Land Acquisition in Malaysia: The Must Know & The Must NotAdeline Chin YF
The slides provide a brief overview of the land acquisition process in Malaysia alongside recent developments and notable cases related to land acquisition. Also included are methods to contesting an award of compensation during compulsory land acquisitions, recent developments in appealing a land reference order, and the filing of judicial review to challenge an acquisition.
Land Acquisition in Malaysia: The Must Know & The Must NotAdeline Chin YF
The slides provide a brief overview of the land acquisition process in Malaysia alongside recent developments and notable cases related to land acquisition. Also included are methods to contesting an award of compensation during compulsory land acquisitions, recent developments in appealing a land reference order, and the filing of judicial review to challenge an acquisition.
Validity of Unseated Tax Sales and Title WashingLisa McManus
These materials provide background regarding the law pertaining to unseated tax sales and title washing and an analysis of the Herder Spring Hunting Club v. Keller decision.
These slides describe the law that applies to leases and tenancies. This is from a lecture in Conveyancing conducted for the final year students of the Sri Lanka Law College in 2007
Administration of Justice 2015 (more organised)xareejx
A better more organised version of my lecture slides on Administration of Justice. This one combines two previous slides on administration of justice (parts 1 and 2).
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Application of the 1965 National Land
Code
• Enforced in all states except Sabah and Sarawak
• Besides the NLC, other legislation relating to land law
passed at the federal level include:
• Land Acquisition Act
• Strata Titles Act
• There are also legislations enacted at the state level i.e.
the various Malay Reservation Enactments.
• Various subsidiary legislation e.g. the various State Land
Rules
3. State Authority
• Land is vested in the State Authority
• S 40 NLC:
There is and shall be vested solely in the State Authority the entire
property in(a) all State land within the territories of the State;
(b) all minerals and rock material within or upon any land in the State the
rights to which
have not been specifically disposed of by the State Authority.
• Who is the State Authority?
S 5 NLC: Ruler/Governor of the State
4. Constitutional Issues
• Land is a State matter, only the State legislature may
make laws with respect to land.
Land comes under the State list -- Article 74 FC, Ninth Schedule
• Exception: Power of the Parliament to make laws under
the State list for the purpose of uniformity – Article 76 (4)
• E.g. the National Land Code
• East Union (M) Sdn Bhd v Government of Johor (1981) 1
MLJ 151.
5. Features of the National Land Code 1965
• Register Document of Title (RDT) – The Register
• Retained at the Registry or Land Office
• Available to the public
• Issue Document of Title (IDT)
• Kept by the registered proprietor
• Evidence of his ownership
• Registry Title & Land Office Title
• Final title & qualified title
• Strata Title
6. 1. Conclusiveness of the Register
Register Document of Title (RDT/The Register)
• Two principles:
• The mirror principle
• The curtain principle
• The register is everything – Teh Bee v K Maruthamuthu
7. • The Mirror Principle
• The register reflects all the facts and interests of the land
such as the name of proprietor, land descriptions, area of
the land and particulars of the persons that have
registered interests on the land.
• S 340 NLC:
The title or interest of any person or body for the time being
registered as proprietor of any land, or in whose name any
lease,
charge
or
easement
is
for
the
time
being registered, shall, subject to the following provisions of this
section, be indefeasible.
8. • The Curtain Principle
• A potential land buyer may only need to look at the
register to get the information on the land that he is
interested in without counter checking with other
documents.
• S 89 NLC:
Every register document of title duly registered under this Chapter
shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be conclusive evidence…
9. • The register is everything – Teh Bee v K Maruthamuthu
• Creelman v Hudson Bay Insurance Co
And to enable an investigation to take place as to the right of the
person to appear upon the register which he holds the certificate
which is the evidence of his title, would be to defeat the very
purpose and object of the statute of registration.
10. 2. Indefeasibility
• Indefeasibility of title and interest is guaranteed.
• S 92(1) NLC:
The alienation of State land to any person or body under final title shall
confer on that person or body a title to the land which shall be
indefeasible.
• S 340 NLC:
The title or interest of any person or body for the time being registered
as proprietor of any land, or in whose name any lease, charge or
easement is for the time being registered, shall, subject to the following
provisions of this section, be indefeasible.
• However, there are exceptions.
11. 3. Registration
• The importance of registration
• Title/interest by registration
• S 206(1)(b) NLC:
no instrument effecting any such dealing shall operate to transfer the title to
any alienated land or, as the case may be, to create, transfer or otherwise
affect any interest therein, until it has been registered…
• E.g. A purchaser does not acquire legal title until the transfer to
him is registered.
• Dealings recognised under the NLC must be registered or
endorsed.
• Transfers, charges and leases
• Tenancies exempt from registration, statutory liens
• Caveats
12. 4. Caveat system
• To protect an unregistered interest.
• 4 types of caveats:
• Registrar’s caveat,
• private caveat,
• lien-holder’s caveat,
• trust caveat.
13. 5. No adverse possession
• No adverse possession against the State nor against the
registered proprietor of any land.
• Title to State land can only be acquired by the process of
alienation and no other.
• S 48 NLC:
No title to State land shall be acquired by possession, unlawful
occupation or occupation under any licence for any period
whatsoever.
• S 341 NLC:
Adverse possession of land for any length of time whatsoever shall
not constitute a bar to the bringing of any action for the recovery
thereof by the proprietor…
• Sidek & Ors v The State of Perak [1982] 1 MLJ 313
14. 6. Reversion to the State
• Alienated land will revert to the State under several
circumstances.
• S 46(1) NLC
(a) upon the expiry of the term (if any) specified in the document of
title thereto;
(b) upon the publication in the Gazette of a notice under section 130
(that is to say, a notice published on the making of an order of
forfeiture by the Land Administrator on the grounds of non-payment
of rent or breach of condition);
(c) in the circumstances mentioned in sections 351 and 352 (which
relate respectively to the death of a proprietor without
successors, and the abandonment of title by proprietors); and
(d) upon the surrender thereof in accordance with the provisions of
Part Twelve…
15. 6. Equity
• Failure to register or non-compliance with the
requirements of NLC
• E.g. Unregistered charge, failure to enter a lien-holder’s
caveat.
• NLC is not concerned with dealings which do not comply
with its requirements. No remedies under NLC.
16. • Can we apply equity?
• S 6 Civil Law Act 1956 excludes the application in
Malaysia of English land tenure (including English
equitable principles relating to land tenure – e.g.
mortgagor’s equity of redemption).
• S 6 CLA:
Nothing in this Part shall be taken to introduce into Malaysia or any of the
States comprised therein any part of the law of England relating to the
tenure or conveyance or assurance of or succession to any immovable
property or any estate, right or interest therein.
17. • However, there is nothing in NLC that prohibits the
application of general equitable principles.
• Therefore, general equitable principles apply by virtue of
S 3 CLA to the extent that they are not inconsistent with
NLC.
• Another provision is S 206(3) NLC where it states that
provisions of the NLC which require that dealings be
registered shall not ‘affect the contractual operation of
any transaction relating to alienated land or any interest
therein.’
• Mahadevan v Manilal & Sons [1984] 1 MLJ 266
