. Big
changes in the means of transportation, communication, and war �ghting, for
example, strongly affect how states and other agents interact. Such changes
occur at the unit level. In modern history, or perhaps in all of history, the
introduction of nuclear weaponry was the greatest of such changes. Yet in the
nuclear era, international politics remains a self-help arena. Nuclear weapons
decisively change how some states provide for their own and possibly for
others’ security; but nuclear weapons have not altered the anarchic structure
of the international political system.
Changes in the structure of the system are distinct from changes at the unit
level. Thus, changes in polarity also affect how states provide for their security.
Signi�cant changes take place when the number of great powers reduces to
two or one. With more than two, states rely for their security both on their
Kenneth N. Waltz, former Ford Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, is a
Research Associate of the Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor at Columbia University.
I am indebted to Karen Adams and Robert Rauchhaus for help on this article from its conception
to its completion. For insightful and constructive criticisms I wish to thank Robert Art, Richard
Betts, Barbara Farnham, Anne Fox, Robert Jervis, Warner Schilling, and Mark Sheetz.
1. For example, Richard Ned Lebow, “The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure
of Realism,” International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 249–277; Jeffrey W. Legro
and Andrew Moravcsik, “Is Anybody Still a Realist?” International Security, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Fall
1999), pp. 5–55; Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post–Cold War Peace
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993); Paul Schroeder, “Historical Reality vs. Neo-
realist Theory,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 108–148; and John A.
Vasquez, “The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative vs. Progressive Research Programs: An Ap-
praisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz’s Balancing Proposition,” American Political Science
Review, .
ASSIGNMENT 08A01 Introduction to AccountingPart A (20 points).docxjane3dyson92312
ASSIGNMENT 08
A01 Introduction to Accounting
Part A (20 points)
Prepare in proper form journal entries for the following transactions. Omit explanations.
October
2Owner made a cash investment into the company $5,000
8Bought supplies on account $100.
10Paid salaries, $700
15Paid for supplies purchased on October 8
21Received company telephone bill, to be paid later, $30
Part B (5 points each for a possible total of 50 points)
Record the following selected transactions for January in a two-column journal, identifying each entry by letter:
(a) Earned $7,000 fees; customer will pay later.
(b) Purchased equipment for $45,000, paying $20,000 in cash and the remainder on credit
(c) Paid $3,000 for rent for January.
(d) Purchased $2,500 of supplies on account.
(e) A. Allen $1,000 investment in the company.
(f) Received $7,000 in cash for fees earned previously.
(g) Paid $1,200 to creditors on account.
(h) Paid wages of $6,250.
(i) Received $7,150 from customers on account.
(j) A. Allen withdrawal of $1,750.
Part C
(1) (10 points) From the following items in the income statement columns of the worksheet of Friend's Tutoring at December 31, prepare the closing entries without explanation, assuming that a $1,000 withdrawal was made during the period.
Income Statement
AccountDebitCredit
Tutoring Fees3,450
Wages Expense700
Rent Expense600
Supplies Expense450
Insurance Expense250_____
2,0003,450
Net Income1,450_____
$3,450$3,450
(2) (5 points each for a possible total of 20 points) A summary of selected ledger accounts appear below for S. Ball for the current calendar year.
Answer the following questions.
a. What was the total amount of withdrawals for the year?
b. What was the net income?
c. What was the total revenue?
d. What were the total expenses?
12/30/2018 EBSCOhost
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/ehost/delivery?sid=e28c8551-02c0-4091-a1e2-be1ab70098a1%40pdc-v-sessmgr06&vid=2&ReturnU… 1/12
Title:
Authors:
Source:
Document Type:
Subjects:
Abstract:
Full Text Word Count:
ISSN:
DOI:
Accession Number:
Database:
Record: 1
International relations: One world, many theories.
Walt, Stephen M.
Foreign Policy. Spring98, Issue 110, p29. 17p. 1 Chart.
Article
INTERNATIONAL relations
REALISM
LIBERALISM
Discusses the theoretical traditions in the study of international relations.
Evolution of realist theory; Challenges of liberal theories against realist
theories; Explanation offered by Marxism on international conflict.
INSET: Waiting for Mr. X.
5946
0015-7228
10.2307/1149275
382407
International Security & Counter Terrorism Reference Center
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: ONE WORLD, MANY THEORIES
Why should policymakers and practitioners care about the scholarly study of international affairs? Those who
conduct foreign policy often dismiss academic theorists (frequently, one must admit, with good reason), but
there is an inescapable link between the abstract world of theory and the real world of policy. We nee.
This document provides lecture highlights and summaries on realism and power theory in international relations. Some key points covered include:
- Realism views the international system as anarchic with nation-states primarily concerned with survival and power. Realists see a balance of power between states as promoting stability.
- Neo-realism focuses on how the anarchic international system shapes state behavior, rather than human nature. It views states as seeking security above power.
- Power theory holds that states pursue power as a means of survival. Power is defined as a state's capacity and resources multiplied by its compliance and divided by force. The constant pursuit of power and self-interest among states leads to ongoing political conflicts and competitions.
Review Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Poli.docxAASTHA76
Review: Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy
Reviewed Work(s): The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International
Security by Michael E. Brown; Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization,
and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958 by Thomas J. Christensen; Deadly Imbalances:
Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest by Randall L. Schweller; The Elusive
Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War by William Curti Wohlforth; From
Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role by Fareed Zakaria
Review by: Gideon Rose
Source: World Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1 (Oct., 1998), pp. 144-172
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054068
Accessed: 12-08-2018 23:50 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend
access to World Politics
This content downloaded from 76.109.204.44 on Sun, 12 Aug 2018 23:50:44 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Review Article
NEOCLASSICAL REALISM AND
THEORIES OF FOREIGN POLICY
By GIDEON ROSE*
Michael E. Brown et al., eds. The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and
International Security. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995, 519 pp.
Thomas J. Christensen. Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobiliza
tion, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958. Princeton: Princeton Univer
sity Press, 1996, 319 pp.
Randall L. Schweller. Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitlers Strategy of
World Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998,267 pp.
William Curti Wohlforth. The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during
the Cold War. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993, 317 pp.
Fareed Zakaria. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of Americas World
Role. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998,199 pp.
FOR two decades international relations theory has been dominated by the debate between neorealists and their various critics.1 Much
of the skirmishing has occurred over questions about the nature of the
international system and its effect on patterns of international out
comes such as war and peace. Thus scholars have disputed whether a
multipolar system generates more conflict than a bipolar one, or
* For support, criticisms, and suggestions regarding earlier versions of this essay I am grateful to
Richard Berts, Michael Desch, Michael Doyle, Aaron Friedberg, Philip Gordon, Ethan Kapstein, Jeff
Legro, Sean Lynn-Jones, Andrew Moravcsik, Kenne.
Chapter 9
International Relations
Chapter Objectives
1. Explain the international relations theory of realism including its basic assumptions.
2. Discuss the liberal theory of international relations along with its different types.
3. Define constructivism and its central principles.
4. Explore feminist international relations theory and its recommendations for change.
5. Examine causes of war and peace in the international arena.
When Twitter was first introduced in 2006, its founders probably could not have imagined how people would potentially use it. Over the past twelve years, Twitter has expanded to more than 330 million active monthly users throughout the world. Governments have even gotten into the act: Twitter Government (@TwitterGov) even highlights how governments and politicians throughout the world use Twitter. Politicians and elected officials quickly took to Twitter, using it as a means to communicate with voters directly. Former president Barack Obama even originated a Twitter handle for presidents (@POTUS) in 2013.
The current US president, Donald Trump, has utilized Twitter to a far greater extent than his predecessor, although he does so from his own personal account (@realDonaldTrump) rather than the official @POTUS handle. In interviews, he has argued that communicating via Twitter allows him to get his message to voters without the filter of the media with the implicit argument that the media does not do a faithful and true job in reporting his actions. As such, President Trump’s tweets often come directly from the president himself with no staff filtering or discussion. One area where the president’s tweets have been particularly influential is in the US relationship with North Korea.
As of October 2018, President Trump has tweeted about North Korea more than 150 times since taking office. And while the tweets may not appear on the official @POTUS account or come in a statement on White House letterhead, they have played an integral role in American-North Korean relations. For example, on August 11, 2017, the president tweeted this:
Military solutions are now fully in place, locked and loaded, should North Korea act unwisely. Hopefully Kim Jong Un will find another path!
At a mere twenty-three words, the president stated what could have easily been seen as a military threat against North Korea that could have led to direct conflict. Realizing the potential implications of tweets like this from the president, US officials at the February 2018 Munich Security Conference reportedly told their counterparts not to pay attention to what the president is tweeting.1 However, in March 2018, North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-un, apparently under pressure because of the president’s rhetoric, broached the idea of a summit between the two leaders. What followed was a historic meeting between the two leaders in June 2018 in Singapore as well as enhanced relations between North and South Korea.
Unlike the other subfields of political scie.
Chapter 9
International Relations
Chapter Objectives
1. Explain the international relations theory of realism including its basic assumptions.
2. Discuss the liberal theory of international relations along with its different types.
3. Define constructivism and its central principles.
4. Explore feminist international relations theory and its recommendations for change.
5. Examine causes of war and peace in the international arena.
When Twitter was first introduced in 2006, its founders probably could not have imagined how people would potentially use it. Over the past twelve years, Twitter has expanded to more than 330 million active monthly users throughout the world. Governments have even gotten into the act: Twitter Government (@TwitterGov) even highlights how governments and politicians throughout the world use Twitter. Politicians and elected officials quickly took to Twitter, using it as a means to communicate with voters directly. Former president Barack Obama even originated a Twitter handle for presidents (@POTUS) in 2013.
The current US president, Donald Trump, has utilized Twitter to a far greater extent than his predecessor, although he does so from his own personal account (@realDonaldTrump) rather than the official @POTUS handle. In interviews, he has argued that communicating via Twitter allows him to get his message to voters without the filter of the media with the implicit argument that the media does not do a faithful and true job in reporting his actions. As such, President Trump’s tweets often come directly from the president himself with no staff filtering or discussion. One area where the president’s tweets have been particularly influential is in the US relationship with North Korea.
As of October 2018, President Trump has tweeted about North Korea more than 150 times since taking office. And while the tweets may not appear on the official @POTUS account or come in a statement on White House letterhead, they have played an integral role in American-North Korean relations. For example, on August 11, 2017, the president tweeted this:
Military solutions are now fully in place, locked and loaded, should North Korea act unwisely. Hopefully Kim Jong Un will find another path!
At a mere twenty-three words, the president stated what could have easily been seen as a military threat against North Korea that could have led to direct conflict. Realizing the potential implications of tweets like this from the president, US officials at the February 2018 Munich Security Conference reportedly told their counterparts not to pay attention to what the president is tweeting.1 However, in March 2018, North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-un, apparently under pressure because of the president’s rhetoric, broached the idea of a summit between the two leaders. What followed was a historic meeting between the two leaders in June 2018 in Singapore as well as enhanced relations between North and South Korea.
Unlike the other subfields of political scie ...
This document discusses different approaches to international relations theory. It begins by providing historical context on the emergence of international relations as an academic discipline after World War I. It then outlines some of the major theoretical approaches that developed, including realism, liberalism, and Marxism. A key focus is classical realism as developed by Hans Morgenthau. Morgenthau argued that international politics is defined by the struggle for power between states. The document also examines other classical realist concepts like the balance of power, the relationship between interests and justice, and the importance of international society and order. It provides an overview of how classical realism views these different elements of international relations.
Theories of International Relations essayNatasha Alves
This document discusses and compares classical realism and neorealism as international relations theories. It defines the key differences between the two approaches, including that classical realism views power as an end in itself driven by human nature, while neorealism sees power as a means to ensure state survival in an anarchic system. The document uses the 2003 US invasion of Iraq as a case study to illustrate how classical realism and neorealism would explain the motivation for the invasion differently, with classical realism focusing more on individual leaders and neorealism emphasizing structural factors of maintaining a balance of power. Overall, the document argues that while classical realism and neorealism share realist assumptions, there are significant
Structural Realism after
the Cold War
Kenneth N. Waltz
Some students of in-
ternational politics believe that realism is obsolete.1 They argue that, although
realism’s concepts of anarchy, self-help, and power balancing may have been
appropriate to a bygone era, they have been displaced by changed conditions
and eclipsed by better ideas. New times call for new thinking. Changing
conditions require revised theories or entirely different ones.
True, if the conditions that a theory contemplated have changed, the theory
no longer applies. But what sorts of changes would alter the international
political system so profoundly that old ways of thinking would no longer be
relevant? Changes of the system would do it; changes in the system would not.
Within-system changes take place all the time, some important, some not. Big
changes in the means of transportation, communication, and war �ghting, for
example, strongly affect how states and other agents interact. Such changes
occur at the unit level. In modern history, or perhaps in all of history, the
introduction of nuclear weaponry was the greatest of such changes. Yet in the
nuclear era, international politics remains a self-help arena. Nuclear weapons
decisively change how some states provide for their own and possibly for
others’ security; but nuclear weapons have not altered the anarchic structure
of the international political system.
Changes in the structure of the system are distinct from changes at the unit
level. Thus, changes in polarity also affect how states provide for their security.
Signi�cant changes take place when the number of great powers reduces to
two or one. With more than two, states rely for their security both on their
Kenneth N. Waltz, former Ford Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, is a
Research Associate of the Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor at Columbia University.
I am indebted to Karen Adams and Robert Rauchhaus for help on this article from its conception
to its completion. For insightful and constructive criticisms I wish to thank Robert Art, Richard
Betts, Barbara Farnham, Anne Fox, Robert Jervis, Warner Schilling, and Mark Sheetz.
1. For example, Richard Ned Lebow, “The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure
of Realism,” International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 249–277; Jeffrey W. Legro
and Andrew Moravcsik, “Is Anybody Still a Realist?” International Security, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Fall
1999), pp. 5–55; Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post–Cold War Peace
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993); Paul Schroeder, “Historical Reality vs. Neo-
realist Theory,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 108–148; and John A.
Vasquez, “The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative vs. Progressive Research Programs: An Ap-
praisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz’s Balancing Proposition,” American Political Science
Review, .
ASSIGNMENT 08A01 Introduction to AccountingPart A (20 points).docxjane3dyson92312
ASSIGNMENT 08
A01 Introduction to Accounting
Part A (20 points)
Prepare in proper form journal entries for the following transactions. Omit explanations.
October
2Owner made a cash investment into the company $5,000
8Bought supplies on account $100.
10Paid salaries, $700
15Paid for supplies purchased on October 8
21Received company telephone bill, to be paid later, $30
Part B (5 points each for a possible total of 50 points)
Record the following selected transactions for January in a two-column journal, identifying each entry by letter:
(a) Earned $7,000 fees; customer will pay later.
(b) Purchased equipment for $45,000, paying $20,000 in cash and the remainder on credit
(c) Paid $3,000 for rent for January.
(d) Purchased $2,500 of supplies on account.
(e) A. Allen $1,000 investment in the company.
(f) Received $7,000 in cash for fees earned previously.
(g) Paid $1,200 to creditors on account.
(h) Paid wages of $6,250.
(i) Received $7,150 from customers on account.
(j) A. Allen withdrawal of $1,750.
Part C
(1) (10 points) From the following items in the income statement columns of the worksheet of Friend's Tutoring at December 31, prepare the closing entries without explanation, assuming that a $1,000 withdrawal was made during the period.
Income Statement
AccountDebitCredit
Tutoring Fees3,450
Wages Expense700
Rent Expense600
Supplies Expense450
Insurance Expense250_____
2,0003,450
Net Income1,450_____
$3,450$3,450
(2) (5 points each for a possible total of 20 points) A summary of selected ledger accounts appear below for S. Ball for the current calendar year.
Answer the following questions.
a. What was the total amount of withdrawals for the year?
b. What was the net income?
c. What was the total revenue?
d. What were the total expenses?
12/30/2018 EBSCOhost
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/ehost/delivery?sid=e28c8551-02c0-4091-a1e2-be1ab70098a1%40pdc-v-sessmgr06&vid=2&ReturnU… 1/12
Title:
Authors:
Source:
Document Type:
Subjects:
Abstract:
Full Text Word Count:
ISSN:
DOI:
Accession Number:
Database:
Record: 1
International relations: One world, many theories.
Walt, Stephen M.
Foreign Policy. Spring98, Issue 110, p29. 17p. 1 Chart.
Article
INTERNATIONAL relations
REALISM
LIBERALISM
Discusses the theoretical traditions in the study of international relations.
Evolution of realist theory; Challenges of liberal theories against realist
theories; Explanation offered by Marxism on international conflict.
INSET: Waiting for Mr. X.
5946
0015-7228
10.2307/1149275
382407
International Security & Counter Terrorism Reference Center
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: ONE WORLD, MANY THEORIES
Why should policymakers and practitioners care about the scholarly study of international affairs? Those who
conduct foreign policy often dismiss academic theorists (frequently, one must admit, with good reason), but
there is an inescapable link between the abstract world of theory and the real world of policy. We nee.
This document provides lecture highlights and summaries on realism and power theory in international relations. Some key points covered include:
- Realism views the international system as anarchic with nation-states primarily concerned with survival and power. Realists see a balance of power between states as promoting stability.
- Neo-realism focuses on how the anarchic international system shapes state behavior, rather than human nature. It views states as seeking security above power.
- Power theory holds that states pursue power as a means of survival. Power is defined as a state's capacity and resources multiplied by its compliance and divided by force. The constant pursuit of power and self-interest among states leads to ongoing political conflicts and competitions.
Review Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Poli.docxAASTHA76
Review: Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy
Reviewed Work(s): The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International
Security by Michael E. Brown; Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization,
and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958 by Thomas J. Christensen; Deadly Imbalances:
Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest by Randall L. Schweller; The Elusive
Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War by William Curti Wohlforth; From
Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role by Fareed Zakaria
Review by: Gideon Rose
Source: World Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1 (Oct., 1998), pp. 144-172
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054068
Accessed: 12-08-2018 23:50 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend
access to World Politics
This content downloaded from 76.109.204.44 on Sun, 12 Aug 2018 23:50:44 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Review Article
NEOCLASSICAL REALISM AND
THEORIES OF FOREIGN POLICY
By GIDEON ROSE*
Michael E. Brown et al., eds. The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and
International Security. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995, 519 pp.
Thomas J. Christensen. Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobiliza
tion, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958. Princeton: Princeton Univer
sity Press, 1996, 319 pp.
Randall L. Schweller. Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitlers Strategy of
World Conquest. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998,267 pp.
William Curti Wohlforth. The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during
the Cold War. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993, 317 pp.
Fareed Zakaria. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of Americas World
Role. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998,199 pp.
FOR two decades international relations theory has been dominated by the debate between neorealists and their various critics.1 Much
of the skirmishing has occurred over questions about the nature of the
international system and its effect on patterns of international out
comes such as war and peace. Thus scholars have disputed whether a
multipolar system generates more conflict than a bipolar one, or
* For support, criticisms, and suggestions regarding earlier versions of this essay I am grateful to
Richard Berts, Michael Desch, Michael Doyle, Aaron Friedberg, Philip Gordon, Ethan Kapstein, Jeff
Legro, Sean Lynn-Jones, Andrew Moravcsik, Kenne.
Chapter 9
International Relations
Chapter Objectives
1. Explain the international relations theory of realism including its basic assumptions.
2. Discuss the liberal theory of international relations along with its different types.
3. Define constructivism and its central principles.
4. Explore feminist international relations theory and its recommendations for change.
5. Examine causes of war and peace in the international arena.
When Twitter was first introduced in 2006, its founders probably could not have imagined how people would potentially use it. Over the past twelve years, Twitter has expanded to more than 330 million active monthly users throughout the world. Governments have even gotten into the act: Twitter Government (@TwitterGov) even highlights how governments and politicians throughout the world use Twitter. Politicians and elected officials quickly took to Twitter, using it as a means to communicate with voters directly. Former president Barack Obama even originated a Twitter handle for presidents (@POTUS) in 2013.
The current US president, Donald Trump, has utilized Twitter to a far greater extent than his predecessor, although he does so from his own personal account (@realDonaldTrump) rather than the official @POTUS handle. In interviews, he has argued that communicating via Twitter allows him to get his message to voters without the filter of the media with the implicit argument that the media does not do a faithful and true job in reporting his actions. As such, President Trump’s tweets often come directly from the president himself with no staff filtering or discussion. One area where the president’s tweets have been particularly influential is in the US relationship with North Korea.
As of October 2018, President Trump has tweeted about North Korea more than 150 times since taking office. And while the tweets may not appear on the official @POTUS account or come in a statement on White House letterhead, they have played an integral role in American-North Korean relations. For example, on August 11, 2017, the president tweeted this:
Military solutions are now fully in place, locked and loaded, should North Korea act unwisely. Hopefully Kim Jong Un will find another path!
At a mere twenty-three words, the president stated what could have easily been seen as a military threat against North Korea that could have led to direct conflict. Realizing the potential implications of tweets like this from the president, US officials at the February 2018 Munich Security Conference reportedly told their counterparts not to pay attention to what the president is tweeting.1 However, in March 2018, North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-un, apparently under pressure because of the president’s rhetoric, broached the idea of a summit between the two leaders. What followed was a historic meeting between the two leaders in June 2018 in Singapore as well as enhanced relations between North and South Korea.
Unlike the other subfields of political scie.
Chapter 9
International Relations
Chapter Objectives
1. Explain the international relations theory of realism including its basic assumptions.
2. Discuss the liberal theory of international relations along with its different types.
3. Define constructivism and its central principles.
4. Explore feminist international relations theory and its recommendations for change.
5. Examine causes of war and peace in the international arena.
When Twitter was first introduced in 2006, its founders probably could not have imagined how people would potentially use it. Over the past twelve years, Twitter has expanded to more than 330 million active monthly users throughout the world. Governments have even gotten into the act: Twitter Government (@TwitterGov) even highlights how governments and politicians throughout the world use Twitter. Politicians and elected officials quickly took to Twitter, using it as a means to communicate with voters directly. Former president Barack Obama even originated a Twitter handle for presidents (@POTUS) in 2013.
The current US president, Donald Trump, has utilized Twitter to a far greater extent than his predecessor, although he does so from his own personal account (@realDonaldTrump) rather than the official @POTUS handle. In interviews, he has argued that communicating via Twitter allows him to get his message to voters without the filter of the media with the implicit argument that the media does not do a faithful and true job in reporting his actions. As such, President Trump’s tweets often come directly from the president himself with no staff filtering or discussion. One area where the president’s tweets have been particularly influential is in the US relationship with North Korea.
As of October 2018, President Trump has tweeted about North Korea more than 150 times since taking office. And while the tweets may not appear on the official @POTUS account or come in a statement on White House letterhead, they have played an integral role in American-North Korean relations. For example, on August 11, 2017, the president tweeted this:
Military solutions are now fully in place, locked and loaded, should North Korea act unwisely. Hopefully Kim Jong Un will find another path!
At a mere twenty-three words, the president stated what could have easily been seen as a military threat against North Korea that could have led to direct conflict. Realizing the potential implications of tweets like this from the president, US officials at the February 2018 Munich Security Conference reportedly told their counterparts not to pay attention to what the president is tweeting.1 However, in March 2018, North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-un, apparently under pressure because of the president’s rhetoric, broached the idea of a summit between the two leaders. What followed was a historic meeting between the two leaders in June 2018 in Singapore as well as enhanced relations between North and South Korea.
Unlike the other subfields of political scie ...
Is it plausible to argue that realism possesses an “eternal relevance” in exp...AzmiSuhaimi
This document is an essay analyzing whether realism possesses an "eternal relevance" in explaining the conduct of nation states. In 3 sentences: The essay argues that while realism continues to provide some explanations for state behavior, its assumptions of state-centric power politics may be weakening with the rise of non-state actors and globalization. However, realism has shown resilience over time by adapting its theories to changing contexts. Therefore, realism likely retains relevance so long as the state system and assumptions of power and security among states remain dominant in international relations.
Jack Oughton - Science Challenges The Nation State.docJack Oughton
The document discusses how nuclear weapons have profoundly impacted politics and international relations. It argues that science's development of nuclear weapons disrupted the balance of power between nation states and introduced the threat of mutually assured destruction. This existential threat caused countries to engage in arms races, proxy wars, and develop strategies of deterrence and nonproliferation during the Cold War. The document expresses concerns that nuclear proliferation to additional states and non-state actors could undermine deterrence and increase the likelihood of nuclear conflict or terrorism in the modern era.
Q- War is often said to be rooted in multiple sources located at various levels of analysis. For each level of analysis, discuss specific factors and theories that have contributed to the understanding of causes of war.
The document discusses perspectives on international relations and the role of legitimacy and deception in politics and war. It outlines differences between realist and liberal perspectives, with realists viewing the international system as inherently conflictual and liberals being more optimistic about cooperation. It discusses Alexander Wendt's view that how states perceive anarchy shapes their behavior. Legitimacy is necessary to sustain war, as authorities must convince people war is necessary. There has been a shift towards new ideologies that dehumanize others and undermine respect for civilians. The three kinds of deception in politics are concealment, spinning, and lying, with lying being more accepted in international politics due to the anarchic system between states.
The document discusses whether realism remains a relevant paradigm in international relations after the Cold War. It outlines different forms of realism, including structural realism which dominated during the Cold War. While structural realism focuses less on human nature, all forms of realism recognize the role flawed human nature plays in conflict. The document considers criticisms of realism in a unipolar post-Cold War world, but argues conflict will persist due to human nature. It suggests the possibility of a new bipolar dynamic emerging between the West and the Islamic world.
Why is war so central to the academic study of International Politics?FRANCISCO RUIZ
The human being, as a social animal has always been in the middle of a behaviorist crossroad. Cooperation and conflict have always been the two main options humans have had when socializing with other individuals. In the V century B.C., Thucydides had already studied conflict among individuals in its most extended and destructive form writing about the Peloponnesian war between Sparta and Athens. In the modern age, from Thomas Hobbes to Hans Morgenthau, we can see that war and its causes have been and continue to be one of the most important issues for the social sciences academia (Baldwin: 1979, p. 161). But, why war? Destruction, violence or competition seem to captivate the human being the same way fire does. Fire is the singularity of a chemical reaction that is only produced under certain exceptional conditions in nature. It needs fuel, a means to propagate and detonating. Fire has certain similarities with war. It is exceptional1, but because of its magnitude and power to transform the environment, its capacity attract the humans being’s attention is practically inevitable and even more so today, with the dramatic increase of the destructive ability of weapons.
International relations theories aim to explain global politics and relations between states. Realism is a prominent theory that views states as rational actors competing for power in an anarchic international system. According to realism, states pursue power to ensure their own security in the absence of a higher authority. The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia established the modern system of sovereign states interacting within this anarchic structure. Realism posits that states will continue seeking to maximize their share of power to survive within this self-help system.
This document outlines the syllabus for an introductory international relations course. It covers 14 topics over the semester, including introductions to different theories of IR like realism, liberalism, and Marxism. It also covers specific issue areas like security, diplomacy, globalization, and terrorism. The course will include a midterm and final exam. The document provides background on the field of IR, noting it emerged in the early 20th century and draws from other disciplines like history, political science, and economics. It discusses key concepts like the state, actors, and topics within the field of IR.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a capstone paper examining how the Vietnam and Iraq Wars were legitimized through public discourse in the United States. The paper will employ discourse analysis to examine the key representations and constructions that led to the legitimization of each war. The introduction reviews different theories on the causes of war and argues that a discursive approach is best for understanding how war gains acceptance. The paper will analyze textual data to discuss how dominant discourses legitimized the Vietnam and Iraq Wars and demonstrate the power of language in political debates around war.
The document discusses some of the hidden dangers of using Facebook based on an expert's analysis. It outlines 5 main risks: 1) personal information being shared with third parties through applications and connections; 2) privacy settings reverting to less safe defaults with site redesigns; 3) ads potentially containing malware; 4) friends unintentionally exposing personal information; and 5) profile information retention even after deleting accounts. The expert warns that Facebook's business practices sometimes compromise users' privacy for marketing goals.
The paper will be on a current leader in an organisation( Narendra M.docxcarlz4
The paper will be on a current leader in an organisation( Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India) who has been effective in dealing with the current uncertain times. The effectiveness should be proven by external source of information(articles ,comments on social media...)
.
The paper will adhere to the American Psychological Association styl.docxcarlz4
The paper will adhere to the American Psychological Association style manual. Each paper will focus on a specific and narrowly defined topic and describe the event or condition and how its development has influenced healthcare delivery. Student work will checked using plagiarism detection software Turnitin.
.
The paper will be a five pages (excluding the Tittle page, Abstract,.docxcarlz4
The paper will be a five pages (excluding the Tittle page, Abstract, and References)
The paper Must be in (APA FORMAT), Must be divided as fallows
A) Tittle
B) Abstract
C) What is the specific Concept (page one)
D) Nursing assessment for specific concept (page two)
E) Patient problem/nursing diagnosis related to specific concept (page three)
F) Specific, realistic, and measurable goals attributed to patient care of specific concept (page four)
G) Nursing interventions for patient care of specific concept (page five )
H) References
* Please have correct spelling, grammar, punctuation
* Sentence structure when writing a professional paper
MUST TURN IN MARCH 24th AT 4PM
No PLAGIARISM
.
The paper should report on what that insider says are the key themes.docxcarlz4
The paper should report on what that insider says are the key themes of their religion from their perspective (not yours). Focus on what their religion means to them. Then talk about whether their view of their religion helped you to see any gaps in your understanding of that religion, or of your own tradition.
.
The paper should be typed, double-spaced, 1 margins, arial or times.docxcarlz4
The paper should be typed, double-spaced, 1" margins, arial or times new roman 11 pt font
A norm is a social rule.There are many norms that help to frame how we are supposed to behave in our daily lives, one example is gender norms (what are social rules we follow to 'be masculine' and to 'be feminine'); another example is standing in line (consider what would happen if you cut everyone in line at 8am in a Starbucks?).
Note: it is important that you conduct the observations and norm breaking during this class; recalling past observations is not the same as purposefully observing your surroundings from a sociological perspective.
In essay format, complete steps 1 through 6 below.
1
.
(
a.)
Define
norm
(
b.)
List two norms you tend to observe in everyday life
The purpose of this exercise if for you to observe ONE social setting to begin to detect patterns in human behavior - observance of norms and potentially behaviors that deviate from the norm.This week's exercise includes two parts.
First
, you will need to go to
ONE
public
place and observe the people there for
25 minutes
.Note people's behavior, their demeanor, their reactions/interactions to/with each other.
Second
, you will break a norm and observe people's reactions to your norm breaking behavior
2.
Identify the norm you are going to break.
3.
Choose a time and location for when you are going to conduct your observations
4.
Go to the specified location and proceed with your observations
(a.)
You must also be a keen social observer; a "peeping Tom" in the sociological sense.Take handwritten (recommended) and/or mental notes of:
i.
details about your chosen location (time of day, lighting, furniture, plants, sounds, temperature, smell, vibe/energy, etc)
ii.
the people around you, not only their behavior but general information about their sociodemographic characteristics (age, race/ethnicity, gender, SES, etc);
iii.
{
your thoughts and feelings while observing may be a brief section of the paper.
(b.)
After
observing your social setting for 25 minutes, you will now go about your norm- breaking
i.
note: if your norm-breaking includes changing your visible appearance, you will need to conduct your general observations, and observations when breaking your norm, at two different times.
ii.
The setting and timing of your norm-breaking behavior will vary, but carefully observe people's reactions to you during your norm breaking for a minimum of 10 minutes. (the longer the better)
(5.)
Write a 2 - 4 page reaction paper about your observations and norm breaking.Your paper should include
a.
Norm definition, examples of two norms, and norm you chose to broke
b.
a thick description of the location (i.e. building you were in (what is the architecture like), descriptions of people there (in terms of socio-demographic characteristics: age, race/ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status), sounds, smells, temperature, time of day and week, etc);
c.
cl.
The paper should have 4 Journal as the sources, it has to be 5 pag.docxcarlz4
The paper should have 4 Journal as the sources, it has to be 5 pages including the references.
It has to be APA style.
The theories that you can use are listed here:
Moral development theory, Social learning theory ,Conditioning theory (hans j. Eysengck) , Biological traits theories, Psychoanalytic theory, Labeling theory, Conflict theory, Radical theory.
The writing assignment should be in proper left align paragraph format. The body of the text should be double spaced using a 10 or 12 font size with 1” borders.
The Research Process Explored:
Abstract-
Introduction (thesis Statement)-
Analyzing secondary data(your research sources) is what we are doing for this assignment-
Theory
Methodology
Findings and Discussion (recap of the most important things already mentioned in the secondary data analysis)
Conclusions
References
.
The paper should be two parts. The first part is where stude.docxcarlz4
The paper should be two parts.
The first part
is where students should offer details on the extent of the chosen problem of the sexual exploitation of children:
TOPIC: Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploitation of children
In
Part 2
, students should include what the government currently does to address the identified problem AND policy recommendations that include some ideas/guidance on how to reduce the prevalence of the crime that is being discussed.
Number of Pages: 13
Students should have a minimum of 5 to 7 peer reviewed sources to support the arguments in their paper.
MUST USE ATTACHED ANNOTADED BIBLIOGRAPHY
APA citation is an absolute MUST!!
100% Original
.
The paper should be a summary of all the important concepts in Unit .docxcarlz4
The paper should be a summary of all the important concepts in Unit 4. You need not go back to the earlier Units unless you would like to make a specific point. The paper should include the concepts introduced in Unit 4, the films in which they were realized, how they were realized, their impact on the visual content, and the important composers. Also in detail, describe Mickey Mousing, the idea of the Leitmotif and its origin and how these various techniques influence the moving image. Please cite all references used in your research.
If you go over 1000 words that's OK.
.
The paper should be a 15 pages long research paper with the topic pr.docxcarlz4
The paper should be a 15 pages long research paper with the topic provided.
APA style.
Include:
Abstract
Introduction
(Already done, will be provided)
Literature Review
(Already done, will be provided)
Research Methods
Results
(Include a graph with the data)
Discussion (Should be the longest section)
Limitations & Implications (only one paragraph)
Conclusion (only one paragraph)
References
(At least 10 within the last 5 years)
.
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The document discusses perspectives on international relations and the role of legitimacy and deception in politics and war. It outlines differences between realist and liberal perspectives, with realists viewing the international system as inherently conflictual and liberals being more optimistic about cooperation. It discusses Alexander Wendt's view that how states perceive anarchy shapes their behavior. Legitimacy is necessary to sustain war, as authorities must convince people war is necessary. There has been a shift towards new ideologies that dehumanize others and undermine respect for civilians. The three kinds of deception in politics are concealment, spinning, and lying, with lying being more accepted in international politics due to the anarchic system between states.
The document discusses whether realism remains a relevant paradigm in international relations after the Cold War. It outlines different forms of realism, including structural realism which dominated during the Cold War. While structural realism focuses less on human nature, all forms of realism recognize the role flawed human nature plays in conflict. The document considers criticisms of realism in a unipolar post-Cold War world, but argues conflict will persist due to human nature. It suggests the possibility of a new bipolar dynamic emerging between the West and the Islamic world.
Why is war so central to the academic study of International Politics?FRANCISCO RUIZ
The human being, as a social animal has always been in the middle of a behaviorist crossroad. Cooperation and conflict have always been the two main options humans have had when socializing with other individuals. In the V century B.C., Thucydides had already studied conflict among individuals in its most extended and destructive form writing about the Peloponnesian war between Sparta and Athens. In the modern age, from Thomas Hobbes to Hans Morgenthau, we can see that war and its causes have been and continue to be one of the most important issues for the social sciences academia (Baldwin: 1979, p. 161). But, why war? Destruction, violence or competition seem to captivate the human being the same way fire does. Fire is the singularity of a chemical reaction that is only produced under certain exceptional conditions in nature. It needs fuel, a means to propagate and detonating. Fire has certain similarities with war. It is exceptional1, but because of its magnitude and power to transform the environment, its capacity attract the humans being’s attention is practically inevitable and even more so today, with the dramatic increase of the destructive ability of weapons.
International relations theories aim to explain global politics and relations between states. Realism is a prominent theory that views states as rational actors competing for power in an anarchic international system. According to realism, states pursue power to ensure their own security in the absence of a higher authority. The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia established the modern system of sovereign states interacting within this anarchic structure. Realism posits that states will continue seeking to maximize their share of power to survive within this self-help system.
This document outlines the syllabus for an introductory international relations course. It covers 14 topics over the semester, including introductions to different theories of IR like realism, liberalism, and Marxism. It also covers specific issue areas like security, diplomacy, globalization, and terrorism. The course will include a midterm and final exam. The document provides background on the field of IR, noting it emerged in the early 20th century and draws from other disciplines like history, political science, and economics. It discusses key concepts like the state, actors, and topics within the field of IR.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a capstone paper examining how the Vietnam and Iraq Wars were legitimized through public discourse in the United States. The paper will employ discourse analysis to examine the key representations and constructions that led to the legitimization of each war. The introduction reviews different theories on the causes of war and argues that a discursive approach is best for understanding how war gains acceptance. The paper will analyze textual data to discuss how dominant discourses legitimized the Vietnam and Iraq Wars and demonstrate the power of language in political debates around war.
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The paper will be on a current leader in an organisation( Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India) who has been effective in dealing with the current uncertain times. The effectiveness should be proven by external source of information(articles ,comments on social media...)
.
The paper will adhere to the American Psychological Association styl.docxcarlz4
The paper will adhere to the American Psychological Association style manual. Each paper will focus on a specific and narrowly defined topic and describe the event or condition and how its development has influenced healthcare delivery. Student work will checked using plagiarism detection software Turnitin.
.
The paper will be a five pages (excluding the Tittle page, Abstract,.docxcarlz4
The paper will be a five pages (excluding the Tittle page, Abstract, and References)
The paper Must be in (APA FORMAT), Must be divided as fallows
A) Tittle
B) Abstract
C) What is the specific Concept (page one)
D) Nursing assessment for specific concept (page two)
E) Patient problem/nursing diagnosis related to specific concept (page three)
F) Specific, realistic, and measurable goals attributed to patient care of specific concept (page four)
G) Nursing interventions for patient care of specific concept (page five )
H) References
* Please have correct spelling, grammar, punctuation
* Sentence structure when writing a professional paper
MUST TURN IN MARCH 24th AT 4PM
No PLAGIARISM
.
The paper should report on what that insider says are the key themes.docxcarlz4
The paper should report on what that insider says are the key themes of their religion from their perspective (not yours). Focus on what their religion means to them. Then talk about whether their view of their religion helped you to see any gaps in your understanding of that religion, or of your own tradition.
.
The paper should be typed, double-spaced, 1 margins, arial or times.docxcarlz4
The paper should be typed, double-spaced, 1" margins, arial or times new roman 11 pt font
A norm is a social rule.There are many norms that help to frame how we are supposed to behave in our daily lives, one example is gender norms (what are social rules we follow to 'be masculine' and to 'be feminine'); another example is standing in line (consider what would happen if you cut everyone in line at 8am in a Starbucks?).
Note: it is important that you conduct the observations and norm breaking during this class; recalling past observations is not the same as purposefully observing your surroundings from a sociological perspective.
In essay format, complete steps 1 through 6 below.
1
.
(
a.)
Define
norm
(
b.)
List two norms you tend to observe in everyday life
The purpose of this exercise if for you to observe ONE social setting to begin to detect patterns in human behavior - observance of norms and potentially behaviors that deviate from the norm.This week's exercise includes two parts.
First
, you will need to go to
ONE
public
place and observe the people there for
25 minutes
.Note people's behavior, their demeanor, their reactions/interactions to/with each other.
Second
, you will break a norm and observe people's reactions to your norm breaking behavior
2.
Identify the norm you are going to break.
3.
Choose a time and location for when you are going to conduct your observations
4.
Go to the specified location and proceed with your observations
(a.)
You must also be a keen social observer; a "peeping Tom" in the sociological sense.Take handwritten (recommended) and/or mental notes of:
i.
details about your chosen location (time of day, lighting, furniture, plants, sounds, temperature, smell, vibe/energy, etc)
ii.
the people around you, not only their behavior but general information about their sociodemographic characteristics (age, race/ethnicity, gender, SES, etc);
iii.
{
your thoughts and feelings while observing may be a brief section of the paper.
(b.)
After
observing your social setting for 25 minutes, you will now go about your norm- breaking
i.
note: if your norm-breaking includes changing your visible appearance, you will need to conduct your general observations, and observations when breaking your norm, at two different times.
ii.
The setting and timing of your norm-breaking behavior will vary, but carefully observe people's reactions to you during your norm breaking for a minimum of 10 minutes. (the longer the better)
(5.)
Write a 2 - 4 page reaction paper about your observations and norm breaking.Your paper should include
a.
Norm definition, examples of two norms, and norm you chose to broke
b.
a thick description of the location (i.e. building you were in (what is the architecture like), descriptions of people there (in terms of socio-demographic characteristics: age, race/ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status), sounds, smells, temperature, time of day and week, etc);
c.
cl.
The paper should have 4 Journal as the sources, it has to be 5 pag.docxcarlz4
The paper should have 4 Journal as the sources, it has to be 5 pages including the references.
It has to be APA style.
The theories that you can use are listed here:
Moral development theory, Social learning theory ,Conditioning theory (hans j. Eysengck) , Biological traits theories, Psychoanalytic theory, Labeling theory, Conflict theory, Radical theory.
The writing assignment should be in proper left align paragraph format. The body of the text should be double spaced using a 10 or 12 font size with 1” borders.
The Research Process Explored:
Abstract-
Introduction (thesis Statement)-
Analyzing secondary data(your research sources) is what we are doing for this assignment-
Theory
Methodology
Findings and Discussion (recap of the most important things already mentioned in the secondary data analysis)
Conclusions
References
.
The paper should be two parts. The first part is where stude.docxcarlz4
The paper should be two parts.
The first part
is where students should offer details on the extent of the chosen problem of the sexual exploitation of children:
TOPIC: Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploitation of children
In
Part 2
, students should include what the government currently does to address the identified problem AND policy recommendations that include some ideas/guidance on how to reduce the prevalence of the crime that is being discussed.
Number of Pages: 13
Students should have a minimum of 5 to 7 peer reviewed sources to support the arguments in their paper.
MUST USE ATTACHED ANNOTADED BIBLIOGRAPHY
APA citation is an absolute MUST!!
100% Original
.
The paper should be a summary of all the important concepts in Unit .docxcarlz4
The paper should be a summary of all the important concepts in Unit 4. You need not go back to the earlier Units unless you would like to make a specific point. The paper should include the concepts introduced in Unit 4, the films in which they were realized, how they were realized, their impact on the visual content, and the important composers. Also in detail, describe Mickey Mousing, the idea of the Leitmotif and its origin and how these various techniques influence the moving image. Please cite all references used in your research.
If you go over 1000 words that's OK.
.
The paper should be a 15 pages long research paper with the topic pr.docxcarlz4
The paper should be a 15 pages long research paper with the topic provided.
APA style.
Include:
Abstract
Introduction
(Already done, will be provided)
Literature Review
(Already done, will be provided)
Research Methods
Results
(Include a graph with the data)
Discussion (Should be the longest section)
Limitations & Implications (only one paragraph)
Conclusion (only one paragraph)
References
(At least 10 within the last 5 years)
.
The Paper should be a minimum of five pagesTitle pageBody.docxcarlz4
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The paper should be 4 pages with cover below topics with Company ove.docxcarlz4
The paper should be 4 pages with cover below topics with Company overview, Challenges,
Solution
, Conclusion
•
Company Overview:
The section should include the company name, the industry they are in and a general overview of the organization.
•
Challenges:
Discuss the challenges the organization had that limited their profitability and/or competitiveness and how they planned to leverage Cloud Computing to overcome their challenges.
•
.
The paper should address the following promptReferring to at le.docxcarlz4
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Referring to at least 2 primary (stories, novels, tv shows, movies, etc.) and 1 secondary (one of the essays) sources, write a 1,500-2,000 word
THESIS
DRIVEN
essay answering the question "What Does It Mean to Be Human?"
As long as you have a strong thesis and refer to the appropriate number of sources to support your argument you can take this essay anywhere you'd like. You may use materials from the required reading, the suggested or supplimental reading, and/or the material you used for your primary source analysis.
.
The paper needs to be about learning disabilities. Write an eight to.docxcarlz4
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(8-10) page research paper. Be sure to cite your sources using MLA formatting. Provide at least four (4) sources to support your position or information
Double spaced
Times new roman
Size 12 font
.
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a rhetorical analysis of another writer’s argument.......on Fleming’s “Youthful Indiscretions”
English 101-209
Professor McGraw
Essay #1 Rhetorical Analysis
Assignment: Write a paper formatted in MLA style of four to five pages in length (use Times New Roman 12) that addresses the topic below. You must include a Works Cited page.
Following the examples and instructions in Chapter Eight of
Writing Arguments
, write a rhetorical analysis of another writer’s argument. You may (in fact, you are encouraged to) develop your essay beyond the outline given in chapter eight. Part of your critique may include a discussion of potential arguments and counter-arguments that the author could have made and an analysis of the ways that including those counter-arguments (and the rebuttals) might have strengthened the author’s argument.
You may respond to any of the following essays:
Fleming’s “Youthful Indiscretions”
What is a Rhetorical Argument?
A
Rhetorical Argument
is basically a persuasive argument that uses one or a combination of its three distinct "appeals":
Ethos
,
Pathos
, and
Logos
. An argument that makes use of
Ethos
appeals to the character of the speaker. An argument that makes use of
Pathos
appeals to emotion. Lastly, an argument that makes use of
Logos
appeals to reason. In general, a
Rhetorical Argument
may make use of one or a combination of any of the appeals. Here are several examples of the three distinct appeals commonly used in
Rhetorical Arguments
.
ETHOS
To use
Ethos
is to appeal to the character of the speaker. That is, a claim may be argued and may be supported through a reference to the reputation, character or authority of the speaker. For example,
I will never steal from the cash register because I have been employee of the month for three consecutive months now. As far as our colleagues know, I am a kind and religious person who has been very helpful to my fellow employees in this restaurant. It does not make sense to accuse me of stealing the money.
PATHOS
To use
Pathos
is to appeal to the emotions of the reader or the audience. The primary goal is to persuade the reader or the audience through the use of key words or language that appeal to the feelings of a person. For example,
John will never steal from the cash register. If he did, he will be fired from work and will be sent to jail. Who will now finance the needs of his family? His wife does not have a job. He has three little kids who need the guidance of a loving father. Without John by their side, they will grow fatherless and, God knows, they may turn into homeless kids. John should not be suspected of committing the crime.
LOGOS
To use
Logos
is to use reason to persuade or to make an argument. Typically, it makes use of deductive or inductive arguments to prove a point. For example,
(Logos using a deductive argument)
Chris was alone in the office at 8 o'clock in the e.
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The Origins of War in Neorealist TheoryAuthor(s) Kenneth N..docx
1. The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory
Author(s): Kenneth N. Waltz
Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 4, The
Origin and Prevention of
Major Wars (Spring, 1988), pp. 615-628
Published by: The MIT Press
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Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xvIII:4 (Spring 1988), 615-
628.
Kenneth N. Waltz
The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory Like
most historians, many students of international politics have
been
skeptical about the possibility of creating a theory that might
help
one to understand and explain the international events that
interest
us. Thus Morgenthau, foremost among traditional realists, was
fond of repeating Blaise Pascal's remark that "the history of the
world would have been different had Cleopatra's nose been a bit
shorter" and then asking "How do you systemize that?"1 His
appreciation of the role of the accidental and the occurrence of
the unexpected in politics dampened his theoretical ambition.
The response of neorealists is that, although difficulties
3. abound, some of the obstacles that seem most daunting lie in
misapprehensions about theory. Theory obviously cannot
explain
the accidental or account for unexpected events; it deals in
regu-
larities and repetitions and is possible only if these can be
identi-
fied. A further difficulty is found in the failure of realists to
conceive of international politics as a distinct domain about
which
theories can be fashioned. Morgenthau, for example, insisted on
"the autonomy of politics," but he failed to apply the concept to
international politics. A theory is a depiction of the
organization
of a domain and of the connections among its parts. A theory
indicates that some factors are more important than others and
specifies relations among them. In reality, everything is related
to
everything else, and one domain cannot be separated from
others.
But theory isolates one realm from all others in order to deal
with
it intellectually. By defining the structure of international
political
Kenneth N. Waltz is Ford Professor of Political Science at the
University of California,
Berkeley. He is the author of The Spread of Nuclear Weapons
(London, 1981). He is currently
the President of the American Political Science Association.
The author thanks David Schleicher, who was most helpful in
the completion of this
4. article.
? I988 by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the
editors of The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History.
I Hans J. Morgenthau, "International Relations: Quantitative
and Qualitative Ap-
proaches," in Norman D. Palmer (ed.), A Design for
International Relations Research: Scope,
Theory, Methods, and Relevance (Philadelphia, 1970), 78.
616 KENNETH N. WALTZ
systems, neorealism establishes the autonomy of international
pol-
itics and thus makes a theory about it possible.2
In developing a theory of international politics, neorealism
retains the main tenets of realpolitik, but means and ends are
viewed differently, as are causes and effects. Morgenthau, for
example, thought of the "rational" statesman as ever striving to
accumulate more and more power. He viewed power as an end
in itself. Although he acknowledged that nations at times act out
of considerations other than power, Morgenthau insisted that,
when they do so, their actions are not "of a political nature."3
In
contrast, neorealism sees power as a possibly useful means,
with
states running risks if they have either too little or too much of
it. Excessive weakness may invite an attack that greater strength
would have dissuaded an adversary from launching. Excessive
5. strength may prompt other states to increase their arms and pool
their efforts against the dominant state. Because power is a pos-
sibly useful means, sensible statesmen try to have an
appropriate
amount of it. In crucial situations, however, the ultimate
concern
of states is not for power but for security. This revision is an
important one.
An even more important revision is found in a shift of causal
relations. The infinite materials of any realm can be organized
in
endlessly different ways. Realism thinks of causes as moving in
only one direction, from the interactions of individuals and
states
to the outcomes that their acts and interactions produce. Mor-
genthau recognized that, when there is competition for scarce
goods and no one to serve as arbiter, a struggle for power will
ensue among the competitors and that consequently the struggle
for power can be explained without reference to the evil born in
men. The struggle for power arises simply because men want
things, not because of the evil in their desires. He labeled man's
desire for scarce goods as one of the two roots of conflict, but,
even while discussing it, he seemed to pull toward the "other
root
2 Morgenthau, Politics among Nations (New York, 1973; 5th
ed.), I . Ludwig Boltzman
(trans. Rudolf Weingartner), "Theories as Representations,"
excerpted in Arthur Danto
6. and Sidney Morgenbesser (eds.), Philosophy of Science
(Cleveland, 1960), 245-252. Neo-
realism is sometimes dubbed structural realism. I use the terms
interchangeably and,
throughout this article, refer to my own formulation of
neorealist theory. See Waltz,
Theory of International Politics (Reading, Mass., I979); Robert
Keohane (ed.), Neorealism
and its Critics (New York, I986).
3 Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, 27.
WAR IN NEOREALIST THEORY 617
of conflict and concomitant evil"-"the animus dominandi, the
de-
sire for power." He often considered that man's drive for power
is more basic than the chance conditions under which struggles
for power occur. This attitude is seen in his statement that "in a
world where power counts, no nation pursuing a rational policy
has a choice between renouncing and wanting power; and, if it
could, the lust for power for the individual's sake would still
confront us with its less spectacular yet no less pressing moral
defects. "4
Students of international politics have typically inferred out-
comes from salient attributes of the actors producing them.
Thus
Marxists, like liberals, have linked the outbreak of war or the
prevalence of peace to the internal qualities of states. Govern-
mental forms, economic systems, social institutions, political
ideologies-these are but a few examples of where the causes of
war have been found. Yet, although causes are specifically as-
7. signed, we know that states with widely divergent economic
institutions, social customs, and political ideologies have all
fought wars. More striking still, many different sorts of organi-
zations fight wars, whether those organizations be tribes, petty
principalities, empires, nations, or street gangs. If an identified
condition seems to have caused a given war, one must wonder
why wars occur repeatedly even though their causes vary. Vari-
ations in the characteristics of the states are not linked directly
to
the outcomes that their behaviors produce, nor are variations in
their patterns of interaction. Many historians, for example, have
claimed that World War I was caused by the interaction of two
opposed and closely balanced coalitions. But then many have
claimed that World War II was caused by the failure of some
states
to combine forces in an effort to right an imbalance of power
created by an existing alliance.
Neorealism contends that international politics can be under-
stood only if the effects of structure are added to the unit-level
explanations of traditional realism. By emphasizing how struc-
tures affect actions and outcomes, neorealism rejects the
assump-
tion that man's innate lust for power constitutes a sufficient
cause
of war in the absence of any other. It reconceives the causal link
between interacting units and international outcomes. According
4 Idem, Scientific Man vs. Power Politics (Chicago, I946), 192,
200. Italics added.
8. 6I8 KENNETH N. WALTZ
to the logic of international politics, one must believe that some
causes of international outcomes are the result of interactions at
the unit level, and, since variations in presumed causes do not
correspond very closely to variations in observed outcomes, one
must also assume that others are located at the structural level.
Causes at the level of units interact with those at the level of
structure, and, because they do so, explanation at the unit level
alone is bound to be misleading. If an approach allows the con-
sideration of both unit-level and structural-level causes, then it
can cope with both the changes and the continuities that occur
in
a system.
Structural realism presents a systemic portrait of international
politics depicting component units according to the manner of
their arrangement. For the purpose of developing a theory,
states
are cast as unitary actors wanting at least to survive, and are
taken
to be the system's constituent units. The essential structural
qual-
ity of the system is anarchy-the absence of a central monopoly
of legitimate force. Changes of structure and hence of system
occur with variations in the number of great powers. The range
of expected outcomes is inferred from the assumed motivation
of
the units and the structure of the system in which they act.
A systems theory of international politics deals with forces
at the international, and not at the national, level. With both
systems-level and unit-level forces in play, how can one
9. construct
a theory of international politics without simultaneously con-
structing a theory of foreign policy? An international-political
theory does not imply or require a theory of foreign policy any
more than a market theory implies or requires a theory of the
firm. Systems theories, whether political or economic, are theo-
ries that explain how the organization of a realm acts as a con-
straining and disposing force on the interacting units within it.
Such theories tell us about the forces to which the units are
subjected. From them, we can draw some inferences about the
expected behavior and fate of the units: namely, how they will
have to compete with and adjust to one another if they are to
survive and flourish. To the extent that the dynamics of a
system
limit the freedom of its units, their behavior and the outcomes
of
their behavior become predictable. How do we expect firms to
respond to differently structured markets, and states to
differently
structured international-political systems? These theoretical
ques-
WAR IN NEOREALIST THEORY 619
tions require us to take firms as firms, and states as states,
without
paying attention to differences among them. The questions are
then answered by reference to the placement of the units in their
10. system and not by reference to the internal qualities of the
units.
Systems theories explain why different units behave similarly
and,
despite their variations, produce outcomes that fall within ex-
pected ranges. Conversely, theories at the unit level tell us why
different units behave differently despite their similar
placement
in a system. A theory about foreign policy is a theory at the
national level. It leads to expectations about the responses that
dissimilar polities will make to external pressures. A theory of
international politics bears on the foreign policies of nations al-
though it claims to explain only certain aspects of them. It can
tell us what international conditions national policies have to
cope
with.
From the vantage point of neorealist theory, competition and
conflict among states stem directly from the twin facts of life
under conditions of anarchy: States in an anarchic order must
provide for their own security, and threats or seeming threats to
their security abound. Preoccupation with identifying dangers
and
counteracting them become a way of life. Relations remain
tense;
the actors are usually suspicious and often hostile even though
by
nature they may not be given to suspicion and hostility. Individ-
ually, states may only be doing what they can to bolster their
11. security. Their individual intentions aside, collectively their ac-
tions yield arms races and alliances. The uneasy state of affairs
is
exacerbated by the familiar "security dilemma," wherein
measures
that enhance one state's security typically diminish that of
others.5
In an anarchic domain, the source of one's own comfort is the
source of another's worry. Hence a state that is amassing instru-
ments of war, even for its own defensive, is cast by others as a
threat requiring response. The response itself then serves to
con-
firm the first state's belief that it had reason to worry. Similarly
an alliance that in the interest of defense moves to increase
cohe-
sion among its members and add to its ranks inadvertently im-
perils an opposing alliance and provokes countermeasures.
Some states may hunger for power for power's sake. Neo-
realist theory, however, shows that it is not necessary to assume
5 See John H. Herz, "Idealist Internationalism and the Security
Dilemma," World Politics,
II (I950), I57-I80.
620 KENNETH N. WALTZ
an innate lust for power in order to account for the sometimes
fierce competition that marks the international arena. In an an-
archic domain, a state of war exists if all parties lust for power.
But so too will a state of war exist if all states seek only to
ensure
their own safety.
12. Although neorealist theory does not explain why particular
wars are fought, it does explain war's dismal recurrence through
the millennia. Neorealists point not to the ambitions or the in-
trigues that punctuate the outbreak of individual conflicts but
instead to the existing structure within which events, whether
by
design or accident, can precipitate open clashes of arms. The
origins of hot wars lie in cold wars, and the origins of cold wars
are found in the anarchic ordering of the international arena.
The recurrence of war is explained by the structure of the
international system. Theorists explain what historians know:
War is normal. Any given war is explained not by looking at the
structure of the international-political system but by looking at
the particularities within it: the situations, the characters, and
the
interactions of states. Although particular explanations are
found
at the unit level, general explanations are also needed. Wars
vary
in frequency, and in other ways as well. A central question for a
structural theory is this: How do changes of the system affect
the
expected frequency of war?
KEEPING WARS COLD: THE STRUCTURAL LEVEL In an
anarchic
realm, peace is fragile. The prolongation of peace requires that
potentially destabilizing developments elicit the interest and the
calculated response of some or all of the system's principal
actors.
13. In the anarchy of states, the price of inattention or
miscalculation
is often paid in blood. An important issue for a structural theory
to address is whether destabilizing conditions and events are
man-
aged better in multipolar or bipolar systems.
In a system of, say, five great powers, the politics of power
turns on the diplomacy by which alliances are made,
maintained,
and disrupted. Flexibility of alignment means both that the
coun-
try one is wooing may prefer another suitor and that one's
present
alliance partner may defect. Flexibility of alignment limits a
state's
options because, ideally, its strategy must please potential allies
and satisfy present partners. Alliances are made by states that
have
some but not all of their interests in common. The common
WAR IN NEOREALIST THEORY 621
interest is ordinarily a negative one: fear of other states. Diver-
gence comes when positive interests are at issue. In alliances
among near equals, strategies are always the product of compro-
mise since the interests of allies and their notions of how to
secure
them are never identical.
14. If competing blocs are seen to be closely balanced, and if
competition turns on important matters, then to let one's side
down risks one's own destruction. In a moment of crisis the
weaker or the more adventurous party is likely to determine its
side's policy. Its partners can afford neither to let the weaker
member be defeated nor to advertise their disunity by failing to
back a venture even while deploring its risks.
The prelude to World War I provides striking examples of
such a situation. The approximate equality of partners in both
the
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente made them closely
interdepen-
dent. This interdependence, combined with the keen competition
between the two camps, meant that, although any country could
commit its associates, no one country on either side could
exercise
control. If Austria-Hungary marched, Germany had to follow;
the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire would have left
Germany alone in the middle of Europe. If France marched,
Russia had to follow; a German victory over France would be a
defeat for Russia. And so the vicious circle continued. Because
the defeat or the defection of a major ally would have shaken
the
balance, each state was constrained to adjust its strategy and the
use of its forces to the aims and fears of its partners.
In alliances among equals, the defection of one member
threatens the security of the others. In alliances among
unequals,
the contributions of the lesser members are at once wanted and
of relatively small importance. In alliances among unequals,
15. alli-
ance leaders need worry little about the faithfulness of their fol-
lowers, who usually have little choice anyway. Contrast the sit-
uation in I914 with that of the United States and Britain and
France in I956. The United States could dissociate itself from
the
Suez adventure of its two principal allies and subject one of
them
to heavy financial pressure. Like Austria-Hungary in 1914,
Britain
and France tried to commit or at least immobilize their ally by
presenting a fait accompli. Enjoying a position of
predominance,
the United States could continue to focus its attention on the
major adversary while disciplining its two allies. Opposing Brit-
622 KENNETH N. WALTZ
ain and France endangered neither the United States nor the
alli-
ance because the security of Britain and France depended much
more heavily on us than our security depended on them. The
ability of the United States, and the inability of Germany, to
pay
a price measured in intra-alliance terms is striking.
In balance-of-power politics old style, flexibility of alignment
led to rigidity of strategy or the limitation of freedom of
decision.
In balance-of-power politics new style, the obverse is true: Rig-
idity of alignment in a two-power world results in more
flexibility
16. of strategy and greater freedom of decision. In a multipolar
world,
roughly equal parties engaged in cooperative endeavors must
look
for the common denominator of their policies. They risk finding
the lowest one and easily end up in the worst of all possible
worlds. In a bipolar world, alliance leaders can design strategies
primarily to advance their own interests and to cope with their
main adversary and less to satisfy their own allies.
Neither the United States nor the Soviet Union has to seek
the approval of other states, but each has to cope with the other.
In the great-power politics of a multipolar world, who is a
danger
to whom and who can be expected to deal with threats and
problems are matters of uncertainty. In the great-power politics
of a bipolar world, who is a danger to whom is never in doubt.
Any event in the world that involves the fortunes of either of
the
great powers automatically elicits the interest of the other. Pres-
ident Harry S. Truman, at the time of the Korean invasion,
could
not very well echo Neville Chamberlain's words in the Czecho-
slovakian crisis by claiming that the Americans knew nothing
about the Koreans, a people living far away in the east of Asia.
We had to know about them or quickly find out.
In a two-power competition, a loss for one is easily taken to
be a gain for the other. As a result, the powers in a bipolar
world
promptly respond to unsettling events. In a multipolar world,
dangers are diffused, responsibilities unclear, and definitions of
17. vital interests easily obscured. Where a number of states are in
balance, the skillful foreign policy of a forward power is
designed
to gain an advantage without antagonizing other states and
fright-
ening them into united action. At times in modern Europe, the
benefits of possible gains have seemed to outweigh the risks of
likely losses. Statesmen have hoped to push an issue to the limit
without causing all of the potential opponents to unite. When
WAR IN NEOREALIST THEORY | 623
there are several possible enemies, unity of action among them
is
difficult to achieve. National leaders could therefore think-or
desperately hope, as did Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg and
Adolf Hitler before two world wars-that a united opposition
would not form.
If interests and ambitions conflict, the absence of crises is
more worrisome than their presence. Crises are produced by the
determination of a state to resist a change that another state
tries
to make. As the leaders in a bipolar system, the United States
and the Soviet Union are disposed to do the resisting, for in
important matters they cannot hope that their allies will do it
for
them. Political action in the postwar world has reflected this
condition. Communist guerrillas operating in Greece prompted
the Truman Doctrine. The tightening of Soviet control over the
states of Eastern Europe led to the Marshall Plan and the
Atlantic
18. Defense Treaty, and these in turn gave rise to the Cominform
and the Warsaw Pact. The plan to create a West German govern-
ment produced the Berlin blockade. During the past four
decades,
our responses have been geared to the Soviet Union's actions,
and theirs to ours.
Miscalculation by some or all of the great powers is a source
of danger in a multipolar world; overreaction by either or both
of the great powers is a source of danger in a bipolar world.
Which is worse: miscalculation or overreaction? Miscalculation
is
the greater evil because it is more likely to permit an unfolding
of events that finally threatens the status quo and brings the
powers to war. Overreaction is the lesser evil because at worst
it
costs only money for unnecessary arms and possibly the
fighting
of limited wars. The dynamics of a bipolar system, moreover,
provide a measure of correction. In a world in which two states
united in their mutual antagonism overshadow any others, the
benefits of a calculated response stand out most clearly, and the
sanctions against irresponsible behavior achieve their greatest
force. Thus two states, isolationist by tradition, untutored in the
ways of international politics, and famed for impulsive
behavior,
have shown themselves-not always and everywhere, but always
in crucial cases-to be wary, alert, cautious, flexible, and for-
bearing.
Moreover, the economies of the great powers in a bipolar
world are less interdependent than those of the great powers of
a
19. 624 KENNETH N. WALTZ
multipolar one. The size of great powers tends to increase as
their
numbers fall, and the larger a state is, the greater the variety of
its resources. States of continental size do proportionately less
of
their business abroad than, for example, Britain, France, and
Germany did in their heydays. Never before in modern history
have the great powers depended so little on the outside world,
and been so uninvolved in one another's economic affairs, as the
United States and the Soviet Union have been since the war.
The
separation of their interests reduces the occasions for dispute
and
permits them, if they wish, to leave each other alone even
though
each defines its security interests largely in terms of the other.
Interdependence of parties, diffusion of dangers, confusion
of responses: These are the characteristics of great-power
politics
in a multipolar world. Self-dependence of parties, clarity of
dan-
gers, certainty about who has to face them: These are the char-
acteristics of great-power politics in a bipolar world.
KEEPING WARS COLD: THE UNIT LEVEL A major reason
for the
prolongation of the postwar peace is the destruction of the old
multipolar world in World War II and its replacement by a
20. bipolar
one. In a bipolar world, we expect competition to be keen, yet
manageable. But to believe that bipolarity alone accounts for
the
"long peace" between the United States and the Soviet Union is
difficult. Given the depth and extent of the distrust felt by both
parties, one may easily believe that one or another of the crises
that they have experienced would, in earlier times, have drawn
them into war. For a fuller explanation of why that did not
happen, we must look to that other great force for peace:
nuclear
weapons.
States continue to coexist in an anarchic order. Self-help is
the principle of action in such an order, and the most important
way in which states must help themselves is by providing for
their own security. Therefore, in weighing the chances of peace,
the first questions to ask are questions about the ends for which
states use force and about the strategies and weapons they
employ.
The chances of peace rise if states can achieve their most
important
ends without actively using force. War becomes less likely as
the
costs of war rise in relation to the possible gains. Realist
theory,
old and new alike, draws attention to the crucial role of military
WAR IN NEOREALIST THEORY 625
21. technology and strategy among the forces that fix the fate of
states
and their systems.
Nuclear weapons dissuade states from going to war much
more surely than conventional weapons do. In a conventional
world, states can believe both that they may win and that,
should
they lose, the price of defeat will be bearable, although World
Wars I and II called the latter belief into question even before
atomic bombs were dropped. If the United States and the Soviet
Union were now armed only with conventional weapons, the
lessons of those wars would be clearly remembered, especially
by
the Soviet Union, which suffered more in war than the United
States. Had the atom never been split, those two nations would
still have much to fear from each other. Armed with
increasingly
destructive conventional weapons, they would be constrained to
strive earnestly to avoid war. Yet, in a conventional world, even
sad and strong lessons like those of the two world wars have
proved exceedingly difficult for states to learn. Throughout
mod-
ern history, one great power or another has looked as though it
might become dangerously strong: for example, France under
Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte, and Germany under Wil-
helm II and Hitler. In each case, an opposing coalition formed
and turned the expansive state back. The lessons of history
would
seem to be clear: In international politics, success leads to
failure.
The excessive accumulation of power by one state or coalition
of
22. states elicits the opposition of others. The leaders of
expansionist
states have nevertheless been able to persuade themselves that
skillful diplomacy and clever strategy would enable them to
tran-
scend the normal processes of balance-of-power politics.
The experience of World War II, bipolarity, and the increased
destructiveness of conventional weapons would make World
War
III more difficult to start than earlier wars were; and the
presence
of nuclear weapons dramatically increases that difficulty.
Nuclear
weapons reverse or negate many of the conventional causes of
war. Wars can be fought in the face of nuclear weapons, but the
higher the stakes and the closer a country comes to winning
them,
the more surely that country invites retaliation and risks its own
destruction. The accumulation of significant power through con-
quest, even if only conventional weapons are used, is no longer
possible in the world of nuclear powers. Those individuals who
believe that the Soviet Union's leaders are so bent on world
626 KENNETH N. WALTZ
domination that they may be willing to run catastrophic risks
for
problematic gains fail to understand how governments behave.
Do we expect to lose one city or two? Two cities or ten? When
these are the pertinent questions, political leaders stop thinking
23. about running risks and start worrying about how to avoid them.
Deterrence is more easily achieved than most military strat-
egists would have us believe. In a conventional world, a country
can sensibly attack if it believes that success is probable. In a
nuclear world, a country cannot sensibly attack unless it
believes
that success is assured. A nation will be deterred from attacking
even if it believes that there is only a possibility that its
adversary
will retaliate. Uncertainty of response, not certainty, is required
for deterrence because, if retaliation occurs, one risks losing all.
As Clausewitz wrote: If war approaches the absolute, it becomes
imperative "not to take the first step without thinking what may
be the last."6
Nuclear weapons make the implications even of victory too
horrible to contemplate. The problem that the nuclear powers
must solve is how to perpetuate peace when it is not possible to
eliminate all of the causes of war. The structure of international
politics has not been transformed; it remains anarchic in form.
Nuclear states continue to compete militarily. With each state
striving to ensure its own security, war remains constantly pos-
sible. In the anarchy of states, improving the means of defense
and deterrence relative to the means of offense increases the
chances of peace. Weapons and strategies that make defense and
deterrence easier, and offensive strikes harder to mount,
decrease
the likelihood of war.7
Although the possibility of war remains, the probability of
a war involving states with nuclear weapons has been
24. drastically
reduced. Over the centuries great powers have fought more wars
than minor states, and the frequency of war has correlated more
closely with a structural characteristic-their international stand-
ing-than with unit-level attributes. Yet, because of a change in
military technology, a change at the unit level, waging war has
6 Karl von Clausewitz (ed. Anatol Rapaport; trans. J. J.
Graham), On War (Hammond-
sworth, I968), V, 374.
7 See Malcolm W. Hoag, "On Stability in Deterrent Races," in
Morton A. Kaplan (ed.),
The Revolution in World Politics (New York, 1962), 388-4IO;
Robert Jervis, "Cooperation
under the Security Dilemma," World Politics, XXX (I978), I67-
214.
WAR IN NEOREALIST THEORY | 627
increasingly become the privilege of poor and weak states. Nu-
clear weapons have banished war from the center of
international
politics. A unit-level change has dramatically reduced a
structural
effect.
The probability of major war among states having nuclear
weapons approaches zero. But the "real war" may, as James
claimed, lie in the preparations for waging it. The logic of a
deterrent strategy, if it is followed, also circumscribes the
causes
25. of "real wars."8 In a conventional world, the structure of inter-
national politics encourages states to arm competitively. In a
nu-
clear world, deterrent strategies offer the possibility of
dampening
the competition. Conventional weapons are relative. With con-
ventionl weapons, competing countries must constantly compare
their strengths. How secure a country is depends on how it
compares to others in the quantity and quality of its weaponry,
the suitability of its strategy, the resilience of its society and
economy, and the skill of its leaders.
Nuclear weapons are not relative but absolute weapons.9
They make it possible for a state to limit the size of its strategic
forces so long as other states are unable to achieve disarming
first-
strike capabilities by improving their forces. If no state can
launch
a disarming attack with high confidence, comparing the size of
strategic forces becomes irrelevant. For deterrence, one asks
how
much is enough, and enough is defined as a second-strike capa-
bility. This interpretation does not imply that a deterrent force
can deter everything, but rather that, beyond a certain level,
additional forces provide no additional security for one party
and
pose no additional threat to others. The two principal powers in
the system have long had second-strike forces, with neither able
to launch a disarming strike against the other. That both never-
theless continue to pile weapon upon unneeded weapon is a
puzzle
whose solution can be found only within the United States and
26. the Soviet Union.
WARS, HOT AND COLD Wars, hot and cold, originate in the
structure of the international political system. Most Americans
8 William James, "The Moral Equivalent of War," in Leon
Bramson and George W.
Goethals (eds.), War: Studiesfrom Psychology, Sociology, and
Anthropology (New York, I968;
rev. ed.), 23.
9 Cf. Bernard Brodie, The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and
World Order (New York,
1946), 75-76.
628 KENNETH N. WALTZ
blame the Soviet Union for creating the Cold War, by the
actions
that follow necessarily from the nature of its society and
govern-
ment. Revisionist historians, attacking the dominant view,
assign
blame to the United States. Some American error, or sinister
interest, or faulty assumption about Soviet aims, they argue, is
what started the Cold War. Either way, the main point is lost. In
a bipolar world, each of the two great powers is bound to focus
its fears on the other, to distrust its motives, and to impute
offensive intentions to defensive measures. The proper question
is what, not who, started the Cold War. Although its content and
virulence vary as unit-level forces change and interact, the Cold
War continues. It is firmly rooted in the structure of postwar
international politics, and will last as long as that structure en-
dures.
In any closely competitive system, it may seem that one is
27. either paranoid or a loser. The many Americans who ascribe
paranoia to the Soviet Union are saying little about its political
elite and much about the international-political system. Yet, in
the presence of nuclear weapons, the Cold War has not become
a hot one, a raging war among major states. Constraints on
fighting big wars have bound the major nuclear states into a
system of uneasy peace. Hot wars originate in the structure of
international politics. So does the Cold War, with its
temperature
kept low by the presence of nuclear weapons.
Article
Contentsp.[615]p.616p.617p.618p.619p.620p.621p.622p.623p.6
24p.625p.626p.627p.628Issue Table of ContentsJournal of
Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 4, Spring, 1988Volume
InformationFront Matter [pp.850-892]Old Wars and Future
Wars: Causation and Prevention [pp.581-590]The Origins of
War: Structural TheoriesThe Theory of Hegemonic War
[pp.591-613]The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory [pp.615-
628]The Contribution of Expected Utility Theory to the Study
of International Conflict [pp.629-652]The Origins of War:
Explanation of Non-Rational CausalityDomestic Politics and
War [pp.653-673]War and Misperception [pp.675-700]Crises
and the Unexpected [pp.701-719]Lessons and Analogies from
Early Major WarsIdeology and Conflict: The Wars of the
Ottoman Empire, 1453-1606 [pp.721-747]The Origins of the
Thirty Years' War [pp.749-770]The Origins, Causes, and
Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon
[pp.771-793]Lessons and Analogies from the World WarsThe
Origins of World War I [pp.795-818]Wargames: 1914-1919
[pp.819-849]The Origins of World War II in Europe: British
Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism [pp.851-891]The
Origins of the Pacific War [pp.893-922]Back Matter
Business Plan[Your Name], Owner
28. Purdue Global
BUSINESS PLAN
Date
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Product
1.2 Customers
1.3 What Drives Us
2. COMPANY DESCRIPTION
2.1 Mission and Vision Statements
2.2 Principal Members at Startup (In Unit 7 you will expand on
this section to include medium and long term personnel plans
for all team members, including the line staff.)
2.2.1 Using chapter 10 of your text, write the plan, using the
section in Chapter 10 that shows how to introduce each team
member and describe their background and responsibilities. You
will start with the leaders and managers, then discuss other
employees as needed for your company to grow.
2.2.2 Use this spreadsheet to show the planning
Leaders/managers (unit 1)
When needed (number of months/years after opening)
Outside Services Needed
Key Functions
31. 2.3 Legal Structure
3. MARKET RESEARCH
3.1 Industry (from SBA, Business Guides by Industry, and
Bureau of Labor Statistics)
3.1.1 Industry description
3.2.1 Resources used
3.2 Customers (from SBA site fill in worksheet, then use text
for spreadsheets and follow-up explanations)
Add SBA part here:
Then, fill in spreadsheet using this example from the text:
Housewife:
Married Couple:
Age:
35–65
Age:
35–55
Income:
Fixed
Income:
Medium to high
Sex:
32. Female
Sex:
Male or Female
Family:
Children living at home
Family:
0 to 2 children
Geographic:
Suburban
Geographic:
Suburban
Occupation:
Housewife
Occupation:
Varies
Attitude:
Security minded
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Older Couple:
Elderly:
Age:
55–75
Age:
70+
Income:
High or fixed
Income:
Fixed
Sex:
Male or Female
Sex:
Male or Female
Family:
Empty nest
Family:
33. Empty nest
Geographic:
Suburban
Geographic:
Suburban
Occupation:
White-collar or retired
Occupation:
Retired
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Explain who you are targeting and where they are located.
Insert information here using these guidelines:
Information About Your Target Market – Narrow your target
market to a manageable size. Many businesses make the mistake
of trying to appeal to too many target markets. Research and
include the following information about your market:
Distinguishing characteristics – What are the critical needs of
your potential customers? Are those needs being met? What are
the demographics of the group and where are they located? Are
there any seasonal or cyclical purchasing trends that may impact
your business?
Size of the primary target market – In addition to the size of
your market, what data can you include about the annual
purchases your market makes in your industry? What is the
forecasted market growth for this group? For more information,
see the market research guide for tips and free government
resources that can help you build a market profile.
How much market share can you gain? – What is the market
share percentage and number of customers you expect to obtain
in a defined geographic area? Explain the logic behind your
calculation.
34. 3.3 Competitors (from SBA site fill in worksheet, then use text
for spreadsheets and follow-up explanation)
Then:
Fill in spreadsheet using this example from the text:
Estimated Market Share
Competition 60%
Home Improvements Inc. 30%
Product Line
4
5
Quality
4
5
Technology
4
5
Advertising
2
5
Sales Force
3
5
Distribution
3
4
Price
4
4
Installation
4
5
Ease of Use
4
5
36. Write an explanation of your findings using information from
the spreadsheet using these guidelines:
· Market share
· Strengths and weaknesses
· How important is your target market to your competitors?
· Are there any barriers that may hinder you as you enter the
market?
· What is your window of opportunity to enter the market?
· Are there any indirect or secondary competitors who may
impact your success?
· What barriers to market are there (e.g., changing technology,
high investment cost, lack of quality personnel)?3.4
Competitive Advantage
Read: Sustainable competitive advantage or temporary
competitive advantage: Improving understanding of an
important strategy construct.
3.5 Regulation (use SBA site to fill in blanks, and use SBA
regulations as a resource)
4. PRODUCT/SERVICE LINE
4.1 Product or Service
4.2 Pricing Structure4.3 Product/Service Life Cycle4.4
Intellectual Property Rights
4.5 Research & Development
5. MARKETING and SALES
5.1 Growth Strategy
· A market penetration strategy.
37. · A growth strategy. This strategy for building your business
might include: an internal strategy such as how to increase your
human resources, an acquisition strategy such as buying another
business, a franchise strategy for branching out, a horizontal
strategy where you would provide the same type of products to
different users, or a vertical strategy where you would continue
providing the same products but would offer them at different
levels of the distribution chain.
· Channels of distribution strategy. Choices for distribution
channels could include original equipment manufacturers
(OEMs), an internal sales force, distributors, or retailers.
· Communication strategy. How are you going to reach your
customers? Usually a combination of the following tactics
works the best: promotions, advertising, public relations,
personal selling, and printed materials such as brochures,
catalogs, flyers, etc.
After you have developed a comprehensive marketing strategy,
you can then define your sales strategy. This covers how you
plan to actually sell your product.
5.2 Your overall sales strategy should include two primary
elements:
· A sales force strategy. If you are going to have a sales force,
do you plan to use internal or independent representatives? How
many salespeople will you recruit for your sales force? What
type of recruitment strategies will you use? How will you train
your sales force? What about compensation for your sales
force?
· Your sales activities. When you are defining your sales
strategy, it is important that you break it down into activities.
For instance, you need to identify your prospects. Once you
have made a list of your prospects, you need to prioritize the
contacts, selecting the leads with the highest potential to buy
first. Next, identify the number of sales calls you will make
over a certain period of time. From there, you need to determine
the average number of sales calls you will need to make per
sale, the average dollar size per sale, and the average dollar size
38. per vendor.5.3 Communication Strategy
5.3.1 Internet Strategy (from the text)
5.3.1 Tracking ROI form website
5.3.2 Discuss how you will assure ethical practices are being
used in your marketing and selling. 6. FINANCIAL
PROJECTIONS6.1 Profit & Loss6.1 Profit & Loss
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Sales
Costs/Goods Sold
GROSS PROFIT
OPERATING EXPENSES
Salary (Office & Overhead)
Payroll (taxes, etc.)
Outside Services
Supplies (Office & Operation)
41. ADJUSTED TO RETAINED
6.2 Cash Flow Complete section 6.3 of your business plan
outline
Cash Flow
Pre-Startup
ESTIMATE
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Cash on Hand
CASH RECEIPTS
Cash Sales
42. Collections from CR Accounts
Loan/Cash Injection
TOTAL CASH RECEIPTS
TOTAL CASH AVAILABLE
CASH PAID OUT
Purchases
Gross Wages
45. Loan Principal Payment
Capital Purchase
Other Startup Costs
Reserve and/or Escrow
Others Withdrawal
TOTAL CASH PAID OUT
CASH POSITION
46. 6.3 Balance Sheet
Assets
Start Date:
End Date:
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash in Bank
Accounts Receivable
Inventory
Prepaid Expenses
Other Current Assets
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS
FIXED ASSETS
Machinery & Equipment
Furniture & Fixtures
47. Leaseholder Improvements
Land & Buildings
Other Fixed Assets
TOTAL FIXED ASSETS
(net of depreciation)
OTHER ASSETS
Intangibles
Deposits
Other
TOTAL OTHER ASSETS
TOTAL ASSETS
48. Liabilities & Equity
Start Date
End Date
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts Payable
Interest Payable
Taxes Payable
Notes, Short Term (due in 12 months)
Current Part, Long-Term Debt
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES
LONG TERM DEBT
Bank Loans Payable
Notes Payable to Stockholders
LESS: Short-Term Portion
49. Other Long-Term Debt
TOTAL LONG-TERM DEBT
TOTAL LIABILITIES
OWNER'S EQUITY
Invested Capital
Retained Earnings
TOTAL OWNERS EQUITY
TOTAL LIABILITIES & EQUITY
6.4 Break-Even Analysis
DIRECT COSTS
Fixed Costs ($)
Variable Costs (%)
50. Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory
Raw Materials
Direct Labor
INDIRECT COSTS
Salaries
Supplies
Repairs & Maintenance
Advertising
Car, Delivery & Travel
Rent
Telephone
51. Utilities
Insurance
Taxes
Interest
Depreciation
Other Costs
Total Fixed Costs
Total Variable Costs
BREAK-EVEN SALES LEVEL:
6.5 Financial Assumptions
6.5.1 Assumptions for Profit and Loss Projections
6.5.2 Assumptions for Cash Flow Analysis6.5.3 Assumptions
for Balance Sheet6.5.4 Assumptions for Break-Even Analysis
Assignment Details
52. In this Assignment, you will write the personnel plan for your
company, focusing on the short, medium, and longer terms.
Think carefully about your company’s growth when devising
your personnel needs.
Assignment checklist:
i. Finish the chart started in Unit 1 (Section 2.2.2 of your
business plan outline) to include additional managers and line
staff.
ii. Write the management and personnel plan as outlined in
Chapter 10 of the text. The writing will focus on the
responsibilities of each member of the team in the short,
medium, and long terms.
Access the rubric.
Submit your Assignment to the Dropbox.
1
Unit 1 Assignment
MT499
Chad Dent
3/3/19
Kaplan University
53. 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The company known by the name is Little Ones Day care
will make for a really great care center for starting children out
with learning from an early age. It will allow for children ages
newborn up until 12. We will be providing a safe place for
children and also be very encouraging foe everyone involved.
Here children will be able to grow and learn by means of a ton
of different interactions socially speaking. It will be
coordinated by Chad Dent along with other providers who are
certified.
1.1 Product
Little Ones Day care is going to be offering a place that is
always safe and very stable for the caring of children when
parents are off at work or out for the day. Children will be able
to learn via activities, interactions with others and socially. Our
focus will be to bring forth growth and encouragement by
emotional, physical; and social which will allow for the
children to grow and be ready for the future they are going to
face.
1.2 Customers
Our target market would be working parents who have
children that are 12 years of age and younger. My plan for the
subgroup will be the parents that commute, they will stand for
around 70% and then we will look at parents who do other jobs
totaling up to 30%. These numbers may shift in summer and fall
times. Comment by Stephen Griffith: Income level?
Comment by Stephen Griffith: Why do you care if they
commute?
1.3 What Drives Us
The values that we are looking for will be all of the
children themselves along with the care we will be giving them.
Our drive is to ensure that we are giving the children the best
care and learning possibilities ever.
54. 2. COMPANY DESCRIPTION
We are looking to be a not only a child care service but
also a place that children can start to learn. On staff we will
have a registered. A few different care providers, someone to
cook some office staff and the owner. We will have hours that
will be accommodating to parents. We are also going to be
giving out at least 3 meals a day to the children along with
snacks and nap time each day. Comment by Stephen
Griffith: ?Comment by Stephen Griffith: You can offer healthy
menus as a feature.
2.1 Mission and Vision Statements
Mission Statement- “We exist to provide an environment that is
safe and secure for children”.
Vision Statement- to make sure that all parents have that peace
of mind when they drop their child off with us. We will always
hold meetings and such to ensure we are always up to par and
on track with all we have to offer. Where do you want the
businesss to be in five years?
2.2 Principal Members at Startup
The owner of the day care center has around 25 years’
experience with childcare and is certified. He has business
management degree and has a lot of accounting skills that can
aid in making smart decisions for the business. Managers for
financing and social media marketing has around 5 years of
experience in the field. Everyone involved with caring for the
children will have at 5 teas years experience and all be certified
in CPR. There will perhaps be room for more employees as the
company expands.
Leaders/managers
Functions
When needed
Owner
Take care of business
start
Secretary
Make and take calls. Sign children out, contact parents.
55. start
Care provider
Provide care and learning
start
Nurse
Care for children medically speaking
start
Cook
Prepare meals that are safe for all children pertaining to their
allergies
start
Marketer/IT
Create and maintain social media sites and website for the
company
start Comment by Stephen Griffith: Why not use an outside
person for this on a contract to keep expenses low?
2.3 Legal Structure
We will be known as a sole Proprietorship. The site for the
facility has been purchased by the owner. In the future with
growth, we may become a Limited Liability Company. Deciding
to be a sole proprietorship will make for there to be fewer
issues within keeping records and will make for there to be
mistakes with the records. The owner will be the one
responsible for any debts that incur. Comment by Stephen
Griffith: Be sure to check the local and state regs. In Ohio, you
have to have sprinklers and, if you have more than a certain
number of kids, a bigger system. You also need to make sure
you have adequate fire exits, etc. Comment by Stephen
Griffith: I would talk to an accountant and lawyer about doing
this sooner to protect yourself from liability.
MT 499 Assignment 1 Rubric
Possible Points
Awarded Points
Executive Summary
57. Unit 6 Assignment
MT499
Chad Dent
4/7/19
Purdue Global University
5.1 Growth Strategy
For this we will be focusing on a marketing penetration strategy
relying a lot of advertisements along with some strategic
alliances. Our growth strategy will be somewhere along the
lines a vertical one. We would like to offer our services as
would any other place like ours but at a much lower reasonable
price and include more than what the average place has to offer.
A growth strategy. This strategy for building your business
might include: an internal strategy such as how to increase your
human resources, an acquisition strategy such as buying another
business, a franchise strategy for branching out, a horizontal
strategy where you would provide the same type of products to
different users, or a vertical strategy where you would continue
providing the same products but would offer them at different
levels of the distribution chain. For the Channels of distribution
strategy, we will be looking at an internal sales force because I
feel it would best fit into the daycare center and all it has to
purchase.
58. 5.2 Sales Strategy
Looking at our sakes strategy we will be doing a lot of
advertisements online and also word of mouth. There are a lot
of parents that work and need daycare within our choice of
business and this will work out just fine. We will also look at
the sales strategy that our competitors are using and really take
it from there.
5.3 Communication Strategy
This will be a vital part of our business is what will aid in
creating a lot of potential clients. Here we will be creating a
really great website for the daycare center. It will be very user
friendly and also include everything a parent should know about
or school. We have listings of all staff and also list each of their
skills and qualifications. For a thing such as assuring that there
are ethical practices that are used for our marketing and selling
efforts, we will ensure we use only the best people ever. We
will have open communications and ensure that there is trust
amongst anyone we choose to come in contact with. We will
also have some sort of code of conduct in place.
Running head: MARKET RESEARCH 1
MARKET RESEARCH 7
Unit 2 Assignment
MT499
Chad Dent
3/11/19
Kaplan University
59. 3.1 INDUSTRY
3.1.1 Industry description
Industry
This industry that I have chosen known as childcare is
really one that has been around for a long time. It is no real
stranger in our times of today. It seems to be taking on an
expansion and growing where they are popping up all over
which is good because parents can go to work and have that
peace of mind that their children are okay and are in safe hands.
In the city where I reside in numbers show us that there has
been an increase where two parents are working and the growth
in employment has risen to more than 18% (DATAUSA, 2017).
With this growth comes the need as to why we should have
more day care centers available. There are around 32.1% of our
growing population which are in the target market of being ages
18-55. More than 78% of these individuals have children.
Commuters have been increasing a lot with employment within
the sector that is non-farming at around a 4.3%. the seasonal
workers at a high because of higher prices in income resulting
from minimum wage being high (Bureau of Labor and Statistics,
2017).
Competition
We have very little competition within the area of choice.
Basically, there is the YMCA. There are other small facilities in
the area that operate from an in-home environment and nothing
like I am planning to create.
Strengths
There is a whole lot of great abilities for advertising
within social media and with that we will have a great amount
of participation from customers. Because we will have an
educational platform, this company will be far higher than any
competition out there. Another strength we can look at with this
daycare facility is the fact that we will be giving hours that are
flexible along with having staff on hand to be there while we
have seasonal work going on.
Weaknesses
60. There has been an increase within childcare cost and this is
said by the United States Census Bureau. We also see that there
is also an increase within minimum wage. The cos of living has
gone up and will continue to go up. (United States Census
Bureau, 2017).
3.2.1 Resources used
Bureau of Labor and Statistics, (2019). Economic News
Release. Retrieved from
https://www.bls.gov/bls/newsrels.htm#OEP
Childcare Center, (2019). Child Care Resources. Retrieved from
http://childcarecenter.us/washington/99033_childcare
DATAUSA, (2019).https://datausa.io/
United States Census Bureau, (2019). Child Care
Costs. Retrieved from:
https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2013/cb13-
62.html
3.2 Customers
Customer Data
The SBA shows that there is a percentage change that is said to
be unadjusted within what a household is spending for childcare
from the years of 2018 and 2019. It is at a 3% and the change
for the seasonal is at a 1%. We can view this as being an
increase nationally due to a rise in childcare needs (SBA, 2017).
Single Parent: Part-time
Married Couple: Commuters/Fulltime
Age:
18–45
Age:
22–50
Income:
Fixed, State assistance-$25,000
Income:
Low to Median, $45,000-$70,000
Sex:
Both
Sex:
61. Both
Family:
1-4
Family:
1 to 3
Geographic:
Rural
Geographic:
Rural
Occupation:
Can Vary
Occupation:
Farming
Attitude:
Safety and Care
Attitude:
Educational, being safe giving care.
Single Parent: Full-Time
Married Couple: Farming/ Seasonal
Age:
18-50
Age:
22-50
Income:
Low - $20,000-$45,000
Income:
$30,000-$50,000
Sex:
both
Sex:
both
Family:
1-4
Family:
1-4
Geographic:
62. Rural
Geographic:
Rural
Occupation:
Varies
Occupation:
Farming, Trucking, Agriculture
Attitude:
Great care, enjoyable having a flexibility in pay
Attitude:
High quality Care, scheduling that is flexible
Target Customers
The customers we are trying to target would be parents
that are married and single in the age range of Our target market
includes single and married parents ages 18-50 who have
children aged 12 and below. The earnings for an average
household are at $20,000-$50,000 yearly. The household size of
one adult and 1-4 children ranging between 0-12 years of age
(DATAUSA, 2017). It would be for a rural area.
The parents that are married do farming or they commute,
and their household is set at $30,000-$70,000 yearly while
having an income that is duel (DATAUSA, 2017). This market
type wants to have quality childcare along with a schedule that
can be flexible and educational at the same time. They want a
good price.
Basically, the needs here would be to have a flexibility
within the schedule that can take care of families who are
seasonal workers or commuters. There is a need within care that
is consistence at all times. This is a rural area and with that the
families spend a great deal of time in outside so the facility has
to have this set in somehow.
The primary targets size is big. The estimated percentage
for the market share will be at an average because we will take
the annual $22,631 per family and further break it up upon the
other facilities who are also accredited. With that we could look
63. to gain around 2% additionally speaking of the, market share in
the event we expand or open more locations.