T2K has collected data from neutrino and antineutrino beams produced at J-PARC, detecting particles at the Super-Kamiokande detector. Their latest results come from an exposure of 1.47×1021 protons on target in neutrino mode and 0.76×1021 protons on target in antineutrino mode. Improvements to the analysis include an expanded detector volume at Super-Kamiokande, additional event samples, and improved constraints on the neutrino flux and interaction models from ND280 data. The results provide further constraints on neutrino oscillation parameters like δcp that are sensitive to CP violation.
Simulation and Analysis of III V Characteristic and Bandgap Design for Hetero...ijtsrd
This research is the analysis of computer based simulation design for the semiconductor laser diode. The paper is emphasized by analyzing the band structure and voltage current characteristics of AlGaAs GaAs for the laser diode. In this paper, bandgap variation temperature dependence, voltage current V I , band diagram of the p n junction for laser diode are discussed briefly. On the other hand, this paper is emphasized band structure design and voltage current calculation using the mathematical model. The AlGaAs GaAs device technology is used for high speed optical communication. Thu Rein Ye Yint Win | Tin Tin Hla "Simulation and Analysis of III-V Characteristic and Bandgap Design for Heterojunction Laser Diode" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26542.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26542/simulation-and-analysis-of-iii-v-characteristic-and-bandgap-design-for-heterojunction-laser-diode/thu-rein-ye-yint-win
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out with a three-body Tersoff potential force field to predict the transversely isotropic elastic properties of pristine and defected BNNTs. This is accomplished by imposing uniaxial tension, twisting moment, in-aplane shear and in-plane biaxial tension to the BNNTs. Effects of various factors such as chirality and diameter of BNNTs, vacancy concentration, and distribution of vacancy pores along the length and circumference of BNNTs were critically examined. Our study reveals that the elastic coefficients of BNNTs decrease as their diameter increase, except axial Young’s modulus. Young’s modulus of BNNT increases with the diameter and reaches its maximum value when the tube diameter is ∼14 Å and then it starts decreasing. We also found that the axial Young’s modulus of a BNNT increases as its aspect ratio increases and stabilizes at a particular value of aspect ratio (L/D ∼ 15). The vacancies greatly affect the elastic properties of BNNTs; for instance, the vacancy concentration of 2% in (10, 10) BNNT reduce its axial Young’s, shear, plane strain bulk and in-plane shear moduli by 14%, 25%, 14% and 18%, respectively. Furthermore, we studied the electronic properties of pristine and defective BNNTs under four transversely isotropic loading conditions using the strain effective method. The results reveal that the electronic properties of BNNTs can be altered via different routes: loadings conditions, diameter and vacancy concentration. Our fundamental study highlights the critical role played by vacancy defected BNNTs in determining their elastic and electronic properties as they are vastly being used in multifarious applications such as nano-electronic devices and reinforcements in multifunctional nanocomposites
WiRoTip: an IoT-based Wireless Sensor Network for Water Pipeline MonitoringIJECEIAES
One of the key components of the Internet of Things (IoT) is the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). WSN is an effective and efficient technology. It consists of senor nodes; smart devices that allows data collection and pre-processing wirelessly from real world. However, issues related to power consumption and computational performance still persist in classical wireless nodes since power is not always available in application like pipeline monitoring. Moreover, they could not be usually suitable and adequate for this kind of application due to memory shortage and performance constraints. Designing new IoT WSN system that matches the application specific requirements is extremely important. In this paper, we present WiRoTip, a WSN node prototype for water pipeline application. An experimental and a comparative studies have been performed for the different node’s components to achieve a final adequate design.
Rogowski coil sensor in the digitization process to detect partial dischargeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the construction of a Rogowski Coil sensor with an air core to detect partial discharge using a digital oscilloscope. Two types of sensors are used. The first is the primary sensor winding with back wire, and the second is without back wire, labeled BW and WBW, respectively. The numbers of primary-turn in the sensors are 5, 10, 20, and 40 turns. The performance of the sensors is tested using two types of tests. First, the wave response test with a fixed imitation partial discharge magnitude input is used to select the optimum sensitivity with the lower sampling rate, aims to select the peak or valley value as a magnitude partial discharge value. The second test is using an imitation partial discharge ramp to check the linearity of the sensors. The imitation of the partial discharge inputs is generated by a commercial charge calibrator. The wave response test results show an increase in the number of turns that corresponds to an increase of the sensor output for both sensors in a non-linear trend. In determining the sampling rate, the detection of magnitude in the valley is better than the peak. All sensors act linear toward the imitation partial discharge ramp either in BW or WBW conditions.
Progress of Integration in MEMS and New Industry CreationSLINTEC
Progress of Integration in MEMS and New Industry Creation
Prof. Susumu Sugiyama
Scientific Expert, JSPS/JAICA
Director, Research Institute for Nanomachine System Technology
Professor, Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization
Ritsumeikan University
Japan
Delivered @ SLINTEC September 2009
Simulation and Analysis of III V Characteristic and Bandgap Design for Hetero...ijtsrd
This research is the analysis of computer based simulation design for the semiconductor laser diode. The paper is emphasized by analyzing the band structure and voltage current characteristics of AlGaAs GaAs for the laser diode. In this paper, bandgap variation temperature dependence, voltage current V I , band diagram of the p n junction for laser diode are discussed briefly. On the other hand, this paper is emphasized band structure design and voltage current calculation using the mathematical model. The AlGaAs GaAs device technology is used for high speed optical communication. Thu Rein Ye Yint Win | Tin Tin Hla "Simulation and Analysis of III-V Characteristic and Bandgap Design for Heterojunction Laser Diode" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26542.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26542/simulation-and-analysis-of-iii-v-characteristic-and-bandgap-design-for-heterojunction-laser-diode/thu-rein-ye-yint-win
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out with a three-body Tersoff potential force field to predict the transversely isotropic elastic properties of pristine and defected BNNTs. This is accomplished by imposing uniaxial tension, twisting moment, in-aplane shear and in-plane biaxial tension to the BNNTs. Effects of various factors such as chirality and diameter of BNNTs, vacancy concentration, and distribution of vacancy pores along the length and circumference of BNNTs were critically examined. Our study reveals that the elastic coefficients of BNNTs decrease as their diameter increase, except axial Young’s modulus. Young’s modulus of BNNT increases with the diameter and reaches its maximum value when the tube diameter is ∼14 Å and then it starts decreasing. We also found that the axial Young’s modulus of a BNNT increases as its aspect ratio increases and stabilizes at a particular value of aspect ratio (L/D ∼ 15). The vacancies greatly affect the elastic properties of BNNTs; for instance, the vacancy concentration of 2% in (10, 10) BNNT reduce its axial Young’s, shear, plane strain bulk and in-plane shear moduli by 14%, 25%, 14% and 18%, respectively. Furthermore, we studied the electronic properties of pristine and defective BNNTs under four transversely isotropic loading conditions using the strain effective method. The results reveal that the electronic properties of BNNTs can be altered via different routes: loadings conditions, diameter and vacancy concentration. Our fundamental study highlights the critical role played by vacancy defected BNNTs in determining their elastic and electronic properties as they are vastly being used in multifarious applications such as nano-electronic devices and reinforcements in multifunctional nanocomposites
WiRoTip: an IoT-based Wireless Sensor Network for Water Pipeline MonitoringIJECEIAES
One of the key components of the Internet of Things (IoT) is the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). WSN is an effective and efficient technology. It consists of senor nodes; smart devices that allows data collection and pre-processing wirelessly from real world. However, issues related to power consumption and computational performance still persist in classical wireless nodes since power is not always available in application like pipeline monitoring. Moreover, they could not be usually suitable and adequate for this kind of application due to memory shortage and performance constraints. Designing new IoT WSN system that matches the application specific requirements is extremely important. In this paper, we present WiRoTip, a WSN node prototype for water pipeline application. An experimental and a comparative studies have been performed for the different node’s components to achieve a final adequate design.
Rogowski coil sensor in the digitization process to detect partial dischargeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the construction of a Rogowski Coil sensor with an air core to detect partial discharge using a digital oscilloscope. Two types of sensors are used. The first is the primary sensor winding with back wire, and the second is without back wire, labeled BW and WBW, respectively. The numbers of primary-turn in the sensors are 5, 10, 20, and 40 turns. The performance of the sensors is tested using two types of tests. First, the wave response test with a fixed imitation partial discharge magnitude input is used to select the optimum sensitivity with the lower sampling rate, aims to select the peak or valley value as a magnitude partial discharge value. The second test is using an imitation partial discharge ramp to check the linearity of the sensors. The imitation of the partial discharge inputs is generated by a commercial charge calibrator. The wave response test results show an increase in the number of turns that corresponds to an increase of the sensor output for both sensors in a non-linear trend. In determining the sampling rate, the detection of magnitude in the valley is better than the peak. All sensors act linear toward the imitation partial discharge ramp either in BW or WBW conditions.
Progress of Integration in MEMS and New Industry CreationSLINTEC
Progress of Integration in MEMS and New Industry Creation
Prof. Susumu Sugiyama
Scientific Expert, JSPS/JAICA
Director, Research Institute for Nanomachine System Technology
Professor, Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization
Ritsumeikan University
Japan
Delivered @ SLINTEC September 2009
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTER APPLYING THREE W...AM Publications
To design a new type of Multi Level Converter known as Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) integrated with three winding transformer, then it is used for Power Quality Improvement and Voltage Balancing. This project proposes a new type of Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) applying a three- winding transformer. In general, MMC requires a buffer reactor in each arm, which increases number of components and converter footprint. The proposed MMC with three winding transformer does not require the buffer reactors. We describe mathematical properties of the proposed MMC. We also confirmed it operated as same as typical MMC (with reactor topology) In MATLAB / SIMULINK SOFTWARE.
Pentacene-Based Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Analytical Model and Simula...IDES Editor
Organic Field-Effect Transistors, OFETs, attract
much interest recently and their proficiency and hence
applications are being enhanced increasingly. However, only
analytical model of old field-effect transistors, developed for
silicon-based transistors, and their relevant numerical
analyses have been used for such devices, so far. Increasing
precision of such models and numerical methods are essential
now in order to modify OFETs and propose more effective
models and methods. This study pegs at comparing current
analytical model, simulation methods and experiment data
and their fitness with each other. Certainly, four aspects of
results of three abovementioned approaches were examined
comparatively: sub-threshold slope, on-state drain current,
threshold voltage and carrier mobility. We embark to analyze
related experiment data of OFETs made by pentacene, as the
organic material, along with various organic gate insulators
including CyEP, PVP, PMMA, Parylene-C and Polyimide and
then to offer their results, comparatively.
The presentation file on workshop on Neutron and X-ray Characterisation on Caloric Materials, introduction to neutron scattering experiment with triple axis spectrometer for material scientist
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
A Hybrid Model to Predict Electron and Ion Distributions in Entire Interelect...Fa-Gung Fan
Atmospheric direct current (dc) corona discharge
from thin wires or sharp needles has been widely used as an ion
source in many devices such as photocopiers, laser printers, and
electronic air cleaners. Existing numerical models to predict the
electron distribution in the corona plasma are based on charge
continuity equations and the simplified Boltzmann equation. In
this paper, negative dc corona discharges produced from a thin
wire in dry air are modeled using a hybrid model of modified
particle-in-cell plus Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) and a
continuum approach. The PIC-MCC model predicts densities of
charge carriers and electron kinetic energy distributions in the
plasma region, while the continuum model predicts the densities of
charge carriers in the unipolar ion region. Results from the hybrid
model are compared with those from prior continuum models.
Superior to the prior continuum model, the hybrid model is able
to predict the voltage–current curve of corona discharges. The
PIC-MCC simulation results also suggest the validity of the local
approximation used to solve the Boltzmann equation in the prior
continuum model.
Control Synthesis of Electro Hydraulic Drive Based on the Concept of Inverse ...ijtsrd
Electro hydraulic drives are widely used in various branches of technology due to a number of its advantages, which include significant specific power the ratio of power developed by the drive to its mass , high speed and the ability to position the output link with a sufficient degree of accuracy. However, hydraulic drives are non linear objects, which makes it difficult to synthesize drive control, which provides the required dynamic characteristics. This paper presents an approach to solving the problem of constructing a control algorithm based on the concept of inverse problems of dynamics by an electro hydraulic drive, consisting structurally of an electro hydraulic amplifier and an executive hydraulic cylinder. Soe Nay Lynn Aung | Akimenko D. A "Control Synthesis of Electro-Hydraulic Drive Based on the Concept of Inverse Dynamics Problems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27823.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/27823/control-synthesis-of-electro-hydraulic-drive-based-on-the-concept-of-inverse-dynamics-problems/soe-nay-lynn-aung
Plenary lecture - XV B-MRS Meeting - Campinas, SP, Brazil - September, 25 to 29, 2016.
Author: Elvira Fortunato (CENIMAT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal).
The Neutrino: Elusive Misfit and Evolutionary DiscoveriesSon Cao
We live in a matrix of neutrinos, the most abundant and perhaps the most elusive of all the known massive particles. The neutrino’s interactions dictate how the Sun shines, how the Sun will evolve, and the dynamics of dying stars. The neutrino, a tangible misfit, also tells us that our theory of the fundamental building blocks of Nature called the “Standard Model” is incomplete. There have been four neutrino-related Nobel prizes in physics awarded since 1995, but to date, the neutrino is still among the most mysterious of all known particles. A recent publication of the T2K experiment, one of the ten most remarkable discoveries of science in 2020, suggests that neutrinos do not respect the charge-conjugation parity-reversal (CP) symmetry, which in turn could explain how our matter-dominated Universe has emerged. The talk will highlight what we have known and what we expect to know in the following decades about this elusive particle. Also, we will discuss how to weigh the extraordinarily tiny mass of the neutrino and detect the CP violation via a quantum mechanical phenomenon called neutrino oscillation.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTER APPLYING THREE W...AM Publications
To design a new type of Multi Level Converter known as Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) integrated with three winding transformer, then it is used for Power Quality Improvement and Voltage Balancing. This project proposes a new type of Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) applying a three- winding transformer. In general, MMC requires a buffer reactor in each arm, which increases number of components and converter footprint. The proposed MMC with three winding transformer does not require the buffer reactors. We describe mathematical properties of the proposed MMC. We also confirmed it operated as same as typical MMC (with reactor topology) In MATLAB / SIMULINK SOFTWARE.
Pentacene-Based Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Analytical Model and Simula...IDES Editor
Organic Field-Effect Transistors, OFETs, attract
much interest recently and their proficiency and hence
applications are being enhanced increasingly. However, only
analytical model of old field-effect transistors, developed for
silicon-based transistors, and their relevant numerical
analyses have been used for such devices, so far. Increasing
precision of such models and numerical methods are essential
now in order to modify OFETs and propose more effective
models and methods. This study pegs at comparing current
analytical model, simulation methods and experiment data
and their fitness with each other. Certainly, four aspects of
results of three abovementioned approaches were examined
comparatively: sub-threshold slope, on-state drain current,
threshold voltage and carrier mobility. We embark to analyze
related experiment data of OFETs made by pentacene, as the
organic material, along with various organic gate insulators
including CyEP, PVP, PMMA, Parylene-C and Polyimide and
then to offer their results, comparatively.
The presentation file on workshop on Neutron and X-ray Characterisation on Caloric Materials, introduction to neutron scattering experiment with triple axis spectrometer for material scientist
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
A Hybrid Model to Predict Electron and Ion Distributions in Entire Interelect...Fa-Gung Fan
Atmospheric direct current (dc) corona discharge
from thin wires or sharp needles has been widely used as an ion
source in many devices such as photocopiers, laser printers, and
electronic air cleaners. Existing numerical models to predict the
electron distribution in the corona plasma are based on charge
continuity equations and the simplified Boltzmann equation. In
this paper, negative dc corona discharges produced from a thin
wire in dry air are modeled using a hybrid model of modified
particle-in-cell plus Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) and a
continuum approach. The PIC-MCC model predicts densities of
charge carriers and electron kinetic energy distributions in the
plasma region, while the continuum model predicts the densities of
charge carriers in the unipolar ion region. Results from the hybrid
model are compared with those from prior continuum models.
Superior to the prior continuum model, the hybrid model is able
to predict the voltage–current curve of corona discharges. The
PIC-MCC simulation results also suggest the validity of the local
approximation used to solve the Boltzmann equation in the prior
continuum model.
Control Synthesis of Electro Hydraulic Drive Based on the Concept of Inverse ...ijtsrd
Electro hydraulic drives are widely used in various branches of technology due to a number of its advantages, which include significant specific power the ratio of power developed by the drive to its mass , high speed and the ability to position the output link with a sufficient degree of accuracy. However, hydraulic drives are non linear objects, which makes it difficult to synthesize drive control, which provides the required dynamic characteristics. This paper presents an approach to solving the problem of constructing a control algorithm based on the concept of inverse problems of dynamics by an electro hydraulic drive, consisting structurally of an electro hydraulic amplifier and an executive hydraulic cylinder. Soe Nay Lynn Aung | Akimenko D. A "Control Synthesis of Electro-Hydraulic Drive Based on the Concept of Inverse Dynamics Problems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27823.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/27823/control-synthesis-of-electro-hydraulic-drive-based-on-the-concept-of-inverse-dynamics-problems/soe-nay-lynn-aung
Plenary lecture - XV B-MRS Meeting - Campinas, SP, Brazil - September, 25 to 29, 2016.
Author: Elvira Fortunato (CENIMAT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal).
The Neutrino: Elusive Misfit and Evolutionary DiscoveriesSon Cao
We live in a matrix of neutrinos, the most abundant and perhaps the most elusive of all the known massive particles. The neutrino’s interactions dictate how the Sun shines, how the Sun will evolve, and the dynamics of dying stars. The neutrino, a tangible misfit, also tells us that our theory of the fundamental building blocks of Nature called the “Standard Model” is incomplete. There have been four neutrino-related Nobel prizes in physics awarded since 1995, but to date, the neutrino is still among the most mysterious of all known particles. A recent publication of the T2K experiment, one of the ten most remarkable discoveries of science in 2020, suggests that neutrinos do not respect the charge-conjugation parity-reversal (CP) symmetry, which in turn could explain how our matter-dominated Universe has emerged. The talk will highlight what we have known and what we expect to know in the following decades about this elusive particle. Also, we will discuss how to weigh the extraordinarily tiny mass of the neutrino and detect the CP violation via a quantum mechanical phenomenon called neutrino oscillation.
VSoN Lab Training: A Concept for Neutrino DetectorSon Cao
A concept for Neutrino Detector with plastic scintillator, wavelength shifting fiber and MPPC. NIM is used for signal processing. This is for the hardware training conducted at Vietnam School on Neutrino http://www-he.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/member/nuICISE/vson
My little stories, Vietnam & Experimental High Energy PhysicsSon Cao
This is a science dialog for high school students in Japan. I did tell some little stories of my academic path: from a small village of Vietnam, to Hanoi as undergraduate student, then to United State for Ph.D degree and went to Japan after graduation. The main message from these stories is that I enjoyed my journey which I could not imagine when I was in high school and I hope that they (students in class) will enjoy their journey as well. That is the most important thing in life. Then I expressed my inspiration toward symmetry, one of the most beautiful and important concepts in physics. I gave examples from classical physics to model physics. Then I brought up a very fundamental question how the universe begin if the symmetry is held everywhere. I went through the concept of symmetry breaking, and introduced neutrino particle from which we could find the answer for this fundamental question. I also mentioned about the Nobel and Breakthrough prize last year for the contributions in the neutrino physics which I am working on. In the final part of this section, I mentioned about the benefit obtained if they choose to be particle physicists and what they need to prepare for this career. In the final section, I introduced a bit about Vietnam culture in the corresponding to Japanese culture. This section is required from the school since their student will come to Vietnam for excursion this December. While I made some comparison which I think students can find useful when they explore Vietnam culture, the main message I delivered is that culture, which is not better or worse, just different and we need to respect the difference.
Các nhà khoa học tin rằng, mỗi thiên hà luôn có một dải vật chất tối bao quanh. Vì vậy mà quan sát tương tác giữa các thiên hà cho phép các nhà khoa học tìm hiểu về tính chất của vật chất tối thông qua tương tác giữa chúng. Ở đây, các nhà khoa học dùng kính thiên văn Hubble và kính thiên văn cực lớn của đài quan sát Nam châu Âu để quan sát chùm thiên hà Abell 3827 (1.3 tỷ năm ánh sáng từ Trái Đất, tức là khoảng 1/10 độ tuổi của vũ trụ tính từ thời điểm “Vụ nổ lớn”[3] ). Chùm thiên hà này có 4 thiên hà lớn ở trung tâm. Các nhà khoa học quan sát thấy một thiên hà (trong hình ) có khoảng cách vào cỡ 5000 năm ánh sáng so với dải vật chất tối tương ứng của nó. Bạn có thể hình dung như có bốn người bạn gặp nhau, mỗi người đều mang theo một con chó. Những con chó này đứng sau người chủ của mình, nhưng có một con vì một lý do nào đó mà nó đứng cách xa hơn bình thường so với những con khác (ví dụ: nhỏ con hơn..). Đó có thể là bằng chứng cho sự tương tác giữa vật chất tối không chỉ thông qua lực hấp dẫn.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. 3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 2
The T2K collaboration
Canada
TRIUMF
U. B. Columbia
U. Regina
U. Toronto
U. Victoria
U. Winnipeg
York U.
France
CEA Saclay
LLR E. Poly.
LPNHE Paris
Germany
Aachen U.
Italy
INFN, U. Bari
INFN, U. Napoli
INFN, U. Padova
INFN, U. Roma
Japan
ICRR Kamioka
ICRR RCCN
Kavli IPMU
KEK
Kobe U.
Kyoto U.
Miyagi U. Edu.
Okayama U.
Osaka City U.
Tokyo Institute Tech
Tokyo Metropolitan U.
U. Tokyo
Tokyo U of Science
Yokohama National U.
Poland
IFJ PAN, Cracow
NCBJ, Warsaw
U. Silesia, Katowice
U. Warsaw
Warsaw U. T.
Wroclaw U.
Russia
INR
Spain
IFAE, Barcelona
IFIC, Valencia
U. Autonoma Madrid
Switzerland
ETH Zurich
U. Bern
U. Geneva
United Kingdom
Imperial C. London
Lancaster U.
Oxford U.
Queen Mary U. L.
Royal Holloway U.L.
STFC/Daresbury
STFC/RAL
U. Glasgow
U. Liverpool
U. Sheffield
U. Warwick
USA
Boston U.
Colorado S. U.
Duke U.
Louisiana State U.
Michigan S.U.
Stony Brook U.
U. C. Irvine
U. Colorado
U. Pittsburgh
U. Rochester
U. Washington
Vietnam
IFIRSE
IOP, VAST
500 members, 66 Institutes, 12 countries
3. 3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 3
Main subject: Neutrino oscillations
Neutrino oscillations, now well-
established phenomenon:
² Indicate massive neutrinos
² Mix flavor and mass eigenstates
² Beyond the Standard Model
(the only lab-based evidence)
After 90 yrs., neutrinos still keep surprising us!
0
@
⌫e
⌫µ
⌫⌧
1
A =
0
@
1 0 0
0 c23 s23
0 s23 c23
1
A
0
@
c13 0 s13e i CP
0 1 0
s13ei CP
0 c13
1
A
0
@
c12 s12 0
s12 c12 0
0 0 1
1
A
0
@
⌫1
⌫2
⌫3
1
A
Atmospherics / Accelerators Reactors/ Accelerators Solar/ Reactors
4. The T2K experiment
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 4
² Discovered appearance of (2013)
² Leading effort of CP violation search
² Vibrant programs of non-standard physics & neutrino interactions
⌫µ ! ⌫e Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 061802 (2014)
Phys.Rev. D96, 9, 092006 (2017)
0
@
⌫e
⌫µ
⌫⌧
1
A =
0
@
1 0 0
0 c23 s23
0 s23 c23
1
A
0
@
c13 0 s13e i CP
0 1 0
s13ei CP
0 c13
1
A
0
@
c12 s12 0
s12 c12 0
0 0 1
1
A
0
@
⌫1
⌫2
⌫3
1
A
Neutrino produced at J-PARC &
detected at Super-Kamiokande
T2K sensitive parameters (with &m2
31)
6. Neutrino Oscillations at T2K (cont’d)
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 6
T2K is leading the efforsto measure !23, &m2
32 and (CP
Key ingredients for T2K
JHEP 01 (2017) 087
I Esteban et al, + Global Fit
Most intense and well-
monitored neutrino
beam, J-PARC
Large WC detector &
good flavor identification,
Super-Kamiokande
Support programs
(hadron production, neutrino
interaction models)
8. T2K neutrino beam
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 8
² Beam power steadily increased to 475 kW, high-quality data delivered
² 2.65x1021 Protons-on-target (POT) delivered. Data sample for results
presented today:
² Neutrino-mode: 1.47x1021 POT
² Antineutrino-mode: 0.76x1021 POT
Today result
Day
[events/1e14POT]
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Event rate Horn250kA
Horn205kA
Horn-250kA
[mrad]
1−
0.5−
0
0.5
Horizontal beam direction INGRID
MUMON
Day
[mrad]
1−
0.5−
0
0.5
1
Vertical beam direction INGRID
MUMON
T2K Run1
Jan.2010-Jun.2010
T2K Run2
Nov.2010-Mar.2011
T2K Run3
Mar.2012-Jun.2012
T2K Run4
Oct.2012-May.2013
T2K Run5
May.2014
-Jun.2014
T2K Run6
Oct.2014-June.2015
T2K Run7
Feb.2016-May.2016
T2K Run8
Oct.2016-Apr.2017
T2K Run9
Oct.2017-Dec.2017
Next results will be released
by this summer
High intensity, almost pure muon (anti) neutrino beam from J-PARC
9. T2K neutrino beam (cont’d)
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 9
High intensity, almost pure muon (anti) neutrino beam from J-PARC
,̅ −mode
(Anti-) neutrino flux prediction at T2K Far Detector (no oscillation)
² Hadron production at target
needed to infer , flux
² Constrained by external data
from NA61/SHINE
o Flux uncertainty ~ 10%
(absolute error)
o ~2-4% effect to analysis w/
Near Detector constraint
(Beam modes changed by switching horn polarity)
+ −mode
Errors of (anti-) neutrino flux prediction at T2K Far Detector
+ −mode ,̅ −mode
10. T2K far detector
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 10
Super-Kamiokande
(41.4 m tall x 39.3 m diameter)
1000 m underground
2.5
² Super-K is 2.50 off the beam’s axis to achieve narrow band beam peaked
at oscillation maximum (0.6 GeV)
(GeV)νE
0 1 2 3
(A.U.)295km
µνΦ
0
0.5
1 °OA 0.0
°OA 2.0
°OA 2.5
0 1 2 3
)eν→µνP(
0.05
0.1
= 0CP
δNH, = 0CP
δIH,
/2π=CP
δNH, /2π=CP
δIH,
0 1 2 3
)µν→µνP(
0.5
1
= 1.023θ22
sin
= 0.113θ22
sin
2
eV-3
10×= 2.432
2
m∆
Partice ID parameter
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Super Kamiokande IV 2166.5 days : Monitoring
e-like muon-like
Numberofevents
² Muon and electron are well-separated
à identify ,//,0 with high purity
Atmospheric , FCFV events
12. Strategy for oscillation analyses
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 12
Hadron prod. data
(NA61/SHINE)
Beam monitors
ND280 data
External cross-
section data
Neutrino
interaction model
Constrain flux
Constrain flux & interaction model simultaneously
(due to convolution of these factors on data )
13. Strategy for oscillation analyses
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 13
Hadron prod. data
(NA61/SHINE)
Beam monitors
ND280 data
Super-K data
External cross-
section data
Neutrino
interaction model
SK detector
model
Constrain flux
Constrain flux & interaction model simultaneously
(due to convolution of these factors on data )
Oscillation fit &
extract
parameters
Insensitive osc.
parameters
Data are used as much as possible to
reduce model dependence
14. Improvements in 2017 analysis
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 14
² Super-K event selection & new data sample
² Use reconstruction algorithm (fiTQun complete charge & time
information) à enables to extend detector fiducial volume, leads to 20%
effective statistic increase in selecting e-like events
² Add charged-current 11 e-like sample à increases 10% for neutrino-mode
e-like sample
² Usage of ND280 data to constrain flux & neutrino interaction model
² Incorporate FGD2 (water target) data to include interactions on water
(In previous analysis, only FGD1 (carbon target) data samples were used)
² Interaction models in neutrino event generator (NEUT)
² Improve pion production model by tuning to external data from Bubble
Chambers, MiniBooNE and MINERvA
² Include a model for multi-nucleon (2p-2h) scattering (~10-20% relative to
charged current quasi-elastic, main signal at T2K)
² Improve charged-current quasi-elastic model by including effect of long-
range correlations in nucleus
Phys. Rev. C83 (2011) 045501
15. Systematic errors
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 15
Error source
% errors on predicted event at SK
1 ring /-like 1 ring e-like
,-mode ,̅-mode ,-mode ,̅-mode ,-mode CC11 ,/ ,̅ [4]
SK detector 1.86 1.51 3.03 4.22 16.69 1.60
SK FSI+SI+PN 2.20 1.98 3.01 2.31 11.43 1.57
ND280-constrained
flux & cross section
3.22 2.72 3.22 2.88 4.05 2.50
2 34
2 35
,
2 364
2 365
[1]
0.00 0.0 2.63 1.46 2.62 3.03
NC 17 [2] 0.00 0.0 1.08 2.59 0.33 1.49
NC other [3] 0.25 0.25 0.14 0.33 0.98 0.18
Total error 4.40 3.76 6.10 6.51 20.94 4.77
[1] Theoretically motivated error based on
[2],[3] Not constrained by ND280, theoretical model & external data
[4] These errors are relevant for extracting ()* phase
Phys.Rev. D86 (2012) 053003
17. ∆#$%
%
, !%$ measurements
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 17
)23θ(2
sin
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
)-4c2
|(eV32
2
m∆|
2.3
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
2.7
3−
10×
Normal - 68CL
Normal - 90CL
Inverted - 68CL
Inverted - 90CL
Best fit
T2K Run1-8 PreliminaryFinal systematics pending
² Data are fitted separately for normal
and inverted hierarchy Data fit
Final
systematic
error
pending
(Study of ND data-driven
variation shows effect on
∆#$%
% , !%$ parameters)
² Pending final systematic error,
results will be updated in future
(Bayesian posterior probabilities)
Bias to lower value
Bias to
maximal mix.
[*] 2p-2h non-9 is a pure nucleon-nucleon correlation process
*
18. Mixing angle !13 & (CP
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 18
)13θ(2
sin
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
3−
10×
(Radians)CPδ
3−
2−
1−
0
1
2
3 Normal - 68CL
Normal - 90CL
Inverted - 68CL
Inverted - 90CL
Best fit
PDG 2016
T2K Run1-8 PreliminaryFinal systematics pending
)13θ(2
sin
15 20 25 30 35
3−
10×
(Radians)CPδ
3−
2−
1−
0
1
2
3 Normal - 68CL
Normal - 90CL
Inverted - 68CL
Inverted - 90CL
Best fit
T2K Run1-8 PreliminaryFinal systematics pending
² T2K sin2!13 measurement is
consistent with PDG 2016 average
T2K value:
PDG 2016:
² Including the reactor constraint on !13
improves constraint on (CP
sin2
✓13 = 0.0277+0.0054
0.0047 (NH)
sin2
✓13 = 0.0210 ± 0.0011
w/ reactor constraint
19. (CP measurement
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 19
(rad)CPδ
3− 2− 1− 0 1 2 3
ln(L)∆-2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Normal
Inverted
T2K Run1-8 PreliminaryFinal systematics pending
² 1: C.L. confidence interval
Normal Hierarchy [-2.49, -1.23] rad.
² 2 : C.L. confidence interval
Normal hierarchy [-2.91, -0.60] rad.
Inverted hierarchy [-1.54, -1.19] rad.
2: C.L. intervals
Reconstructed Energy (GeV)ν
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
NumberofEvents
4−
2−
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
T2K Run1-8 Preliminary
= 0CP
δ
Data
Frequentist
CP conserving values (0, 1) fall outside of
the 2: C.L. confidence/credible interval
Sample Prediction at true δCP Data
-;/2 0 +;/2
QE 73.5 61.5 49.9 74
11 6.9 6.0 4.9 15
QE 7.9 9.0 10.0 7
QE 267.8 267.4 267.7 240
QE 63.1 62.9 63.1 68
7 (pred. 9.0)⌫e
89 (pred. 67.4)⌫e
21. T2K future prospects
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 21
² Stay tuned for summer result w/ doubled data in anti-neutrino mode
² Approved T2K statistics, 7.8 x1021 POT, can be accumulated by 2021
² J-PARC beam aims for upgrade & operation at > 1MW from 2021
² Hyper-K and DUNE are expected to start around 2026
à T2K-II, if extend T2K operation until 2026, will collect 20x1021 POT.
Such amount of data along with neutrino beamline upgrade & analysis
improvements makes T2K(-II) physics potentials even more interesting!
JFY
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027
MRBeamPower[kW]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
POT]21
IntegratedDeliveredProtons[10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
POT]21
.[10July)−(Oct.DeliveredProtons/Period
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
MR Power Supply upgrade
T2K-II Protons-On-Target Request
22. T2K future prospects (cont’d)
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 22
)°(CP
δTrue
200− 100− 0 100 200
=0CPδtoexcludesin2
χ∆
0
5
10
15
20
POT w/ eff. stat. improvements (no sys. errors)21
20x10
POT w/ eff. stat. improvements & 2016 sys. errors21
20x10
POT (no sys. errors)21
7.8x10
POT w/ 2016 sys. errors.21
7.8x10
23
θ2
sin
0.4 0.5 0.6
32
2
m∆
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3−
10×
POT by 2014 , 90% C.L
POT, 90% C.L21
7.8x10
POT w/improvement, 90% C.L21
20x10
Stat. only
Systematics
² 3< or higher significance sensitivity to CP
violation if (CP close to - 1/2
² Systematic error has large impact
à Motivate for ND280 upgrade
² 1% precision of &m2
32, 0.5o - 1.7o
precision of !23 ( depend on the truth)
(arXiv:1609.04111 [hep-ex])
(CERN-SPSC-P357)
SuperFGD
Exciting programs!
Welcome new collaborators.
23. Summary
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 23
² Stable operation at 470-475 kW beam power allows T2K to double
neutrino data in one year (also expectedly double anti-neutrino
data by this summer)
² Updates in T2K oscillation analyses:
² New reconstruction and event selections: statistically effective
improvement by 30%
² Improving neutrino interaction model
² CP conserving values (0, 1) fall outside of the 2: C.L.
confidence/credible interval
² T2K-II, an extended program to collect 20x1021 POT, has been
proposed in order to achieve 3: C.L. to exclude CP conserving
values for favorable true value of (CP
*A few anime drawings taken http://higgstan.com
25. Expansion of Super-K fiducial volume
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 25
Samples New selection Previous selection
Signal (MC) Purity Signal (MC) Purity
QE 69.5 81.2% 56.5 81.4%
11 6.9 78.8% 5.6 72.0%
QE 7.6 62.0% 6.1 63.7%
QE 261.6 79.7% 268.7 68.1%
QE 62.0 79.7% 65.4 70.5%
APFit
FiTQun
fiTQun, a maximum-likelihood approach for event
reconstruction at SK, offers significant improvement in
performance and allows us to re-optimize the fiducial cut
² APFit - based fiducial volume: requires to have
reconstructed vertex > 2 m from the detector wall
² fiTQun - based fiducial volume: 2-dimensional cut on
² “wall”: minimum distance from vertex to the wall
² “towall”: distance along the particle track to the wall
26. Near Detector Data Fit
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 26
One sample for illustration Flux parameters @SK
+ −mode
² 2p-2h for neutrinos is enhanced by 50%
² 2p-2h shape is shifted, tend to increase &–
enhanced component to maximum
² Fitted value of RPA parameter for low Q2
(<1GeV2) is increase, i.e CCQE enhancement
27. Impact of Fake data on (CP
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 27
² Maximum shift in the NH 2< confidence
interval mid-point is 1.7%
² Maximum change to the NH 2< confidence
interval is 2.3%
² Impact on (CP confidence intervals is small!
28. On (CP exclusion
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 28
² The exclusion of (CP conserving values is
stronger than our expected sensitivity. Is it
reasonable?
² We throw 104 toy experiments in which normal
mass hierarchy is assumed and (CP are fixed at -
1/2 , but other oscillation parameters,
statistics, systematic parameters are varied
² 30% of experiments exclude (CP =0 at >2: C.L.
² 25% of experiments exclude (CP = 1 at >2: C.L.
(rad)CPδ
3− 2− 1− 0 1 2 3
ln(L)∆-2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
T2K Run1-8 PreliminaryFinal systematics pending
68.27% of toys MC
95.45% of toys MC
CLσ2
Data I
(rad)CPδ
3− 2− 1− 0 1 2 3
ln(L)∆-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
T2K Run1-8 PreliminaryFinal systematics pending
68.27% of toys MC
95.45% of toys MC
CLσ2
Data
29. Fitting methods
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 29
² Fit simultaneously 5 signal samples selected at Far Detector, Super-K
² A binned likelihood approach to fit data
² Perform both Frequentist approach (two analyses) and Bayesian approach
(one analysis)
ln(L) =
NSK bins
X
i
NSK
i (~o, ~p) MSK
i + MSK
i ln
⇥
MSK
i /NSK
(~o, ~p)
⇤
+
1
2
NoX
i
NoX
j
oi(V o
ij) 1
oj +
1
2
Np
X
i
Np
X
j
pi(V p
ij) 1
pj
NSK
i /MSK
i is the observed/predicted number of events in the ith
bin
~o/~p are the oscillation/systematics parameters
V o
/V p
is the oscillation/systematics covariance matrix
30. ND280 detector
3/15/18 Moriond EW 2018 30
Aim to understand unoscillated , beam: constrains flux
and cross-section parameters
² Tracker, composed of Fine-Grained Detector (FGD)
and Time Projection Chamber (TPC), is central part
o Two FGDs: active target w/ scintillator only
(FGD1) or scintillator-water interleaved (FGD2)
o Three TPCs: mainly Argon (95%) filled, for
momentum measurement and particle ID
² 10 detector (POD) for water-scintillator target and 10
tagging
² Electromagnetic calorimeters (ECal) to detect gamma
rays and reconstruct 10
² Side muon range detectors (SMRD) to tag entering
cosmic muons or side-exiting muons
Key features for cross-section:
o Narrow flux spectrum , mean ~ 0.85 GeV
o Multiple targets: scintillator, water, argon, lead
o High final state ID resolution, charge separation