1. EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ALLIED DISCIPLINE
TACLOBAN CITY
RESEARCH NO. 01
ARCH383
(PLANNING 1- SITE PLANNING AND LANSCAPING ARCHITECTURE)
1. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN GARDENS
2. ANCIENT GREEK GARDENS
3. ANCIENT ROMAN GARDENS
4. ANCIENT CHINESE GARDENS
5. JAPANESE GARDENS
6. MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN GARDENS
7. MOORISH GARDEN
8. GARDENS IN RENAISSANCE ITALY
9. THE FORMAL FRENCH GARDEN
10. THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE GARDEN
11. THE ENGLISH VICTORIAN GARDEN
12. THE EDWARDIAN GARDEN
13. THE AMERICAN GARDEN
14. MODERN ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE IN AMERICA
15. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
SUBMITTED BY:
EMMANUEL L. MANAGBANAG II BSAR 3A
STUDENT
SUBMITTED TO:
ARCH’T.RIZZA JANE C. ASPIRAS
INSTRUCTOR
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2. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN GARDENS (2600-31BC)
The gardens of ancient Egypt probably began
as simple fruit orchards and vegetable gardens, irrigated
with water from the Nile. The earliest gardens were
composed of planting beds divided into squares by
earthen walls, so the water could soak into the soil
rather than run off. Gardens belonged to temples or the
residences. Secular gardens were located near the river
or canals, and were used mainly for growing vegetables.
Beginning with the New Kingdom, gardens were
attached to more luxurious residences, and were
sometimes enclosed by walls. Temple gardens were
used to raise certain vegetables for ceremonies,
gradually as the country became richer; they evolved
into pleasure gardens, with flowers, ponds and alleys of fruit and shade trees. Temples, palaces, and
private residences had their own gardens, and models of gardens were sometimes placed in tombs so
their owners could enjoy them in their afterlife. Ancient Egyptian gardens often consisted of both trees
and other plants. There were about eighteen varieties of trees grown by the Egyptians. Popular trees
included the sycamore fig, pomegranate, nut trees and jujube. The Pink floweredtamarisk, acacia and
willowtrees were common in gardens.
ANCIENT GREEK GARDENS (480 -146BC)
In the landscaping construction of Ancient
Greece a strict symmetry predominated. Alleys and
parks were decorated with fountains, columns, vases,
sculptures. The public park has its origins here. In the
gardens the Greeks widely used cypresses, fir trees,
oaks, sycamores, palms, olive treesand other tree
species, decorating temples and its dwellings with
them. Here stepped gardens were also built, on which
fountains were arranged and flowers and trees were
planted. The Hellenic garden had many components:
massive amounts of plants, spiral staircases and many
decorations. In this context it should also be noted that
the basic principles of city construction of Aristotle(IV
B.C.), who considered that the design of populated areas and parks must be examined not only as a
complex technical question, but also from an artistic point of view and that a city must be built so as to
ensure the peoples safety and to make them happy at the same time.Most of Greece is covered with a
prodigal display of wild flowers; some 6000 species flourish, of which a few grow only in the Arcadian
valley of the Styx. The most extensive characteristic exclusively for ancient Greek forms of re-planting,
such as Herron, are more commonly known as sacred groves, private and philosophical gardens:
• Herron - the memorial garden - grove, planted on the spot of the burial of a hero. Gardens had a
racetrack, a hippodrome, an area for gymnastic games and competition in the memory of heroes. With
time Herrons began to be decorated with statues and colonnades which became the accents of parks. In
the majority of cases Herrons had a memorial nature; they were made with the process of the creation of
different architectural structures and forests. Over time these sacred groves ceased to bear a memorial
nature and became sports parks.
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3. • Philosophical gardens were created especially so that philosophical conversations could be conducted
in them. On the terraces were created straight, wide alleys with space for sports, statues, vases and
fountains. In such gardens school and gymnasium lessons were conducted by the famous philosophers
Plato, Aristotle, etc. Academy Garden on the Ilisosriver in the outskirts of Athens (460 B.C.). Philosophical
gardens were isolated from the public parks. The largest squares of all of the cities belonging to the state
were surrounded with plants which were also placed along the roads.
• The public garden appeared in the V B.C. and was located in the main area of the city near temples
and fountains.
• The private gardens of prosperous owners most frequently bore an exceptionally utilitarian nature.
• Nymph - sacred oak, cedar or olive grove located in center of an artistic water source or grotto with a
regular planning style. Over time new decorations such as columns and sculptures appeared and
enriched the nymphs. These places were thought to be inhabited by gods, nymphs and muses, because
of this people brought sacrifices here. The flow of water, which fell into the pond, was the prototype of the
water features in the parks of Western Europe.
• The pleasure gardens like those of the Persian's - appeared after Alexander of Macedon victoriously
marched into Persia (336-323 B.C.). Such gardens were created for the aristocracy - "nobles". In
Alexandria, for example, they occupied ¼ of the city.
ANCIENT ROMAN GARDENS (27BC-476AD)
Roman gardens began as practical features.
Large or small, they were sources of vegetables, herbs
and fruit for the household. However by the imperial
period any garden of significant size incorporated
plants, water features and statues into a careful
designed haven for the gardens owner. Archaeological
remains can be interpreted using ancient source
material to recreate the layout and plants most
commonly found in Roman gardens. Private Roman
gardens were generally separated into three parts. The
first, the xystus, was a terrace that served as an open
air drawing room and connected to the home via a
covered portico. The xystus overlooked the lower garden, or ambulation. The ambulation consisted of a
variety of flowers, trees, and other foliage and served as an ideal milieu for a leisurely stroll after a meal,
some mild conversation, or other Roman recreation activities. The gestation was a shaded avenue where
the master of a home could ride horseback or be carried by his slaves. It generally encircled the
ambulation, or was constructed as a separate oval shaped space.
ANCIENT CHINESE GARDENS (1600 BC -1279 AD)
Classical Chinese gardens and parks combine classical Chinese architecture with painting,
calligraphy, poems, carving and horticulture, while offering living places and practical functions. They
feature a natural landscape in order to give the onlooker a feeling of perfect harmony between man-made
and natural beauty. Chinese gardens generally consist of halls, towers, pavilions, kiosks, terraces,
waterside gazebos, covered corridors, hills, and ponds or lakes. A variety of garden-building techniques,
accumulated by ancient Chinese designers, have made the scenery of the gardens look changeable, thus
adding artistic appeal to the gardens. A Chinese garden was not meant to be seen all at once; the plan of
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4. a classical Chinese garden presented the visitor with a
series of perfectly composed and framed glimpses of
scenery; a view of a pond, or of a rock, or a grove of
bamboo, a blossoming tree, or a view of a distant mountain
peak or a pagoda.
JAPANESE GARDENS (575 -1600 AD)
A unique style of Japanese gardening evolved
during the Heian Period known as Shinden-zukuri. Such a
garden was positioned in front of the palace with an
artificial water passage leading water into a pond. The
pond would have islands in it. The layout of the Heian
gardens generally followed the Chinese-inspired
principles of geomancy (fengshui), including the idea that
the pond should be created by a stream entering the
garden area from the northeast (the realm of the Blue
Dragon, the Chinese and Japanese Guardian of the East)
and exiting at the southwest (the realm of the White Tiger,
Guardian of the West). As WybeKuitert has pointed out, however, this geomantic prescription actually
corresponds to the natural flow of water in the plain on which Kyoto is situated. The pond itself would
have had one or more islands and peninsulas accessible by bridges built high enough to allow boats to
pass. In the usual layout, one or two of the covered corridors of the villa would have terminated in a
"fishing pavilion" (tsuridono) (B) and/or a "spring pavilion" (C) overlooking the pond.
MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN GARDENS (500 -1200 AD)
Medieval gardening, or gardening during the
medieval period, was the chief method of providing
food for households, but also encompassed orchards,
cemeteries and pleasure gardens. The European
medieval era will be considered to span, though
appropriate references may be made to earlier and
later times. Gardening is the deliberate cultivation of
plants herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables. The
aromatic and medicinal herbs garden separate from
the vegetable garden, the orchard, and the garden of
bouquet flowers – grown to adorn the altars. Little room
is left for recreation as everything is productive when
there are many mouths to feed.
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5. MOORISH GARDENS
In Spainin VIII - XIV c. A.D., after its conquest
by the Arabs(the Moors), appears the special form of
garden called the patio. This is a closed type of garden,
in which the ancient traditions and Persian gardens
merged during its development. The oldest of the still
existing, preserved Moorish gardensis the patio of the
palace ensemble in Grenada. The garden is isolated on
the terraces, it is limited by the colonnades of towers,
palacesand walls. The patio's purpose is to provide a
place for relaxation, meditation and contemplation;
therefore the presence of ponds, fountains, tile mosaics
and concise gardening is characteristic of it.
The nature of the Moorish garden - is the simplicity of planning and the uniqueness of the
solution. Water is the primary motifof the garden. In the regular planning style a courtyard - patiois always
present. Specific points are arranged and arcades take shape. The plants are exotic and correspond to
the climatic conditions: mandarins, cypresses, orangesandoleanders. They are planted freely and
trimming, for the most part, did not adapt. Lawnswere not used because of the hot climate and the
territory took shape through decorative paving- this is one of the key elements of Moorish garden. Cultural
bloom at this time was observed, many cities from India to Spainwere proud of their gardens. In order to
give the gardens a certain charm irrigation systemsbuilt by Romans were used. Fountains never
contained the imprint of the human essence, the artists ideas were never combined with man or his
humanly form since the Koran forbids the depiction of the exposed body. Furthermore, designers were
more restrained in the estimation of a quantity of utilized water (if we do not consider some Turkish
gardens), although this restraint was always found in balance with a feeling of aesthetical "completeness",
self-sufficiency of a garden.
GARDENS OF RENAISSANCE ITALY
The Italian Renaissance garden was a
new style of garden which emerged in the late 15th
century at villas in Rome and Florence, inspired by
classical ideals of order and beauty, and intended
for the pleasure of the view of the garden and the
landscape beyond, for contemplation, and for the
enjoyment of the sights, sounds and smells of the
garden itself.
In the late Renaissance, the gardens
became larger, grander and more symmetrical, and
were filled with fountains, statues, grottoes, water
organs and other features designed to delight their
owners and amuse and impress visitors. The style
was imitated throughout Europe, influencing the gardens of the French Renaissance and the English
garden.The terraces of the gardens were connected to the house and each other by means of stairs,
water cascades and ramps. The Italian gardens of the epoch of Revival were separated from the
environment by walls, being the final and self-contained work of skill. The epoch of Revival signified by
the return of interest in landscape design. The descendants of the emperors of ancient Romans again
turned to the tradition of the design of gardens on terraces and the adornment of them with sculptures.
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6. The landscaping of the epoch of Revival is
characterized by the planning and composition unity of the
architectural ensembles. The Italian landscape design -
this is a complete artistic work where nature and skill
harmoniously merge. The common features utilized in the
landscape design are inherent in the gardens of the Italian
renaissance:
1. Gardens are located on terraces and connected
together with stairs. Retaining walls and grottos are
covered by stone. The terraces, crowned by balustrades
and sculptures, compose the basis of the Italian garden.
2. Water is the basis of the gardens of the epoch of Revival. It is plentiful, is positioned to
produce a shine and is accompanied by music at fountains, cascades, and ponds. Water
became the composition center of the Italian gardens.
3. Wide crown trees are used: sycamores and oaks , for creating neatly figured hedges
boxwood, laurels, olive trees and cypresses were used. Deciduous and fruit trees were also
used in gardens. A new trimming method appeared here called the bosquet. It is enclosed by
regular paths and has a geometric outline. Inside of the bosquet there are trees, which are
framed by rows of trees or hedges. The flower assortment has a lot of variety.
4. Regular Italian gardens are closed. Their regularity is not hard. Gardens are magnificent and
rich, but subtle.
5. There are many colors in the garden.
THE FORMAL FRENCH GARDEN
Think of French Garden Design and you immediately
think of beautiful, intricate knot gardens or long
avenues of trees interspaced with large ponds and
fountains. French Garden Design, also called Jardin à
la Française, is a very formal, very ordered gardening
style with lots of straight lines and symmetry. It is
above all a style created to impress however we can
take ideas from this style and use it to great effect in a
domestic garden.
The focus of the garden tends to be the house, usually a palace or chateau and paths radiate out
of this creating long axial views.
A geometric plan is used and symmetry is very important.
A central axis leads away from the house - perpendicular to the house.
Paths tend to be gravel and edged with clipped hedges and topiary laid out in symmetrical
patterns.
Water is often a key feature of French garden design and lots of round pools and long rectangles
of water will be incorporated, the reflection of the water adding to the symmetry and tranquility of
the scene. Fountains and cascades are also very common features.
Close to the house planting is kept low (no trees) and tends to consist of parterres. Parterres
close to the house can be quite intricately patterned and will tend to become more simple further
from the house.
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7. Further from the house paths are often edged with trees, these are almost always manipulated in
some way . Trees are always planted in straight lines adding perspective and reinforcing the
symmetry of the garden.
Statuary is often used in French Garden Design. Pavilions and 'follies' are often incorporated too.
In the great French formal gardens there is almost always a terrace from where the garden and
its symmetry can be seen from above.
Parterres, or knot-gardens, are widely used and generally
made up of clipped box, lavender or rosemary.
The low clipped hedges are laid out in a symmetrical
pattern; these can be quite intricate or as simple as four
squares next to each other with a gravel path separating
them. Generally the more intricate patterns will be close to
the house or chateau and simpler patterns further away.
For use in small gardens a simple pattern could be the
best choice both for ease of maintenance (remember your
hedging will need cutting twice a year to keep the hedges
the right size and nice and leafy.
At their simplest the parterres can be filled with colored gravel or sand. Or they can be filled with bedding
plants laid out in formal patterns within the hedging. Flowers are often a secondary interest in French
Garden Design and can be limited to the use of a limited range of bedding plants inside the parterres.
Trees 17th century when many of the great French
Formal gardens were created. Red, yellow and
Trees are planted in straight lines and clipped to orange plants weren't brought to Europe until
keep a perfect shape and size. They may be 1730.
formed into shapes to form topiary.
Bedding plants and bulbs are popular choices
Hedges for parterres with for example, parterres filled
with bulbs in formal patterns for spring flowering
and then taken out and replaced with bedding
The clipped hedges are usually box, lavender,
plants for the late-spring and summer.
rosemary and occasionally santoline. Regular
trimming to stop them going 'leggy' and 'woody'
is important. Vegetables
Plants Many French Chateax have wonderful vegetable
gardens with the vegetables laid out in patterns
Colors are limited to white, pink, blue and mauve and parterres in the style of the ornamental
formal gardens.
as these were the only colors available in the
THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE GARDEN(1715-1820)
The English landscape garden, also called English landscape park or simply the English
garden, is a style of Landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread
across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical French Garden of the 17th century as the principal
gardening style of Europe. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. The English garden
usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of
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8. classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other
picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic
pastoral landscape.
The Continental European "English garden" is
characteristically on a smaller scale and more filled with
"eye-catchers" than most English landscape gardens:
grottoes, temples, tea-houses, belvederes, pavilions,
sham ruins, bridges and statues, though the main
ingredients of the landscape gardens in England are
sweeps of gently rolling ground and water, against a
woodland background with clumps of trees and outlier groves. The name— not used in the United
Kingdom, where "landscape garden" serves— differentiates it from the formal baroque design of the
French gardens.
The dominant style was revised in the early 19th century to include more "gardenesque" features,
including shrubberies with gravelled walks, tree plantations to satisfy botanical curiosity, and, most
notably, the return of flowers, in skirts of sweeping planted beds. This is the version of the landscape gar
den most imitated in Europe in the 19th century. The outer areas of the "home park" of English country
houses retain their naturalistic shaping. English gardening since the 1840s has been on a more restricted
scale, closer and more allied to the residence.
The canonical European English park contains a number of Romantic elements. Always present is a pond
or small lake with a pier or bridge. Overlooking the pond is a round or hexagonal pavilion, often in the
shape of a monopteros, a Roman temple. Sometimes the park also has a "Chinese" pavilion. Other
elements include a grotto and imitation ruins.
THE ENGLISH VICTORIAN GARDEN (1820-1880)
In the mid to late 1800s, the Victorian era brought
a new passion for ornamental gardening to England. With
beautiful statues, fencing and garden decor, those of the
upper class, with an abundance of free time, created
gorgeous and elaborate formal and informal gardens that
brought the detailed decor found inside the home out into
the garden.
Victorian themes
Ferns- Fern collections became extremely popular.
Victorians kept them in specially designed glasshouses
known as ferneries. Growing exotic fruit such as figs and
dessert grapes in greenhouses became popular. So did training hardy fruit trees in styles like espalier,
cordons and fans, which would adorn the sides of walled gardens.
Arboretums- Woodland gardens were a very popular way to display the new rhododendrons and azaleas
from China. The discovery of ornamental trees from abroad prompted wealthy landowners to enhance
properties with an arboretum.
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9. Terraces- Formal gardens were back in fashion, especially the classical style. An Italianate terrace was
considered a suitable platform for both a noble and a middle-class house, an architectural device that
linked the garden to the house. These terraces were usually balustrade and decorated with urns, vases,
grandiose flights of steps and parterres.
Bedding displays- Low box hedging would surround flowerbeds filled with bright contrasting bedding
plants. Tender or half-hardy varieties, such as geraniums and lobelia, were varied from year to year or
season to season. These gaudy displays were an ideal vehicle to show off the owner's financial wellbeing
and their gardener's talents. Bedding plants organized in intricate patterns became fashionable in both
private gardens and public parks in the 1830s, as tender flowering plants began to arrive from places
such as South Africa and Mexico. Plants including pelargoniums, heliotropes, salvias, lobelias and
cannas were used to add bright splashes of color.
Roses- Roses, chrysanthemums and dahlias were going through a rapid evolution via hybridization. By
1840 there were more than 500 cultivars of dahlias. In Victorian times the fashion was to have a separate
formal rose garden within the boundaries of the main garden. Then, at the beginning of the 20th century,
designer Gertrude Jekyll led the way to a more relaxed method of using roses, pioneering the use of
mixed borders, climbers and ramblers.
The monkey puzzle- became the 'must have' plant of Victorian society. It would be planted to be viewed
as part of the landscape or, in smaller, suburban gardens, as the central feature to a bedding scheme.
Wellington trees- The Victorians loved the giant Wellington trees because of their impressive size. They
were planted in many gardens as specimen trees, and in rows creating Wellington avenues.
Ornamental fencing- iron fencing was the most popular option in the Victorian era. Wrought Iron was
expensive so some would opt for the decorative wood or a picket fence.
THE EDWARDIAN GARDEN (1880-1914)
Edwardians craved a rural idyll to capture the
romance of the countryside within the confines of the ever-
expanding urban and suburban landscape. It was a period
of prosperity and this was reflected in the exuberant
gardening styles. Informal planting schemes were mixed
with formal, structured landscaping. This included
herbaceous borders with drifts of colour, as suggested by
Gertrude Jekyll, and informal woodland planting schemes
using native and exotic plants, as recommended by William
Robinson.
Bedding plants were avoided while pergolas, paths and garden buildings were highly desirable.
Gardens would often have formal ponds with sunken gardens. The Arts and Crafts movement had an
aversion to mass-produced products and gardens in thsi style would use locally crafted garden features,
ornaments and materials.
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10. THE AMERICAN GARDEN (1840-1920)
In studying the progress of garden art and
landscape architecture in America, especially whenever
any comparison with Europe is implied, one fundamental
difference should always be taken into account. By
comparison with Europe, America has never had a large
number of great private garden estates. A certain number
were indeed created, but many of them have already
been abandoned, and none has ever had a permanent
leadership or influence. At most they represent a
transitory phase of American culture. On the other hand
the American taste in small home grounds represents
something permanent, general and significant; and this
may be said to be a natural corollary of the earliest traditions.
Quite obviously it is the American social ideal that each family should have an independent home;
that this home should consist of a detached house in a plot of ground; and that this plot of ground should
be suitably planted with trees, shrubs, flowers and grass. This area is usually called a yard - a word which
has the same etymology as garden. This was the ideal from the days of the first settlements, and it is
even now hardly obscured by the fact that increasing percentages of the population are going over to live
in flats and hotels without back yards. Such makeshifts are still regarded as temporary and as tolerable
only under compulsion of circumstances. In the extensive literature of American landscape gardening a
strikingly large proportion of attention is given to the discussion of the problems of home-grounds and the
design and planting of back yards. The subject, furthermore, has been presented nearly always from the
standpoint of the small home yard (cottage garden), it being felt apparently that practically all the home
yards in the land were reducible to this one type.
At the outset, and for many years thereafter, the majority of home gardens were enclosed yards.
There were first rough stockades; but soon the neat fence of sawn wooden pickets became the
recognised mode. This style of making yards persisted for many years. Wood being plentiful and
woodworking a universal industry, much ingenuity was shown in making elaborate picket fences.
The early American colonial gardens enclosed by these white picket fences were very simple.
Nearly always they were made up of fruit-trees, kitchen vegetables and medicinal herbs, interspersed
with flowering plants. Next the house and in the front yard, flowers and ornamental shrubs were grown.
The lilac was an early favourite, as were roses, sweetbriers, hollyhocks, lemon lilies, and ― flags ― (iris).
These front yards were narrow, seldom more than six to ten feet wide, though the larger houses were
sometimes set farther back.
MODERN ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE IN AMERICA (1940-1970)
In the 20th century, modern design for gardens became important as architects began to design
buildings and residences with an eye toward innovation and streamlining the formal Beaux-Arts and
derivative early revival styles, removing unnecessary references and embellishment. Garden design,
inspired by modern architecture, naturally followed in the same philosophy of "form following function".
Thus concerning the many philosophies of plant maturity. In post-war United States people's residences
and domestic lives became more outdoor oriented, especially in the western states as promoted by
'Sunset Magazine', with the backyard often becoming an outdoor room.
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11. Frank Lloyd Wright demonstrated his
interpretation for the modern garden by designing homes
in complete harmony with natural surroundings. Taliesin
and Fallingwater are both examples of careful placement
of architecture in nature so the relationship between the
residence and surroundings become seamless. His son
Lloyd Wright trained in architecture and landscape
architecture in the Olmstead Brothers office, with his
father, and with architect Irving Gill. He practiced an
innovative organic integration of structure and landscape
in his works.As Harvard embraced modern design in their
school of architecture, these designers wanted to
interpret and incorporate those new ideas in landscape
design. They became interested in developing functional space for outdoor living with designs echoing
natural surroundings. Modern gardens feature a fresh mix of curved and architectonic designs and many
include abstract art in geometrics and sculpture. Spaces are defined with the thoughtful placement of
trees and plantings.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
(1970-PRESENT)
The environmental movement, a term
that includes conservation and green politics, is a
diverse scientific, social, and political movement
for addressing environmental issues.
Environmentalists advocate the sustainable
management of resources and stewardship of
the environment through changes in public policy
and individual behavior. In its recognition of
humanity as a participant in (not enemy of)
ecosystems, the movement is centered on
ecology, health, and human rights.
The environmental movement is represented by a
range of organizations, from the large to grassroots. Due to
its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and
occasionally speculative nature, the environmental
movement is not always united in its goals. At its broadest,
the movement includes private citizens, professionals,
religious devotees, politicians, scientists, nonprofit
organizations and individual advocates.
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