The scalp consists of five layers: skin, dense connective tissue, the occipitofrontalis muscle and its aponeurosis called the galea aponeurotica, loose areolar tissue, and the pericranium layer. The occipitofrontalis muscle moves the scalp and is connected by the galea aponeurotica. The loose areolar tissue layer allows for swelling and bleeding from injuries. The pericranium layer is firmly attached to skull sutures but loosely attached to bone surfaces.

1. SCALP

2. SCALP The soft tissue which covers
the calvaria of the skull

3. EXTEND OF SCALP
• Anteriorly: Supra orbital margin
• Posteriorly: External occipital protuberance & superior
nuchal line
• On each side: Zygomatic arch

4. SCALP CONSIST OF FIVE
LAYERS
 S -Skin
 C -Connective
tissue
 A -Aponeurosis
(galea
aponeurotica)
 L -Loose areolar
tissue
 P -Pericranium

5. Skin (First layer)
 Thick and hairy
 Firmly attached to the epicranial
aponeurosis through dense connective
tissue.
 Abundance sweat & sebaceous glands
present
 Sebaceous cyst are common.

6. Dense Connective tissue(2nd layer)
 Fibrous and dense, containing blood vessels and
nerves.
 Binds skin to subjacent aponeurosis
 Wounds bleed profusely as blood vessels are
prevented from retraction by fibrous tissue. Bleeding is
stopped by applying pressure against the bone.
 Subcutaneous hemorrhage are not extensive since
tissue is dense.
 Inflammation cause little swelling but are much painful.

7. Occipitofrontalis & its aponeurosis(3rd
layer)
 Anteriorly a pair of frontal bellies (frontalis) and
posteriorly a pair of occipital bellies (occipitalis) of
occipitofrontalis muscle.

8. Occipitofrontalis & its aponeurosis(3rd
layer)
 Frontal belly has no bony origin.
 Occipital belly originate from
lateral 2/3 of superior nuchal line.
 Nerve supply ?
 Action?
 Aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica) it
connects occipitalis and frontalis.
 It gaps if cut transversely and should be stitched.

9. Loose areolar tissue (4th layer)
 Extends anteriorly into the eyelids because frontalis
has no bony attachment
 Posteriorly to superior nuchal line
 Called dangerous layer of scalp-emissary veins
open here and carry any infections inside the brain
(venous sinus)

10. Loose areolar tissue (4th layer)
 Bleeding cause generalized swelling of
scalp.
• Bleeding lead to black eye.
• Fourth layer also forms safety valve
haematoma during fracture of cranial vault.
 Caput succedaneum is temporary swallen of
scalp in new born.

11. Pericranium (5 layer)th
 Is the periosteum of skull
 Loosely attached to surface of bone but is
firmly adherent to the sutures
 Injury deep to it produce localised swelling
which take the shape of bone
(cephalohaematoma)

12. BLOOD SUPPLY AND NERVE SUPPLY OF SCALP

13. VENOUS DRAINAGE OF SCALP
Retromandibular
vein
Facial Vein
External jugular
vein

14. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE

15. Presented by
Kishwor Bhandari.
The End.